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Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For buckwheat, the optimal harvest period is difficult to determine—too early or too late a harvest affects the nutritional quality of buckwheat. In this paper, physical and chemical tests are combined with a method using near-infrared spectroscopy nondestructive testing technology to study buckwheat harvest and determine the optimal harvest period. Physical and chemical tests to determine the growth cycle were performed at 83 days, 90 days, 93 days, 96 days, 99 days, and 102 days, in which the buckwheat grain starch, fat, protein, total flavonoid, and total phenol contents were assessed. Spectral images of buckwheat in six different harvest periods were collected using a near-infrared spectral imaging system. Four preprocessing methods (SNV, S-G, DWT, and the normaliz function) and three dimensionality reduction algorithms (IVSO, VCPA, VISSA) were used to process the raw buckwheat spectral data, and the full and eigen spectra were established as a random forest (RF). Random forest (RF) and Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) classification models were used to determine the full and eigen spectra, respectively, and the optimal model for the buckwheat single harvest period was determined and validated. Through physical and chemical tests, it was concluded that the 90-day harvest buckwheat grain protein, fat, and starch contents were the highest, and that the total flavonoid and total phenolic contents were also high. The SNV preprocessing method was the most effective, and the feature bands extracted using the IVSO algorithm were more representative. The IVSO-RF model was the best discriminative model for the classification of buckwheat in different harvest periods, with the correct rates of the training and prediction sets reaching 100% and 96.67%, respectively. When applying the IVSO-RF model to the buckwheat single harvest period to verify the classification, the correct rate of the training set for each harvest period reached 96%, and that of the prediction set reached 100%. Near-infrared spectroscopy combined with the IVSO-RF modeling method for buckwheat harvest period detection is a rapid, nondestructive classification method. When this was combined with physical and chemical analyses, it was determined that a growth cycle of 90 days is the best harvest period for buckwheat. The results of this study can not only improve the quality of buckwheat crops but also be applied to other crops to determine their optimal harvest period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed has attracted great attention as a healthy and nutritious food. Traditional seaweed processing plants mainly rely on manual visual inspection to identify and remove inferior seaweed. Accurate and rapid harvest period classification and impurity detection are key to improving productivity and processing speed in seaweed processing plants. Although many studies on seaweed have been conducted in laboratory environments, currently, the plants lack effective tools to obtain real-time and reliable information on seaweed quality. To address this challenge, the deep transfer learning-based computer vision was applied to identify inferior seaweeds, including those from the third harvest, fourth harvest, and impure seaweeds in this work. Specifically, YOLOv8 and YOLOv5 were utilized as base transfer learning models. By loading various pre-trained weight files, this study was able to automatically classify Porphyra haitnensis into four categories based on the harvest period and simultaneously detect four types of common impurities in it. Among the tested models, YOLOv8n-cls achieved the best trade-off in classifying the harvest period, with a Top-1 accuracy of 93.5%. This represented a significant improvement of 16% compared to the performance without transfer learning. The detection speed for a single image was 8.2 ms, and the model size was only 2.82 Mb. On the other hand, YOLOv8n exhibited outstanding performance in impurity detection, with a mean average precision of 99.14%, a single image detection speed of 4.3 ms, and a model size of 5.95 Mb. The results demonstrated the potential of YOLOv8 with transfer learning to objectively assist or even replace decision-making by assembly line workers. This study will not only enhance the quality control, production efficiency, and economic benefits of the seaweed processing industry but also drive the automation equipment and systems of seaweed-related enterprises towards greater intelligence and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of variety and harvest time on the visual appearance, nutritional quality, and functional active substances of six lotus root cultivars: "Xinsanwu", "Wuzhi No. 2", "Baiyuzhan", "Huaqilian", "Elian No. 6", and "Elian No. 5". Samples were collected monthly from December 2023 to April 2024. A nutrient analysis revealed a decrease in the water content with a delayed harvest. The total soluble solids and soluble sugar content peaked towards the end and middle-to-late harvest periods, respectively. Starch levels initially increased before declining, while the soluble protein exhibited a triphasic trend with an initial rise, a dip, and a final increase. The vitamin C (Vc) content varied across cultivars. Functional active substances displayed dynamic changes. The total phenolics initially decreased, then increased, before ultimately declining again. The total flavonoid content varied by both cultivar and harvest time. The phenolic acid and flavonoid content mirrored the trends observed for total phenolics and total flavonoids. Gastrodin was the most abundant non-flavonoid compound across all varieties. "Wuzhi No. 2" and "Baiyuzhan" displayed higher levels of functional active substances and starch, while the Elian series and "Xinsanwu" cultivar exhibited a greater content of Vc, soluble sugar, and soluble protein. Specific harvest periods yielded optimal results: "Wuzhi No. 2" (H1 and H5), "Huaqilian" (H2), and "Baiyuzhan" (H3 and H4) demonstrated a high nutrient and functional active substance content. Overall, the lotus roots harvested in period H4 achieved the highest score. Overall, this study provides the foothold for the rapid identification of superior lotus root cultivars and the valorization of lotus root by-products via advanced processing methods. Additionally, it offers valuable insights for market participants and consumers to select optimal varieties and harvest times based on their specific needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Protected cultivation is the sustainable approach to horticultural crop production under adverse climates. In this study, the performance of yard-long beans under three protected cultivations, including single-span polyhouse (SSP), five-span polyhouse (FSP), and insect-proof net house (IPN), is examined and compared to open field cultivation. The above protected cultivation can extend the harvest period of pods by 6–10 days, improve their quality, and increase yield by 15.6% to 25.1%, reducing the incidence and severity of thrips and Cercospora leaf spot, rust, and powdery mildew. Among them, yard-long beans grown in SSP are longer and straighter in shape and have the lowest incidence and severity of pests and diseases and the highest levels of total polyphenols, total sugar, soluble protein, starch, and fiber. This indicates that protected cultivation has broad application in the production of yard-long beans. Through full subset regression analysis (FSRA), we report here that the yield and of yard-long bean occurrences of pests and diseases were highly impacted by climatic factors, especially UV radiation intensity and air temperature. These results have considerable implications for improving pod yield and quality and green prevention and control of pests and diseases through optimizing facility structure and fertilizer management.

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Porphyra dentata is widely cultivated for its rich nutritional value and superior palatability. However, its quality varies with harvest time and there is a lack of understanding of the molecular mechanism of quality differences. Photosynthesis is a key factor in human‐mediated plant development and quality formation and changes. To explore the quality impact of photosynthesis on P. dentata, we compared transcriptomic and proteogenomic data of the first and fifth harvests. Of the 53,580 genes detected in this study, 7073 were identified as differentally expressed genes by RNA‐seq, and 462 showed differential expression between genes and proteins in proteogenomics. The results show that quality differences between harvest periods were regulated by proteins and genes from the allophycocyanin, Lhca1, chloroplast processing enzyme, and phycocyanin families. Generated cell tissue passivated continuously, the blades gradually became thicker and darker and had an increased degree of lignification, decreased protein levels, increased carbohydrate levels, and decreased quality. Our results demonstrate the complementary power of transcriptomics and proteogenomics and provide a rich database for quality improvement or evolutionary function analysis of P. dentata.

