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Dès les années 1990, les artistes autochtones au « Canada » ont été de réel·lle·s précurseur·e·s en ce qui a trait à l’occupation du Web comme un lieu de création et de diffusion. Si bien que les espaces développés, ainsi que les œuvres en ligne, sites web, installations URL, mèmes et autres créations hypermédiatiques qui le constituent désormais, représentent aujourd’hui une expression artistique des plus singulières : ancrée dans les savoirs historiques et identitaires de ces artistes, de même que dans les mécanismes spécifiques qui structurent les technologies des communications et de l’information. À travers un regard diachronique, qui porte une attention rétrospective et archivistique sur les œuvres d’artistes autochtones du « Canada » ayant été créées avec et sur le Web depuis son avènement, un regard critique, qui situe l’art en ligne autochtone au sein d’un mouvement plus large de décolonisation, ainsi qu’un regard collaboratif, qui revient sur le projet de création et exposition en ligne « Salut L’Internet » (2018), ce mémoire s’intéresse à l’art en ligne autochtone comme une pratique à la fois subversive et de résurgence., Since the 1990s, Indigenous artists in “Canada” have been true precursors in occupying the Web as a space for creation and exhibition. As a result, these Indigenous spaces, as well as the many online works, websites, URL installations, memes and other hypermedia creations that now constitute them, represent today a most singular artistic expression: anchored in the historical and identity-based knowledge of the artists, as well as in the specific mechanisms that structure communications and information technologies. Through a diachronic approach, which pays retrospective and archival attention to the works of Indigenous artists in “Canada” that have been created with and on the Web since its advent, a critical approach, which situates Indigenous online art within a broader decolonization movement, as well as a collaborative approach, which revisits the “Salut L’Internet” (2018) online creation project and exhibition, this research focuses on Indigenous online art as a practice of both subversion and resurgence.

Ines Daguet,1,2 Kayla Bergeron-Vezina,1,2 Marie-Philippe Harvey,1,2 Marylie Martel,1,2 Alexia Coulombe-Leveque,1– 3 Guillaume Leonard1– 3 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; 2Research Centre on Aging, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; 3School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, CanadaCorrespondence: Guillaume LeonardResearch Centre on Aging, CIUSSS de l’Estrie – CHUS, 1036, rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 4C4, CanadaTel +1 819-780-2220 Ext 45246Fax +1 819-820-6864Email guillaume.leonard2@usherbrooke.caBackground and Purpose: Aging is associated with an impairment of diverse physiological functions, including nociception. For example, older adults in comparison to young adults, show an overall increase in pain thresholds, reflecting a decline in pain sensitivity and changes in the nociceptive pathways. These results are, however, debated as they were not always replicated depending on the stimulus modality, duration, and location. The aim of the current study was to determine how the temporal evolution of pain intensity during a continuous tonic heat pain test is influenced by aging. More specifically, we wanted to 1) assess the effect of age on initial peak and late-phase pain and 2) determine whether potential age effects depend on the stimulation site.Participants and Methods: 13 young adults (average of 27.9 years old) and 13 older adults (average of 67.5 years old) participated in this study. Experimental heat pain was evoked on an appendicular (forearm) and axial (lower-back) body region, using a thermode (2-minute stimulation at a constant, individually-adjusted temperature). During the nociceptive stimulation, participants used a computerized visual analogue scale to continuously rate their pain.Results: We show that initial peak (0– 30 seconds) pain sensation was significantly lower in older adults compared to young adults, while late-phase (30– 120 seconds) pain sensation was similar across the two age groups. These results hold true for both stimulation sites, suggesting the existence of an age effect on both appendicular and axial body regions.Conclusion: The lower magnitude of initial peak pain observed in older adults, which affects both appendicular and axial body regions, could reflect generalized peripheral or central alterations of the nociceptive system in older adults. These alterations in older adults could have significant clinical impacts, such as an increased vulnerability to injury or an underestimation of the severity of their pain condition.Keywords: pain, experimental pain, age, aging, elderly, psychophysics

Additional file 1.

Francis Houde, 1– 3 Marie-Philippe Harvey, 1, 3 Pierre-François Tremblay Labrecque, 1, 3 Francis Lamarche, 1, 3 Alexandra Lefebvre, 1, 3 Guillaume Leonard 1, 3 1Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; 2Research Center of the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), CIUSSS de l’Estrie – CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; 3Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, CanadaCorrespondence: Guillaume LeonardCentre de recherche sur le vieillissement, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, 1036, rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 4C4, CanadaTel +1 (819) 829-7131 ext. 45246Fax +1 (819) 820-6864Email guillaume.leonard2@usherbrooke.caPurpose: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare neuropathic pain condition characterized by sensory, motor and autonomic alterations. Previous investigations have shown that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) can alleviate pain in various populations, and that a combination of these treatments could provide greater hypoalgesic effects. In the present case report, we describe the effect of tDCS and TENS treatment on pain intensity and unpleasantness in a patient suffering from chronic CRPS.Results: The patient was a 37-year-old woman, suffering from left lower limb CRPS (type I) for more than 5 years. Despite medication (pregabalin, tapentadol, duloxetine), rehabilitation treatments (sensorimotor retraining, graded motor imagery) and spinal cord stimulation (SCS), the participant reported moderate to severe pain. Treatments of tDCS alone (performed with SCS turned off during tDCS application, 1 session/day, for 5 consecutive days) did not significantly decrease pain. Combining tDCS with TENS (SCS temporarily turned off during tDCS, 1 session/day, for 5 consecutive days) slightly reduced pain intensity and unpleasantness.Discussion: Our results suggest that combining tDCS and TENS could be a therapeutic strategy worth investigating further to relieve pain in chronic CRPS patients. Future studies should examine the efficacy of combined tDCS and TENS treatments in CRPS patients, and other chronic pain conditions, with special attention to the cumulative and long-term effects and its effect on function and quality of life.Keywords: chronic pain, neuropathic pain, electrotherapy, peripheral electrical stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, non-invasive brain stimulation