24 results on '"Harufumi TAMAZAWA"'
Search Results
2. Sunspot observation by the cooperation of amateur astronomers and researchers in Japan in early 20th century as early citizen science program
- Author
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Harufumi TAMAZAWA
- Subjects
Space and Planetary Science ,Astronomy and Astrophysics - Abstract
The development of astronomy has been developed by the cooperation of amateur astronomers and researchers. Sunspot observation is a good example of Extreme citizen science in early days. Issei YAMAMOTO (1889–1959), organized “Oriental Astronomical Association (OAA),” Yamamoto’s materials (now in Kwasan observatory) include solar observation data sent from many observers in Japan. From the viewpoint of today’s Citizen Science, collaborative observation of sunspot between researchers of solar physics and amateur astronomers in Japan has clearly a context of social mission rather than mere academic interest. From the viewpoint of science communication, we can see that Yamamoto’s call includes a social mission to promote astronomy in Japan, and that amateurs responded to Yamamoto’s call by participating in the observation network. It can be said that this collaboration have not only “cultural” aspect but also “civic”or “practical” aspect.
- Published
- 2019
3. Possible Cause of Extremely Bright Aurora Witnessed in East Asia on 17 September 1770
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Harufumi Tamazawa, Kiyomi Iwahashi, Akito Davis Kawamura, Hisashi Hayakawa, Yusuke Ebihara, and Hiroaki Isobe
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Geomagnetic storm ,Convection ,Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Plasma sheet ,Electron precipitation ,Storm ,Plasmasphere ,Astrophysics ,Dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Latitude ,0103 physical sciences ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Extremely bright aurora was witnessed in East Asia on 17 September 1770, according to historical documents. The aurora was described as “as bright as a night with full moon” at magnetic latitude of 25°. The aurora was dominated by red color extending from near the horizon up beyond the polar star (corresponding to elevation angle of ~35°). We performed a two-stream electron transport code to calculate the volume emission rates at 557.7 nm (OI) and 630.0 nm (OI). Two types of distribution of precipitating electrons were assumed. The first one is based on the unusually intense electron flux measured by the DMSP satellite in the March 1989 storm. The distribution consists of hot (peaking at 3 keV) and cold (peaking at 71 eV) components. The second one is the same as the first one, but the hot component is removed. We call this high-intensity low-energy electrons (HILEEs). The first spectrum results in an auroral display with a bright, lower green border. The second one results in red-dominated aurora extending up to the elevation angle of 35° when the equatorward boundary of the electron precipitation is located at 32° invariant latitude. The poleward boundary of the precipitation would be 42° invariant latitude or greater to explain the auroral display extending from near the horizon. The origin of the HILEEs is probably the plasma sheet or the plasmasphere that is transported earthward to L ~ 1.39 due to enhanced magnetospheric convection. Local heating or acceleration is also plausible.
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- 2017
4. Historical space weather monitoring of prolonged aurora activities in Japan and in China
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Hisashi Hayakawa, Tsuneyo Terashima, Hidehiko Suzuki, Hiroaki Isobe, Hiroko Miyahara, Kiyomi Iwahashi, Harufumi Tamazawa, Akito Davis Kawamura, Kazuaki Yamamoto, Takuji Nakamura, Yasunori Fujiwara, Ryuho Kataoka, and Masako Takei
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Geomagnetic storm ,Atmospheric Science ,Sunspot ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Storm ,Space weather ,01 natural sciences ,Latitude ,Geography ,Climatology ,0103 physical sciences ,Coronal mass ejection ,Solar rotation ,China ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Great magnetic storms are recorded as aurora sightings in historical documents. The earliest known example of “prolonged” aurora sightings, with aurora persistent for two or more nights within a seven-day interval at low latitudes, in Japan was documented on February 21-23, 1204 in Meigetsuki, when a big sunspot was also recorded in China. We have searched for prolonged events over the 600-year interval since 620 in Japan based on the catalogue of Kanda (1933), and over the 700-year interval since 581 in China based on the catalogues of Tamazawa et al. (2017) and Hayakawa et al. (2015). Before the Meigetsuki event, a significant fraction of the 200 possible aurora sightings in Song dynasty (960-1279) of China was detected at least twice within a seven-day interval and sometimes recurred with approximately the solar rotation period of 27 days. The majority of prolonged aurora activity events occurred around the maximum phase of solar cycles rather than around the minimum, as estimated from the 14C analysis of tree rings. They were not reported during the Oort Minimum (1010-1050). We hypothesize that the prolonged aurora sightings are associated with great magnetic storms resulting from multiple coronal mass ejections from the same active region. The historical documents therefore provide useful information to support estimation of great magnetic storm frequency, which are often associated with power outages and other societal concerns.