For buckwheat, the optimal harvest period is difficult to determine—too early or too late a harvest affects the nutritional quality of buckwheat. In this paper, physical and chemical tests are combined with a method using near-infrared spectroscopy nondestructive testing technology to study buckwheat harvest and determine the optimal harvest period. Physical and chemical tests to determine the growth cycle were performed at 83 days, 90 days, 93 days, 96 days, 99 days, and 102 days, in which the buckwheat grain starch, fat, protein, total flavonoid, and total phenol contents were assessed. Spectral images of buckwheat in six different harvest periods were collected using a near-infrared spectral imaging system. Four preprocessing methods (SNV, S-G, DWT, and the normaliz function) and three dimensionality reduction algorithms (IVSO, VCPA, VISSA) were used to process the raw buckwheat spectral data, and the full and eigen spectra were established as a random forest (RF). Random forest (RF) and Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) classification models were used to determine the full and eigen spectra, respectively, and the optimal model for the buckwheat single harvest period was determined and validated. Through physical and chemical tests, it was concluded that the 90-day harvest buckwheat grain protein, fat, and starch contents were the highest, and that the total flavonoid and total phenolic contents were also high. The SNV preprocessing method was the most effective, and the feature bands extracted using the IVSO algorithm were more representative. The IVSO-RF model was the best discriminative model for the classification of buckwheat in different harvest periods, with the correct rates of the training and prediction sets reaching 100% and 96.67%, respectively. When applying the IVSO-RF model to the buckwheat single harvest period to verify the classification, the correct rate of the training set for each harvest period reached 96%, and that of the prediction set reached 100%. Near-infrared spectroscopy combined with the IVSO-RF modeling method for buckwheat harvest period detection is a rapid, nondestructive classification method. When this was combined with physical and chemical analyses, it was determined that a growth cycle of 90 days is the best harvest period for buckwheat. The results of this study can not only improve the quality of buckwheat crops but also be applied to other crops to determine their optimal harvest period.

This study investigated the impact of variety and harvest time on the visual appearance, nutritional quality, and functional active substances of six lotus root cultivars: “Xinsanwu”, “Wuzhi No. 2”, “Baiyuzhan”, “Huaqilian”, “Elian No. 6”, and “Elian No. 5”. Samples were collected monthly from December 2023 to April 2024. A nutrient analysis revealed a decrease in the water content with a delayed harvest. The total soluble solids and soluble sugar content peaked towards the end and middle-to-late harvest periods, respectively. Starch levels initially increased before declining, while the soluble protein exhibited a triphasic trend with an initial rise, a dip, and a final increase. The vitamin C (Vc) content varied across cultivars. Functional active substances displayed dynamic changes. The total phenolics initially decreased, then increased, before ultimately declining again. The total flavonoid content varied by both cultivar and harvest time. The phenolic acid and flavonoid content mirrored the trends observed for total phenolics and total flavonoids. Gastrodin was the most abundant non-flavonoid compound across all varieties. “Wuzhi No. 2” and “Baiyuzhan” displayed higher levels of functional active substances and starch, while the Elian series and “Xinsanwu” cultivar exhibited a greater content of Vc, soluble sugar, and soluble protein. Specific harvest periods yielded optimal results: “Wuzhi No. 2” (H1 and H5), “Huaqilian” (H2), and “Baiyuzhan” (H3 and H4) demonstrated a high nutrient and functional active substance content. Overall, the lotus roots harvested in period H4 achieved the highest score. Overall, this study provides the foothold for the rapid identification of superior lotus root cultivars and the valorization of lotus root by-products via advanced processing methods. Additionally, it offers valuable insights for market participants and consumers to select optimal varieties and harvest times based on their specific needs.

Lactuca indica L. cv. Mengzao (LIM), acknowledged as a pivotal “One Root of Medicine and Food”, boasts dual applications in both culinary and medicinal domains. This research delves into the influence of various harvest periods (vegetative, budding, blossom, and fruiting) on distinct medicinal parts (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds) of LIM, employing plant metabolomics to assess its chemical constituents. A total of 66 chemical constituents were identified in LIM, with 11 chemical components emerging as potential markers for distinguish medicinal parts. Notably, nutritional organs exhibited elevated levels of cichoric acid, rutin and chlorogenic acid. Specifically, leaves during the budding stage displayed the highest chicoric acid content at 11.70 mg·g−1. Conversely, reproductive organs showed heightened concentrations of cichoric acid, rutin and chlorogenic acid, with seeds exhibiting the peak cichoric acid content at 4.53 mg g−1. This study enriches our understanding of LIM by offering novel insights into quality assessment and the comprehensive utilization of its diverse parts.

In order to analyze the optimum sowing date, density and harvesting date of a Japanese fresh green peanut cultivar Omasari in Shandong province,the effects of sowing date, density, and harvesting time on the main agronomic traits, yield and sensory quality of the variety were studied. When the sowing date was from April 25th to May 25th,2022,the main stem height, lateral branch length, branch number, number of fruiting per plant, and peanut yield showed obvious advantages. The differences were not significant among treatments AW22-1, AW22-2 and AW22-3, with the highest yield being sown on May 10th, 2022. The lateral branch length, number of branches, and number of fruiting per plant of Omasari which planted different times in the West Coast New Area and Laixi City showed no significant differences. The highest yield being sown on May 8th, 2023. The lateral branch length, number of branches, and number of fruiting per plant of Omasari were increased with the decrease of sowing density. The yield of the treatment of 74 074 plants/hm² was significantly higher than other treatments in 2022, and the yield of the treatment of 88 889 plants/hm² was highest in 2023. The optimal harvesting time for Omasari is 110-120 days after sowing according to the sweetness, delicacy, hardness, and overall liking test results of Omasari at different harvesting periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in physicochemical quality, nutrient composition and volatile substances of juice from Orah mandarin harvested at different maturity levels were investigated. The results showed that with the extension of the harvest period, the L* value of Orah mandarin juice decreased, and the range of a* value and b* value was −0.22~1.87 and 13.57~15.30, respectively. The color of Orah mandarin juice at harvest period Ⅴ and Ⅵ was better. The content of soluble solids, solid-acid ratio of Orah mandarin juice increased first and then decreased, while the change of titratable acid content was unstable, and the solid-acid ratio of Orah mandarin in Ⅴ and Ⅵ harvest periods was suitable. The amino acid content of Orah mandarin juice increased first and then decreased, and the content of vitamin C and carotenoid increased gradually, while the content of total phenols and limonin showed a downward trend. According to the cluster analysis, the content of nutritious components of Orah mandarin in the harvest period of IV and V were higher. In addition, it was found that the electronic nose could accurately identify the characteristic odors of Orah mandarin juice with different maturity levels. The results showed that sensor W1W had the largest contribution rate of principal components, followed by sensor W2W. A total of 38 main aroma compounds were identified in Orah mandarin juice with different harvest maturity. Olefins were the most important aroma substances, among which D-limonene had the highest relative content, and its relative contents in Orah mandarin juice with different harvest maturity were 83.71%, 60.31%, 75.87%, 83.25%, 81.85%, 80.1%, 91.52%, respectively. Alcohols, esters, aldehydes, and ketones showed a dynamic change rule of first increasing and then decreasing at different fruit harvesting periods, while the overall changes of hydrocarbons were the opposite. The relative contents of these five substances in Orah mandarin juice at harvest periods Ⅳ, V and Ⅵ were all higher. Based on the above, the juice quality of Orah mandarin at harvest period V was relatively best.