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- 2017
5. Intense Geomagnetic Storm during Maunder Minimum Possibly by a Quiescent Filament Eruption
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Hisashi Hayakawa, Harufumi Tamazawa, Akito Davis Kawamura, Hiroaki Isobe, and Yusuke Ebihara
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Geomagnetic storm ,Physics ,Sunspot ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Solar flare ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astronomy ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Solar prominence ,Latitude ,law.invention ,Protein filament ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Space and Planetary Science ,law ,Physics::Space Physics ,0103 physical sciences ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Flare - Abstract
The sun occasionally undergoes the so-called grand minima, in which its magnetic activity, measured by the number of sunspots, is suppressed for decades. The most prominent grand minima, since the beginning of telescopic observations of sunspots, is the Maunder minimum (1645-1715), when the sunspots became rather scarce. The mechanism underlying the grand minima remains poorly understood as there is little observational information of the solar magnetic field at that time. In this study, we examine the records of one candidate aurora display in China and Japan during the Maunder minimum. The presence of auroras in such mid magnetic latitudes indicates the occurrence of great geomagnetic storms that are usually produced by strong solar flares. However, the records of contemporary sunspot observations from Europe suggest that, at least for the likely aurora event, there was no large sunspot that could produce a strong flare. Through simple theoretical arguments, we show that this geomagnetic storm could have been generated by an eruption giant quiescent filament, or a series of such events., 12 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
- Published
- 2019
6. Sunspot Drawings by Japanese Official Astronomers in 1749-1750
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Harufumi Tamazawa, Masashi Fujiyama, Shinsuke Imada, Hisashi Hayakawa, Toshiki Kawai, Hideyuki Hotta, Haruhisa Iijima, Kazunari Shibata, Shin Toriumi, and Kiyomi Iwahashi
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Physics ,Sunspot ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Physics - History and Philosophy of Physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astronomy ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Solar maximum ,01 natural sciences ,Space Physics (physics.space-ph) ,Kansei ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Physics - Space Physics ,Space and Planetary Science ,0103 physical sciences ,History and Philosophy of Physics (physics.hist-ph) ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Sunspot observations with telescopes in 18th century were carried out in Japan as well. One of these sunspot observations is recorded in an account called Sansaizusetsu narabini Kansei irai Jissoku Zusetsu (Charts of Three Worlds and Diagrams of Actual Observations since Kansei Era). We analyze manuscripts of this account to show in total 15 sunspot drawings in 1749-1750. These observations were carried out by contemporary official astronomers in Japan, with telescopes covered by zongurasus (< zonglas in Dutch, corresponding to "sunglass" in English). We count their group number of sunspots to locate them in long-term solar activity and show that their observations were situated around the solar maximum in 1749 or 1750. We also computed their locations and areas, while we have to admit the difference of variant manuscripts with one another. These observational records show the spread of sunspot observations not only in Europe but also in Japan and hence may contribute to crosscheck or possibly improve the known sunspot indices., 2018/4/12 accepted for publication in PASJ
- Published
- 2018
7. Iwahashi Zenbei’s Sunspot Drawings in 1793 in Japan
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Hisashi Hayakawa, Harufumi Tamazawa, Kiyomi Iwahashi, Shin Toriumi, and Kazunari Shibata
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Physics ,Sunspot ,Index (economics) ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Sunspot number ,Physics - History and Philosophy of Physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Context (language use) ,01 natural sciences ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Space and Planetary Science ,0103 physical sciences ,History and Philosophy of Physics (physics.hist-ph) ,Observational study ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Cartography ,Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Three Japanese sunspot drawings associated with Iwahashi Zenbei (1756-1811) are shown here from contemporary manuscripts and woodprint documents with the relevant texts. We revealed the observational date of one of the drawings to be 26 August 1793, and the overall observations lasted for over a year. Moreover, we identified the observational site for the dated drawing at Fushimi in Japan. We then compared his observations with group sunspot number and raw group count from Sunspot Index and Long-term Solar Observations (SILSO) to reveal its data context, and concluded that these drawings filled the gaps in understanding due to the fragmental sunspots observations around 1793. These drawings are important as a clue to evaluate astronomical knowledge of contemporary Japan in the late 19 th century and are valuable as a non-European observation, considering that most sunspot observations up to mid-19 th century are from Europe., Comment: 2017/11/16 accepted for publication in Solar Physics
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- 2018
8. A Great Space Weather Event in February 1730