Six sowing dates (September 6th, September 14th, September 22nd, September 30th, October 8th, and October 16th) were set up to study the effects of different sowing dates on the agronomic traits, nutrient accumulation and harvest period of Bairizi' radish. The results showed that with the postponement of the sowing date, the yield of Bairizi radish first increased and then decreased. The 'Bairizi' radish plants sown on September 14-22 grew fully, had high yield, high fruit shape standard, high ascorbic acid and soluble solids content, low lignin content and good quality. Radish fruit phenotype and nutritional quality sown on September 14 had little change, and the harvest period could be as long as 28 days. According to the comprehensive analysis of the agronomic traits, final yield, fruit quality and harvest period of radish under each sowing period, the suitable sowing period of 'Bairizi' radish was September 14-22, and the latest sowing period was September 30. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypsizygus marmoreus is one of the main industrially cultivated varieties of edible fungi, with a delicious taste and high nutritional value. However, the long harvest period of 130-150 days greatly limits its large-scale expansion. This study aimed to investigate the effects of central carbonmetabolism(CCM) on themycelial growth performance and fruiting body formation of H. marmoreus. Nine edible fungi with different harvest periods were collected and used to evaluate their intracellular carbon metabolic differences in the CCM, which revealed that the imbalanced distribution of intracellular carbon metabolic levels in the CCM of H. marmoreus might be one of the key factors resulting in a slow mycelial growth rate and a long harvest period. Further analysis by three strategies, including metabolomics, adaptation of different carbon sources, and chemical interference, confirmed that low carbon flux into the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) limited the supply of raw materials, reduced power, and thus influenced the mycelial growth of H. marmoreus. Furthermore, four transformants with increased expression levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), a key rate-limiting enzyme in the PPP of H. marmoreus, were developed and showed more extracellular soluble protein secretion and higher sugar assimilation rates, as well as improved mycelial growth rates in bottle substratemixtures. Finally, cultivation experiments indicated that the maturation periods of the fruiting body with ~4-5 days in advance and the maximum fruiting body yield of 574.8 g per bag with an increase of 7.4% were achieved by improving the G6PDH expression level of the PPP in H. marmoreus. This study showed that CCM played an important role in the mycelial growth and development of H.marmoreus, which provided newinsights for future advancements in cultivating and breeding edible fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to accurately establish a discrete element model for the whole plant flexibility of upright rice during the harvesting period, several physical characteristics, such as geometric features, moisture content, and density, of the entire rice plant were measured, along with frictional properties, such as the static and rolling friction coefficients, and mechanical properties, including the elastic modulus and restitution coefficient. A flexible and upright discrete element model of the rice plant was established using the DEM method based on the Hertz–Mindlin (no slip) and Hertz–Mindlin with bonding mechanical models. The parameters were optimized through Plackett–Burman screening experiments, steepest ascent experiments, and Box–Behnken optimization experiments to accurately determine the discrete element model parameters of each component of the rice plant. The calibration process of the contact parameters between rice grains and steel was analyzed in detail as an example, resulting in a calibration error of 0.68% for the natural repose angle. Taking the calibration of the contact parameters between the main stem and steel as an example, a detailed analysis of the calibration process was conducted. The calibration resulted in a calibration error of 2.76% for the natural repose angle and 2.33% for deflection. This study lays the foundation for understanding the mechanical response of rice and machinery when they are coupled together. Additionally, it provides valuable references for establishing discrete element models of plant species other than rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A universally optimal path can greatly contribute to the simulation models in the horticultural crop development and harvest period, in order to efficiently utilize the agricultural resources during intelligent management. In this study, an optimal horticultural crop development and harvesting period simulation model was established to evaluate the relationship between crop growth and development, and the key meteorological factors (radiation and temperature). Four types of modeling methods were selected (temperature difference, accumulated temperature, physiological development time, product of thermal effectiveness, and photosynthetically active radiation). The experimental materials were taken as the cucumber ('Jinyou 35' and 'Jinsheng 206'), tomato ('Ruifen 882' and 'Provence'), celery ('Juventus'), spinach ('Daye'), parsley ('Siji'), tulip ('Pink impression', 'Daydream', 'Esmee' and 'Queen of Night'), and tea ('Longjing'). The observation data was obtained for the 58 groups of sowing stages over nine years from 2013 to 2022 (38 groups of early sowing and late sowing data were used to establish the model, and 21 groups of intermediate sowing data were used to the validate model). The key parameters of the model were then determined to integrate the simulation. Four approaches were used (average integration, maximum average integration, median integration, and stepwise regression integration) to ultimately determine the optimal simulation path for the model. The simulation was also conducted to clarify the significant impact of seasonal production capacity, stubble allocation, utilization efficiency of light and heat resources, and human factors on the actual cultivation of infinitely growing crops (cucumber, tomato, and tea) in the development period. The important model parameters were optimized in the development and harvest periods. A series of experiments were then carried out to verify the model. There were some outstanding features of the model as follows: To take the radiation and air temperature as the main driving variables, TE included two kinds of temperature response modes, two kinds of time scales, considering the difference in the simulation accuracy between the multi-model integration and single model, and the construction of characteristic module (harvest period module). The results showed that: 1) The root mean square errors (RMSE) of development and harvest simulation models were from 4.85 to 17.01 d on the different time scales, and the normalized root mean square errors (NRMSE) were from 10.65% to 16.31%. The RMSEs of development and harvest simulation models were from 0.50 to 17.08 d for the different varieties, and the NRMSEs were from 4.33% to 20.24%. The optimal development simulation model was the tulip, while the optimal harvest simulation model was the cucumber. The RMSEs of development and harvest simulation models were from 0.08 to 24.37 d for the different methods, and the NRMSEs were from 0.18% to 54.81%. 2) The hourly time scale was better than the daily one (RMSE and NRMSE difference values were 2.40 d, and 3.81%, respectively). Furthermore, the integration was superior to the single one (RMSE difference was 3.59 d, NRMSE difference was 6.28%) among the five types of modeling methods. The sine mode was superior to the linear one (RMSE difference was 0.52 d, and NRMSE difference was 0.73%) among the two types of temperature response modes. The leaf temperature was better than the air temperature (RMSE difference was 1.64 d, and NRMSE difference was 1.58%) among the two types of temperature forms. It was necessary to consider the effects of both the lower and upper limit temperatures simultaneously. The temperature response mode considering the biological lower limit and upper limit temperature was superior to the temperature response mode considering only the biological lower limit temperature (RMSE difference values were 0.10 and 0.39 d, respectively, whereas, NRMSE difference values were 0.13% and 0.82%, respectively) among the three types of extreme temperature responses. 3) Firstly, the model was established by selecting time scale, considering the sinusoidal temperature response mode of biological lower and upper limits, and leaf temperature form. Secondly, integration method optimized the development period (median integration) and harvesting period (stepwise regression integration) models. The finding can provide the theoretical basis and technical support for the intelligent management of the horticultural crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to explore the effect of harvest period on agronomic traits in western Guangdong. Four kinds of silage maize (Yayu silage No. 8, Wenyu No. 3, Quchen No. 19 and Beinong silage 356) were selected as raw materials and harvested at 5 (t1), 10 (t2), 15 (t3), 20 (t4), 25 (t5), 30 (t6), 35 (t7) and 40 d (t8) after male panicle flowering to determine the agronomic traits. The results showed at the same time, the agronomic traits of Yayu silage No. 8, Wenyu No. 3, and Quchen No.19 were better; with the extension of harvest period, the stem diameter and stem weight of four kinds of silage corn were higher at t5, t6 and t7, and the leaf weight at t5 and t6 was obviously higher than that of other time points. The ear weight and grian weight increased first and then decreased, the fresh weight yield of the four silage maize varieties was higher at t4, t5 and t6. The study indicates the stem weight of silage maize reached the maximum at t5 and t6, the plant height and ear traits tend to be stable, and the yield was higher, which are better for harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze what factors affect the risk of superior rice production in tidal swamp land, Barito Kuala District. This research will be conducted in Barito Kuala District, South Kalimantan Province. This research will start from March-June 2022. The analytical tool used is the Just Pope function model. The results of the analysis show that the determinant of the risk of superior rice production in tidal swamp land is labor input. Labor input is risk decreasing, meaning that the use of labor input is able to reduce the risk or variation in the results achieved. If farmers add more labor, it means that the handling of farming will be more intensive starting from the process of seeding, fertilizing, controlling pests and diseases until the harvest period.

Predicting the harvest time of wheat in large areas is important for guiding the scheduling of wheat combine harvesters and reducing losses during harvest. In this study, Zhumadian, Zhengzhou and Anyang, the main winter-wheat-producing areas in Henan province, were selected as the observation points, and the main producing areas were from south to north. Based on Landsat 8 satellite remote sensing images, the changes in NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index), and NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) were analyzed at different growth stages of winter wheat in 2020. Multiple regression analysis and Back Propagation (BP) neural network machine learning methods were used to establish prediction models for the harvest time of winter wheat at different growth stages. The results showed that the prediction model based on a BP neural network had high accuracy. The RMSE, MAE and MAPE of the training set and the test set were 0.531 and 0.5947, 0.3001 and 0.3104, 0.0114% and 0.0119%, respectively. The prediction model of winter wheat harvest date based on BP neural network was verified in the main winter wheat producing areas of Henan province in 2020 and 2021. The average errors were 1.67 days and 2.13 days, which were less than 3 days, meeting the needs for winter wheat production and harvest. The grain water content of winter wheat at harvest time calculated by the prediction model reached the grain water standard of the wheat combine harvester. Therefore, the prediction of the winter wheat harvest time can be realized based on multiple remote sensing indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The short harvest period or synchronous maturity is the main focus of mungbean breeding programs. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic character and synchronous maturity of mungbean F4 generation from a selection of VR480B × Vima 1 crosses. The research was held in Bengkaung Village, West Lombok from March until June 2021. The genetic material consisted of F4 seeds, and VR480B and Vima 1 as controlled genotypes. A segregated population design was carried out and all of the plants were observed individually. F4 population had variability on all qualitative characters except growth type, twining habit, and the color of the ventral suture of the immature pod. There were 140 F4 genotypes with synchronous maturity because had an earlier harvest period rather than both parents. The selection of the F4 population based on harvest period and seed weight per plant revealed as many as 24 genotypes with the potential to have a shorter harvest period of 3.55 days and seed weight of 4.56 g compared to the initial F4 population, allowing them to potentially be continued in the next breeding cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Bioactive compounds in annual, biennial, and perennial samples were analyzed using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap/MS metabolomics. • These findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing the harvest period of Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz to maximize its therapeutic properties. • A multi-index component content determination method was established to evaluate the quality of Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. The Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz (A. chinensis) Chinese herb possesses numerous therapeutic properties and is extensively utilized in the pharmaceutical industry. Its quality is closely associated with the harvest periods. However, the optimal quality and harvest periods of A. chinensis remain elusive. The bioactive compounds of perennial A. chinensis were detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap/MS) metabolomics, and differentially abundant compounds were selected by multivariate statistical analysis. Then, variations in the content of differential compounds in samples harvested at different periods were analyzed, while correlation analysis was carried out on the differential compounds to determine the suitable harvest period for distinct components. A total of 61 bioactive compounds were detected in all samples, grouped into 9 known classes. The results revealed that the chemical compositions of A. chinensis at different harvest periods were significantly different. The volatile oil content in the four-year-old and five-year-old samples was relatively high, at 31.92 mg/g and 32.42 mg/g, respectively. There were also significant differences in the content of the six active ingredients, for example, the five-year-old sample had the highest content of atractylodin (4.38 mg/g). Indeed, the harvest period was correlated with the abundance of most bioactive compounds. Specifically, quinquennial samples were significantly negatively correlated with the abundance of organic acids and aliphatics while moderately positively correlated with the abundance of other classes of bioactive compounds. According to the results, the ideal harvest time for atractylenolide Ⅲ was 3 years. Regarding organic acids, the optimal harvest time was around 2–3 years. Taken together, these results offer valuable insights to producers for optimizing the harvest period for A. chinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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‘Venus Gold’ apple (known as ‘Weihaijin’) is a new variety of large fruit, late maturing, and fine apples by the Iwate University of Japan from the natural hybrid offspring. The ‘Venus Gold’ apple at its best maturity is favored by the market, due to its golden and crisp flesh, richness in juice and fresh fragrance, unique taste, and excellent quality. However, there is no accurate reference to determine the optimum harvest period or maturity of ‘Venus Gold’ apples at present. This study aims to clarify the influence of the 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on the postharvest physiology and storage quality of ‘Venus Gold’ apples at different harvest periods. A reliable theoretical basis and technical support were provided for the harvest standard of the ‘Venus Gold’ apples in the production, the quality improvement, as well as the delay of softening and aging in the postharvest storage. In this experiment, three harvest periods were selected as the growth and development period of 185 days (harvest period I), 192 days (harvest period II), and 199 days (harvest period III). The concentration values were also set as 0 (CK), and 1.0 μL/L 1-MCP after treatment. The postharvest physiology and storage quality were evaluated at room temperature (20±0.5)℃ at a relative humidity of 85%-90%. The results showed that there were higher and earlier peaks of respiration and ethylene in the late-harvested fruits, compared with the CK. The 1-MCP treatment significantly reduced the ethylene release rate and respiration intensity of fruits in the three harvest periods, and then significantly inhibited or delayed the occurrence of respiration and ethylene climacteric peak. There was no significant difference in the starch content and amylase activity between the 1-MCP treatment and CK in the fruits at the harvest stage I and III (P≥0.05). However, the 1-MCP treatment greatly contributed to the higher hardness and original pectin content of fruits at the harvest stage I and III, indicating the delay of the soluble pectin content and PG activity. There was a significantly (P<0.05) inhibited effect on the increase of amylase activity during the storage period of 13 to 25 days, indicating the effective delay of starch conversion. Harvest period II presented better quality of the soluble solids, titratable acid, and vitamin C of ‘Venus Gold’ apple, compared with harvest period I. By contrast, harvest period II significantly delayed the fruit softening and aging for the longer shelf life, indicating the higher fruit hardness and titratable acid content, compared with harvest period III. An optimal combination was achieved in the storage and freshness preservation after comprehensive analysis: the growth and development period of ‘Venus Gold’ apples was harvested in 192 days combined with the 1.0 μL/L 1-MCP treatment during 25 days of normal temperature storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out in dry conditions in the trial land of Igdir University Faculty of Agriculture in 