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Hiroaki Isobe, José M. Vaquero, Satoshi Hayakawa, Kentaro Hattori, Yoshikazu Watanabe, Víctor M. S. Carrasco, Kiyomi Iwahashi, Harufumi Tamazawa, Yusuke Ebihara, Hisashi Hayakawa, María Cruz Gallego, and Akito Davis Kawamura
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Physics ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Interdisciplinary education ,Library science ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Space and Planetary Science ,0103 physical sciences ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Aims. Historical records provide evidence of extreme magnetic storms with equatorward auroral extensions before the epoch of systematic magnetic observations. One significant magnetic storm occurred on February 15, 1730. We scale this magnetic storm with auroral extension and contextualise it based on contemporary solar activity. Methods. We examined historical records in East Asia and computed the magnetic latitude (MLAT) of observational sites to scale magnetic storms. We also compared them with auroral records in Southern Europe. We examined contemporary sunspot observations to reconstruct detailed solar activity between 1729 and 1731. Results. We show 29 auroral records in East Asian historical documents and 37 sunspot observations. Conclusions. These records show that the auroral displays were visible at least down to 25.8{\deg} MLAT throughout East Asia. In comparison with contemporary European records, we show that the boundary of the auroral display closest to the equator surpassed 45.1{\deg} MLAT and possibly came down to 31.5{\deg} MLAT in its maximum phase, with considerable brightness. Contemporary sunspot records show an active phase in the first half of 1730 during the declining phase of the solar cycle. This magnetic storm was at least as intense as the magnetic storm in 1989, but less intense than the Carrington event., Comment: 30 pages, 5 figures, and 2 tables, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics on 25 April 2018. The figures and transcriptions/translations of historical documents are partially omitted in this manuscript due to the condition of reproduction. They are available in the publisher version
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- 2018
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9. Records of Sunspots and Aurora Candidates in the Chinese Official Histories of the Yu\'an and M\'ing Dynasties during 1261-1644
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Harufumi Tamazawa, Hiroko Miyahara, Hisashi Hayakawa, Yusuke Ebihara, Hiroaki Isobe, Akito Davis Kawamura, and Tadanobu Aoyama
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Physics ,Sunspot ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Physics - Space Physics ,Space and Planetary Science ,0103 physical sciences ,Physics - History and Philosophy of Physics ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Genealogy ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Records of observations of sunspots and auroras in pre-telescopic historical documents provide useful information about past solar activity both in long-term trends and short-term space weather events. In this study, we present the results of a comprehensive survey of the records of sunspots and aurora candidates in the Yu\'ansh\v{i} and M\'ingsh\v{i}, Chinese Official Histories spanning 1261-1368 and 1368-1644, based on continuous observations with well-formatted reportds conducted by contemporary professional astronomers. We then provide a brief comparison of these data with Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) as an indicator of the solar activity during the corresponding periods to show significant active phases between 1350s-80s and 1610s-30s. We then compared the former with contemporary Russian reports for naked-eye sunspots and the latter with contemporary sunspot drawings based on Western telescopic observations. Especially some of the latter are consistent with nitrate signals preserved in ice cores. These results show us some insights on not only minima and maxima of solar activity during 13th - 17th century., Comment: 2017/4/28 accepted for publication in PASJ
- Published
- 2017
10. Records of sunspot and aurora activity during 581–959 CE in Chinese official histories concerning the periods of Suí, Táng, and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
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Akito Davis Kawamura, Hisashi Hayakawa, Asuka Tsukamoto, Yusuke Ebihara, Harufumi Tamazawa, and Hiroaki Isobe
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Sunspot ,History ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Physics - History and Philosophy of Physics ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Space weather ,01 natural sciences ,Genealogy ,Five Dynasties ,Kingdom ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Physics - Space Physics ,Ice core ,Space and Planetary Science ,0103 physical sciences ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Recent studies of radioisotopes in tree rings or ice cores suggest that extreme space weather events occurred in the pre-telescope age. Observational records of naked-eye sunspots and low-latitude auroras in historical documents in pre-telescopic age can provide useful information on past solar activity. In this paper, we present the results of a comprehensive survey of records of sunspots and auroras in Chinese official histories from the 6th century to the 10th century, in the period of Su\'i, T\'ang, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. These official histories contain records of continuous observations with well-formatted reports conducted under the policy of the government. A brief comparison of the frequency of observations of sunspots and auroras with the observations of radioisotopes as an indicator of solar activity during the corresponding periods is provided. Based on our data, we survey and compile the records of sunspots and auroras in historical documents from variouslocations and in several languages, and ultimately provide these as open data to the scientific community., Comment: 2016/12/10 accepted for publication in PASJ