2019 and 2020. Effects on crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), dry matter digestibility (DMD), dry matter intake (DMI), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and relative feed value (RFV) of sowing (mid-March, late-March, early-April and mid-April) and harvesting times (end of vegetative period, beginning of flowering and full flowering period) of mountain spinach (Atriplex nitens) were determined. The experiment was set up in randomized blocks according to the split plot design with 3 replications. It was determined that the crude protein obtained in the second year of the study was higher than the first year. Other examined hay quality characteristics did not change over the years. Sowing times had significant effects on all the nutrients studied. Delaying the sowing times resulted in decreases in NDF and ADF ratios, and increases in CP, DMD, DMI, DE, ME and RFV. While the NDF and ADF ratios increased with the delay of the harvest periods, there were decreases in the CP, DMD, DMI, DE, ME and RFV amounts. According to year, sowing and harvesting periods, CP ratios between 5.94% and 13.86%, NDF ratios 50.29% an 64.33%, ADF ratios 29.48% and 41.01%, DMD ratios 56.96% and 65.93%, DMI ratios 1.86% and 2.39%, DE amount 2.71 and 3.09 Mcal kg-1, ME amount 2.22 and 2.54 Mcal kg-1 and RFV value 82.40 and 121.97 was found. According to the results of the study, it was determined that in order to obtain high quality herbage from mountain spinach in dry conditions, it should be sown in mid-March, which is the first sowing time, and harvested at the end of the vegetative period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of apple is greatly affected by meteorological factors. The increasing frequency of high and low temperature disasters in Shaanxi province can greatly influence the yield and quality of apple. Phenological period is helpful to guide fruit production and manage disaster risk. At present, phenological data are very scarce. The historical phenological period can be reconstructed by constructing phenological model. There were four main apple producing areas in Shaanxi province. Two representative stations with comprehensive phenological data were selected for each area. These representative stations were Liquan and Fengxiang (Guanzhong area), Xunyi and Changwu(Western area of Weibei), Tongchuan and Baishui (Eastern area of Weibei), Yanchang and Luochuan(Yan'an area). Firstly, the station with longer historical phenological data record among the two representative stations was selected. Then, the relationship between day of year(DOY) of phenological period and meteorological indexes was analyzed by using SPSS. Several single-index or multiple-index phenological prediction models were established through stepwise regression analysis. Finally, the optimal model was selected by back substitution test and prediction test. The test results were evaluated by the mean absolute error (MAE) and the relative accuracy (RA) with a difference of 0-3 days between the simulated value and the observed value. Considered both and chose the optimal model. The results showed that (1) the mean absolute errors (MAE) of sprouting time models were 0.8-2.4 days and the RA were 84.6%-100%. The MAE of flowering date models were 2.5-3.4 days and the RA were 55.6%-75%. The MAE of fruit development period models were 0.9-2.8 days and the RA were 63.2%-100%. The MAE of harvest period models were 2.2-3.2 days and the RA were 69.2%-72.2%. The sprouting time models had the best simulation effect. The fruit development period models were the second. The harvest period models were the third. The flowering date model had the worst simulation effect. (2) From 1981 to 2019, the reconstructed DOY of sprouting time in Yan'an area, Eastern area of Weibei, Western area of Weibei and Guanzhong area were between 72-98, 70-88, 73-98 and 71-85. And the reconstructed DOY of flowering date in these areas were between 102-116, 86-107, 100-125 and 84-115. The reconstructed DOY of fruit development period in Yan'an area, Eastern area of Weibei and Guanzhong area were between 114-122, 89-118 and 87-117. And the reconstructed DOY of harvest period in these three areas were between 260-301, 276-297 and 224-348. (3) The spatial distribution of reconstructed phenological periods showed that: from 1981 to 2019, the sprouting time of Yan'an area and Eastern area of Weibei was gradually delayed from southeast to northwest, while that of Guanzhong area and western area of Weibei was delayed from west to east. The flowering date and fruit development period were both later and later in north of whole study area. The harvest period of Yan'an area and eastern area of Weibei was delayed from east to west, while that of Guanzhong area and western area of Weibei was gradually delayed from west to east. The simulation effect of these models was generally good. The reconstructed apple phenological data can provide basic support for apple production management and disaster risk prevention. This study can be used as a reference for the development of fruit tree phenological period model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane is essential for global sugar production and its compressed juice is a key raw material for industrial products. Sugarcane juice includes various metabolites with abundances and compositional balances influencing product qualities and functionalities. Therefore, understanding the characteristic features of the sugarcane metabolome is important. However, sugarcane compositional variability and stability, even in pretreatment processes for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic studies, remains elusive. The objective of this study is to evaluate sugarcane juice metabolomic variability affected by centrifugation, filtration, and thermal pretreatments, as well as the time-course changes for determining optimal conditions for NMR-based metabolomic approach. The pretreatment processes left the metabolomic compositions unchanged, indicating that these pretreatments are compatible with one another and the studied metabolomes are comparable. The thermal processing provided stability to the metabolome for more than 32 h at room temperature. Based on the determined analytical conditions, we conducted an NMR-based metabolomic study to discriminate the differences in the harvest period and allowed for successfully identifying the characteristic metabolome. Our findings denote that NMR-based sugarcane metabolomics enable us to provide an opportunity to collect a massive amount of data upon collaboration between multiple researchers, resulting in the rapid construction of useful databases for both research purposes and industrial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to accurately establish a discrete element model for the whole plant flexibility of upright rice during the harvesting period, several physical characteristics, such as geometric features, moisture content, and density, of the entire rice plant were measured, along with frictional properties, such as the static and rolling friction coefficients, and mechanical properties, including the elastic modulus and restitution coefficient. A flexible and upright discrete element model of the rice plant was established using the DEM method based on the Hertz–Mindlin (no slip) and Hertz–Mindlin with bonding mechanical models. The parameters were optimized through Plackett–Burman screening experiments, steepest ascent experiments, and Box–Behnken optimization experiments to accurately determine the discrete element model parameters of each component of the rice plant. The calibration process of the contact parameters between rice grains and steel was analyzed in detail as an example, resulting in a calibration error of 0.68% for the natural repose angle. Taking the calibration of the contact parameters between the main stem and steel as an example, a detailed analysis of the calibration process was conducted. The calibration resulted in a calibration error of 2.76% for the natural repose angle and 2.33% for deflection. This study lays the foundation for understanding the mechanical response of rice and machinery when they are coupled together. Additionally, it provides valuable references for establishing discrete element models of plant species other than rice.

Harvest time and storage time had significant effects on nutrient quality and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) of alfalfa. The objective of this study was to use headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) to analyze alfalfa at different harvest periods (budding stage, early blooming, full blooming), and storage for 0 d, 90 d, 180 d, 270 d, and 360 d, the dynamic changes in VOCs and nutritional quality. Results indicated that ketones, aldehydes, alcohols and esters were the main volatile components of alfalfa VOCs, accounting for 87.41%, 88.57% and 90.85% of the total volatile components at budding stage, early blooming and full blooming, respectively. VOCs and nutrient quality of alfalfa varied significantly in different harvest periods; delayed harvesting significantly reduced alfalfa aldehydes, alcohols, crude protein (CP), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) and significantly increased ketone, dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents (p < 0.05). After Comprehensive consideration ofthe yield, nutritional quality and VOCs of alfalfa, the best harvest time was determined to be the budding stage. The VOCs and nutrient quality of alfalfa were significantly different at different storage durations, and ketones, ADF and NDF were significantly increased and significantly reduced DM, CP and TDN (p < 0.05). Ketone content and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content had a significant positive correlation, (NDF F = 5.5, p = 0.024). Storage 360 d 2-methylbutyraldehyde (musty), 1-octen-3-one (earthy musty odor) content increased. These may be the key compounds that causes the smell of fresh alfalfa to fade away and a musty smell to emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain Rain Period (GRP), one of the 24 solar terms in China, signifies a crucial phase for the transformation of tea quality, especially for Lu'an Guapian (LAGP) tea. During GRP, LAGP teas showed 3 distinct aroma profiles, each spanning 3–4 days. Specifically, the sensory evaluation result revealed that LAGP tea exhibited stronger flowery and fresh aromas in the early phase, with the soybean-like aroma significantly intensifying as the harvest period progressed during GRP. Furthermore, the key contributors to the aroma profile and its variation during GRP were identified as indole, δ-decalactone, geraniol, linalool, decanal, jasmone, (E) - β -ionone, benzeneacetaldehyde, dihydroactinolide, nonanal, octanal, (E) -isoeugenol, (E,E) -2,4-nonadienal, 4-ketoisophorone, (E,Z) -2,6-nonadienal, and 1-octen-3-one. Additionally, we proposed a binary blending strategy using sensory evaluation with the methods of triangle test and normal distribution fitting to predict the blending threshold accurately. This study elucidated the dynamics of LAGP tea aroma during GRP and offered insights for tea blending optimization. • During GRP, LAGP teas showed 3 distinct aroma profiles, each spanning 3–4 days. • LAGP teas mainly presented flowery and fresh aroma in the early phase of GRP. • Soybean-like aroma notably intensified as the harvest period progressed during GRP. • 16 active key volatile compounds were identified in LAGP teas during GRP. • A strategy was proposed to accurately predict binary blending thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To optimize the harvest of Korla fragrant pears and to provide a theoretical basis for post-harvest processing, a total of 26 basic indices of Korla fragrant pears, including their morphology, quality, and softening age, were investigated. The harvest period ranged from August 22nd to October 6th, samples were collected every 5 d (totally 10 plucking days, indicated as H1-H10). The results indicated that changes in pectin content were the main causes of softening in fragrant pears. The scavenging of free radicals mainly occurred because of the collaborative effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). In the harvest periods H1-H3, the hardness, titratable acid (TA), chlorophyll content, density, and diameter of the stone cells, as well as the cellulose and hemicellulose content of the Korla fragrant pears were at their highest. During the periods H7-H10, the single-fruit weight, fruit horizontal and vertical diameter, color coordinates L, a*, b*, soluble-solids content (SSC), SOD activity, CAT activity, and water-soluble pectin were higher than in the other plucking periods. The highest vitamin C (VC) content and moderate values for a variety of indicators were observed during H3-H7. Variations in the Korla fragrant pears during H1-H3 mainly manifested through changes in softening-related parameters. During H3-H10, changes in the softening-related, aging-related, color-related, and quality indices had a dominant role. On this basis, some suggestions for the post-harvest processing of fragrant pears have been proposed. Fruit, during H1-H3, are suitable for transportation and storage; during H7-H10 are suitable for fresh-eating and further processing; and during H3-H7, exhibited moderate values for a variety of indicators and had the highest commercial value. This research provides a systematic evaluation of the characteristics of mature Korla fragrant pears during the harvest period and can form the basis for fruit quality control and processing of Korla fragrant pears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim of obtaining fundamental information on the flowering of apical buds on hydrangea (Hydrangea spp.) basal shoots, the flowering rate and flowering period duration of basal shoots were studied. Flowering was observed in 14.1% of basal shoots of 'Glowing Alps' occurring from July to November 2013 and in 72.2% of basal shoots of 'Magical Diamond' occurring from June to November 2013. In both cultivars, previously formed shoots flowered from June to July 2013, and the flowering rates were 97.2% and 93.3% in 'Glowing Alps' and 'Magical Diamond', respectively. The effectiveness of forcing on the flowering of hydrangea basal shoots was also studied. The cultivation area was maintained above 5°C from early winter, and flowering of apical buds from basal shoots was studied. 'Glowing Alps' and 'Magical Diamond' developed flowers on 43.4% and 75.0% of studied basal shoots before November 2013, indicating that forcing successfully increased the flowering of basal shoots in 'Glowing Alps'. In conclusion, flowering rate of basal shoots was lower but the flowering period was longer than the corresponding traits of previously formed shoots. Forcing increased the flowering rate of basal shoots in the hydrangea cultivars with lower unseasonal flowering potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In the present study, the influences of different origins and harvest periods on the characterisation, structure and antioxidant activity of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides (PHPs) were investigated. PHPR03 obtained from the third harvest period (late December) in Raoping possessed the highest content of sulphate group (14.70%), the lowest viscosity (434.34 mL·g−1) and exhibited better antioxidant activity. FTIR spectrum confirmed that PHPs obtained in different origins and harvest periods had similar functional groups (O—H, C—H and C—O group). Thermal gravimetric analysis suggested that PHPR03 has good thermal stability until 182 °C. PHPR03 microstructure was detected using scanning electron microscopy, and it was mainly irregular flocs. Atomic force microscope data showed that its diameter and height ranged from 1.32 to 1.99 μm and 14.16 to 34.92 nm, respectively. X‐ray diffraction and Congo red experiments indicated that PHPR03 belongs to amorphous material with weak rigidity and exists in the form of random coils in an aqueous solution. PHPR03 resulted in a decrease of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances value of ground pork. This study provides the theoretical basis for rational utilisation and further applications in the food industry of PHPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the effects of different varieties and different harvest periods on the growth and quality of green cabbage, Jinpin 1 Xia and Jinpin Aijiao were selected as the experimental materials, and the planting was carried out in summer, autumn and winter respectively, and different harvesting periods were set: 20, 25, 30 and 35 days in summer, and 20, 30, 40 and 50 days in autumn and winter. The agronomic traits, yield, disease occurrence and flavor quality at each harvest period were investigated. The results showed that: In summer, Jinpin 1 Xia was without jointing and had strong disease resistance, green leaf color, green petiole color at harvest of 20-30 d, and high yield. The characters and yield of Jinpin 1 Xia were significantly better than those of Jinpin Aijiao in summer. Therefore, Jinpin 1 Xia should be selected for being planted in summer and the appropriate harvest period was 30 days. When planting in autumn and winter, Jinpin Aijiao was girded with green leaves and petioles and good flavor & quality. Therefore, Jinpin Aijiao were suitable for being planted in autumn and winter, and the appropriate harvest period was 40 days. No matter in summer or in autumn and winter, the flavor tasting scores of the two varieties decreased with the extension of harvest time. Generally, the green cabbages were harvested 20-25 d after sowing in summer, and 25-30 d after sowing in autumn and winter. At this time, the flavor quality was the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The olive Harvest time of northern Morocco where veterinary technology and control are absent depends, on local agricultural culture and community experiences local, therefore harvesting periods are related to the degree of maturity of the olives from the point of view of the village women, thus determines maturity for them, is not a scientific criterion, but a specific period of time or a particular season. The aim of present study was to determine the optimal olive harvest time, this study was carried out in the circle of Massmouda region in the city of Ouezzane northern Morocco. It was made in order to evaluate the influence of ripening on the olive oil chemical composition. To carry out this work an olive tree of the Moroccan Picholine variety selected, the olives were harvested at different stages of maturity from the same tree in October, November and December 2020, the extraction was made by mechanical cold pressing. After extracting the olive oil, the physico-chemical analysis such as acidity, humidity, fatty acids and sterols was assayed. The results obtained the sample which extracted in the month of december contains a higher percentage of ß-sitosterol (95.2%) and higher percentage of oleic acid C18:1 (75.4%). Time of the maturation is a factor that can significantly influence the quality of olive oil. Oleic acid, criterion of nutrition and quality of olive oil. Also, the amount of stearic acid increases with the ripening of the olive fruit. The sterol result shows that the percentage of stigmasterol and ß-sitosterol (95.2%) increased with the ripening of the olives. The influence of ripening parameter is significant on the main quality criteria of olive oil such as acidity, fatty acid and sterols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the nutritional and phenolic composition as well as the antioxidant activity of sweet potato leaves (SPL) harvested in 3 different periods were determined and compared. Furthermore, gray relational analysis was used to compare the comprehensive nutritional value. Results showed SPL HP1 had the highest protein value (30.8 ± 0.4 g/100 g dw), while SPL HP3 had the highest content of vitamin C (104.6 ± 4.9 mg/100 g dw), vitamin E (5.8 ± 0.4 mg/100 g dw), total polyphenol content (9.1 ± 0.3 g/100 g dw), antioxidant activity (DPPH: 7.4 ± 0.1 g VcE/100 g dw; ABTS: 10.6 ± 0.7 g VcE/100 g dw; FRAP: 0.617 ± 0.005 µmol TroloxE/100 g dw), and comprehensive nutritional value (weighted gray relational grade 0.8336). The individual phenolic composition showed the presence of six caffeoylquinic acids, caffeic acid, and two flavonoids (quercetin and isoquercetin), which were significantly different among different harvest periods. In conclusion, HP3 was an optimal period for harvesting SPL.

BACKGROUND: The Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' pericarp (CRCP) is one cultivar of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Chenpi), which is widely applied in medicine and food. To determine the potential value of CRCP harvested at different stages and subjected to different drying processes, the dynamic changes in the bioactive components were profiled and evaluated in this study. RESULTS: The contents of all non‐volatile components, i.e. synephrine, limonin, phenolic acids and flavonoids, decreased with delayed harvest time. The volatiles thujene, α‐pinene, β‐pinene, d‐citronellol, d‐citronellal, decanal, linalool, geraniol, l‐cis‐carveol, terpinen‐4‐ol, α‐terpineol, carvacrol, perillaldehyde, methyl 2‐(methylamino)benzoate and d‐limonene were considered the characteristic components for distinguishing CRCP harvested at different stages. Phenolic acids, synephrine and limonin were stable at different drying temperatures; however, high‐temperature drying at 60 °C induced a significant transformation in the flavonoids (especially polymethoxyflavones) and volatile substances in CRCP. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that most of the bioactive components declined with the growth of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi'. And it is believed that the fresh peel should be naturally sun‐dried or dried at low temperature (30 or 45 °C) rather than at high temperature (60 °C) to prevent excessive loss of nutrients. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don is the major source plants of traditional Chinese medicine Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus (FCB). Domestication, introduction, and cultivation is an important strategy to alleviate the shortage of endangered medicinal plants of F. cirrhosa. However, until now, the yield and quality changes of FCB in different harvest periods and drying treatments after harvest were not well understood. Therefore, in this paper, we investigated the yield and quality of cultivated F. cirrhosa at different harvest periods and postharvest processing methods. The results showed that dry weight per bulb ranged from 0.8913 to 1.4681 g and reached the highest at the wilting stage. The soluble sugar content ranged from 0.075% to 0.127% and reached the highest at the wilting stage. The content of total alkaloids ranged from 0.088% to 0.218% and reached the highest at the late‐flowering stage. The contents of peimisine, sipeimine, peimine, and peiminine were 0.01178%‐0.02615%, 0%–0.01713%, 0%–0.00745%, and 0%–0.00621% and reached the highest at the late‐flowering period, wilting period, young fruit period, and initial flowering period, respectively. For the two different postharvest processing methods, the contents of total alkaloids and the 16 main characteristic peaks did not exhibit significant differences. Still, the alkaloid contents of the oven drying after washing were slightly higher than the sun drying. In conclusion, the best harvest period is the wilting period of F. cirrhosa, and oven drying after washing is more beneficial to ensure the quality of FCB and improve productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hypoglycaemic and antioxidant activities of PPE during digestion were detected. • 143 phenolic metabolites were identified based on widely targeted metabolomics. • The hypoglycaemic activity of P. haitanensis was strongest at the fourth harvest. • In vitro digestion processes promoted the hypoglycaemic activity of PPE. • Apigenin and genistein were strongly correlated with the hypoglycaemic activity. The hypoglycemic effect of Porphyra is well known. Based on in vitro digestion and metabolomics, the bioaccessibility, antidiabetic activity and phenolic conversion of P. haitanensis were investigated at different harvests. Total polyphenol content (TPC), α -glucosidase inhibition and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) increased with harvesting and digestion stages, reaching maximum at the fourth harvest. TPC and α -glucosidase inhibition after digestion reached 130–150 mg/g and 50–90 %, ORAC was 8.7–13.5 times higher than the undigestion. However, bioaccessibility in the first and second harvests was 10–80 % higher than other harvests. The phenolic content in the fourth harvest was up-regulated to 2–30 times than the first and mostly were citrus flavonoids. Redundancy analysis indicated significant correlation between phenolic metabolites and bioactivities in different harvests of P. haitanensis during digestion, with the strongest correlation coefficients were apigenin and genistein. This study provides reference for the application of P. haitanensis in treating type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harvest time and storage time had significant effects on nutrient quality and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) of alfalfa. The objective of this study was to use headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) to analyze alfalfa at different harvest periods (budding stage, early blooming, full blooming), and storage for 0 d, 90 d, 180 d, 270 d, and 360 d, the dynamic changes in VOCs and nutritional quality. Results indicated that ketones, aldehydes, alcohols and esters were the main volatile components of alfalfa VOCs, accounting for 87.41%, 88.57% and 90.85% of the total volatile components at budding stage, early blooming and full blooming, respectively. VOCs and nutrient quality of alfalfa varied significantly in different harvest periods; delayed harvesting significantly reduced alfalfa aldehydes, alcohols, crude protein (CP), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) and significantly increased ketone, dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents (p < 0.05). After Comprehensive consideration ofthe yield, nutritional quality and VOCs of alfalfa, the best harvest time was determined to be the budding stage. The VOCs and nutrient quality of alfalfa were significantly different at different storage durations, and ketones, ADF and NDF were significantly increased and significantly reduced DM, CP and TDN (p < 0.05). Ketone content and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content had a significant positive correlation, (NDF F = 5.5, p = 0.024). Storage 360 d 2-methylbutyraldehyde (musty), 1-octen-3-one (earthy musty odor) content increased. These may be the key compounds that causes the smell of fresh alfalfa to fade away and a musty smell to emerge.

Sugar apples have attracted attention in recent years due to their medicinal and nutritional properties. However, the shelf life of sugar apples is one of the most concerning problems owing to their perishability. This work aimed to determine the ideal harvest time for sugar apple fruits in relation to different classes of carpel interspaces. Therefore, fruits were classified into three stages according to the carpel interspace: stage 1 (0.0 - 2.0 mm); stage 2 (2.1 - 3.0 mm); and stage 3 (3.0 - 4.0 mm). After harvesting, the fruits were evaluated daily in the laboratory regarding their physical and physicochemical aspects until they reached the point of consumption (horticultural maturation). The following variables were evaluated: fruit diameter and length (mm); fruit, peel, pulp, and seed masses (g); color index, including the chromatic attributes L* (luminosity), C* (chroma), and h* (hue angle); bark firmness (N); soluble solids (°Brix); titratable acidity (g citric acid 100 g-1 of pulp-1); pulp yield; and ratio SS/TA. Fruits at stage 3 showed larger diameters, less firmness, and better chromaticity means. Fruits at stages 2 and 3 had eight days of postharvest life. However, fruits at stage 2 took longer for 50% of the fruits to be ready for consumption. The results demonstrate that stages 2 and 3 can be determinants for the harvest time of sugar apples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar apples have attracted attention in recent years due to their medicinal and nutritional properties. However, the shelf life of sugar apples is one of the most concerning problems owing to their perishability. This work aimed to determine the ideal harvest time for sugar apple fruits in relation to different classes of carpel interspaces. Therefore, fruits were classified into three stages according to the carpel interspace: stage 1 (0.0 - 2.0 mm); stage 2 (2.1 - 3.0 mm); and stage 3 (3.0 - 4.0 mm). After harvesting, the fruits were evaluated daily in the laboratory regarding their physical and physicochemical aspects until they reached the point of consumption (horticultural maturation). The following variables were evaluated: fruit diameter and length (mm); fruit, peel, pulp, and seed masses (g); color index, including the chromatic attributes L* (luminosity), C* (chroma), and h* (hue angle); bark firmness (N); soluble solids (°Brix); titratable acidity (g citric acid 100 g-1 of pulp-1); pulp yield; and ratio SS/TA. Fruits at stage 3 showed larger diameters, less firmness, and better chromaticity means. Fruits at stages 2 and 3 had eight days of postharvest life. However, fruits at stage 2 took longer for 50% of the fruits to be ready for consumption. The results demonstrate that stages 2 and 3 can be determinants for the harvest time of sugar apples.

Determination of the Harvest Period of Eight Varieties of Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L Convolvulaceae) in Bouaké in Central Côte d'Ivoire In order to determine a period during which the best crop is obtained with quality tuberous roots, a yield assessment over four harvest periods of sweet potato was conducted at the Station de Recherche sur les Cultures Vivrières of the Centre National de Recherche Agronomique in Bouaké. The study focused on eight improved sweet potato varieties using a split plot system with varieties as the main factor and harvest period as a secondary factor. Most of the parameters measured ( disease incidence, severity, number of roots per plant – number of small roots and number of tall roots -) are significantly influenced by the variety with the exception of the yield and attacks of weevil and rodents which are linked to the harvest period. The harvest at four (4) months after planting gave the best yield (12.64 t/ha) and the tuberous roots least attacked by pests (weevils incidence: 11.16%; rodents incidence: 1.40%). CIP-199062-1, Vita and Irene were the best performing varieties (15.3 t/ha; 12.6 t/ha and 11.9 t/ha respectively).

• The ice grape skin samples from Harvest date 3 have the highest microbial diversity. • Vishniacozyma was firstly detected on Chinese ice grapes surface. • Delayed harvest of ice grapes has prominent advantage for fungal pathogen reduction. • Harvest period can positively regulate the microbial function of ice grape epidermis. Ice wine is a sweet dessert wine made from pressing grapes naturally frozen on the vines. The structure and metabolic characteristics of native microbial community dominated by organics and nutrients transformation in fermenting process of ice wine on the grape skin are likely to change due to climate events. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of harvest time on structure and metabolic characteristics of bacterial and fungal communities on Vidal ice grape surface. Vidal grape samples were picked between October and December in 2018; Harvest 1 (VG1): 14 October; Harvest 2 (VG2): 16 November; Harvest 3 (VG3): 18 December. Vishniacozyma , Alternaria , Cladosporium , Stenotrophomonas , unidentified_Cyanobacteria and Sphingomonas existed in all harvest dates and were the main genera widespread in most grape samples from the three harvest periods. Saprotrophic fungi and bacteria involved in metabolism were also dominant. For fungi, wood saprotrophs and unidentified saprotrophs were detected comprising Phoma , Didymella , Filobasidium and Clavaria. Delayed harvest of ice grapes has a distinct advantage for pathogen reduction compared with that of normally harvested grapes. Among bacteria, the most frequently occurring types in the metabolism category were energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism. In short, the harvest period can positively regulate the function of Vidal ice grape epidermal microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study tracked the seasonal variation in the volatile metabolites of Saccocalyx satureioides plant aerial parts and the of antioxidant activities which depend on the chemical composition. The essential oil samples were obtained by hydrodistillation using Clevenger type apparatus, quantified and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS). The antioxidant activities of essential oils were determined by DPPH (2,2-di-phenyl-1-picrilhydrazyl) free radical scavenging and the FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. The essential oil yield varied from 1.96 to 3.07% (v/w). The main identified components were oxygenated monoterpenes: α-terpineol (32.48–45.15%), borneol (20.55–25.31%), and thymol (12.42–21.08%). The concentrations of both α-terpineol and borneol increased from April to July while the percentage of thymol decreased over the same period. The oxygenated monoterpenes representing the major identified class (~ 91.18%) increased during the season while the monoterpenes decreased during the same period. The correlation between the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity was established using agglomerative hierarchical clustering method and principal component analysis. Two groups were spotted upon these analyses, indicating that April was the best period of collection allowing the highest antioxidant activity for the essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to obtain the optimum cultivation period and the best harvesting time of Psammosilene tunicoides. in a year. [ Method] The contents of moisture, total ash and alcohol extract content were determined for samples with different cultivation years and different harvesting time. [ Result] The moisture, total ash and alcohol extract content of Psammosilene tunicoides. samples with different cultivation years and different harvesting time were in accordance with the relevant standards. From the second year of cultivation, the content of alcohol extract increased gradually, and increased the fastest from the second year to the third year, and harvested in October was the highest. ( Conclusion) In Lijiang city, Yunnan province, the optimum cultivation period was 3 years and the best harvesting time of Psammosilene tunicoides. in a year was in October. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the similarity of chemical profile of Viscum coloratum harvested in different months using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint and multivariate statistical analysis, and to determine the optimal harvest time of Viscum coloratum. 8 compounds were isolated from Viscum coloratum by a variety of isolation techniques, 3 of which were isolated from the genus Viscum L. for the first time. The fingerprint of Viscum coloratum was established by HPLC, and 16 common peaks were obtained, 4 of which were identified by comparison with the reference substances. Results showed that the Viscum coloratum harvested in 6 months could be roughly divided into three groups based on the chemical profiles, and the Viscum coloratum harvested in January had higher levels of the marked compounds. The HPLC fingerprint objectively reveals the characteristics of Viscum coloratum harvested in different months, which can be used to evaluate and control the quality of Viscum coloratum harvested in different months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ontogenetic and diurnal variabilities in İzmir thyme ( Origanum onites L.), an important essential oil and spice plant of Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family, were determined in this study. Experiments were conducted in randomized blocks - factorial experimental design with 3 replications. Two harvests were performed. Plants were harvested at different hours of a day (09:00, 13:00, 17:00) and in different growth periods (beginning of budding, beginning of flowering, 50% flowering and 100% flowering). Plant height, fresh herbage yield, drug herbage yield, fresh leaf yield, drug leaf yield, essential oil ratio and essential oil yield parameters were investigated. High essential oil ratios were obtained from the plants harvested at morning hours. Essential oil ratios varied between 2.11 - 4.41%. The greatest essential oil ratio was obtained from the plants harvested in morning hours of the beginning of budding period of the second harvests. Fresh herbage yields varied between 222.45 - 714.63 kg/da with the greatest value from the plants harvested in the beginning of flowering period of the second harvests. Drug herbage yields varied between 64.30 - 256.74 kg/da with the greatest value from the plants harvested in the beginning of flowering period of the second harvests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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