- Published
- 2017
11. Historical Auroras in the 990s: Evidence of Great Magnetic Storms
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Yusuke Ebihara, Hiroaki Isobe, Harufumi Tamazawa, Hiroko Miyahara, Yurina Uchiyama, Kiyomi Iwahashi, Hisashi Hayakawa, and Shunsuke Kosaka
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Geomagnetic storm ,Physics ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Event (relativity) ,Physics - History and Philosophy of Physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Storm ,Cosmic ray ,01 natural sciences ,Space Physics (physics.space-ph) ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Physics - Space Physics ,Space and Planetary Science ,Peninsula ,Climatology ,0103 physical sciences ,History and Philosophy of Physics (physics.hist-ph) ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR) ,Historical record ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Recently, a significant carbon-14 enhancement in the year 994 in tree rings has been found, suggesting an extremely large cosmic ray flux event during a short period. The origin of this particular cosmic ray event has not been confirmed, but one possibility is that it is of solar origin. Contemporary historical records of low latitude auroras can be used as supporting evidence for intense solar activity around that time. We investigated the previously reported as well as the new records found in contemporary observations from the 990s to determine potential auroras. Records of potential red auroras in the late 992 and early 993 were found around the world, i.e. in the Korean Peninsula, Germany, and the Island of Ireland, suggesting the occurrence of an intense geomagnetic storm driven by solar activity., 2016/12/01 accepted for publication in Solar Physics. Due to the matter of license, we cannot show some figures on the preprint version. Please see the published version in Solar Physics for the figures
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- 2016
12. East Asian Observations of Low Latitude Aurora during the Carrington Magnetic Storm
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Hisashi Hayakawa, Harufumi Tamazawa, Kiyomi Iwahashi, Yusuke Ebihara, Kazunari Shibata, Hiroaki Isobe, Akito Davis Kawamura, Ryuho Kataoka, and Hiroko Miyahara
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010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Physics - History and Philosophy of Physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Space weather ,01 natural sciences ,Latitude ,law.invention ,Physics - Space Physics ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,History and Philosophy of Physics (physics.hist-ph) ,East Asia ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Geomagnetic storm ,Solar storm of 1859 ,Physics ,Solar flare ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Storm ,Space Physics (physics.space-ph) ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Space and Planetary Science ,Climatology ,Flare - Abstract
The magnetic storm around 1859 September 2, caused by so-called Carrington flare, was the most intense in the history of modern scientific observations, and hence is considered to be the benchmark event for space weather. The magnetic storm caused worldwide observations of auroras even at very low latitudes such as Hawaii, Panama, or Santiago, and the available magnetic field measurement at Bombay, India, showed two peaks: the main was the Carrington event which occurred in day time in East Asia, and a second storm after the Carrington event which occurred at night in East Asia. In this paper, we present a result from surveys of aurora records in East Asia, which provides new information of the aurora activity of this important event. We found some new East Asian records of low latitude aurora observations caused by the storm which occurred after the Carrington event. The size of the aurora belt of the second peak of the Carrington magnetic storm was even wider than usual low-latitude aurora events., 2016/08/26 accepted for publication in PASJ. Due to the matter of license, we cannot show some figures on the preprint version. Please see the published version in PASJ for the figures
- Published
- 2016
13. Earliest Datable Records of Aurora-like Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries from Babylonia
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Harufumi Tamazawa, Akito Davis Kawamura, Hiroaki Isobe, Hisashi Hayakawa, Yusuke Ebihara, Yasuyuki Mitsuma, and Hiroko Miyahara
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Physics ,Astronomical diaries from Babylonia ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Full Paper ,Solar activity ,Physics - History and Philosophy of Physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Geology ,Astrophysics ,Ancient history ,Surveys ,01 natural sciences ,Natural (archaeology) ,Space Physics (physics.space-ph) ,CMEs ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Physics - Space Physics ,Space and Planetary Science ,Solar flares ,0103 physical sciences ,History and Philosophy of Physics (physics.hist-ph) ,History of astronomy ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The Astronomical Diaries from Babylonia (ADB) are an excellent source of information of natural phenomena, including astronomical ones, in pre-Christ era because it contains the record of highly continuous and systematic observations. In this article we present results of a survey of aurora-like phenomena in ADB, spanning from BCE 652 to BCE 61. We have found 9 records of aurora-like phenomena. Philological and scientific examinations suggest 5 of them can be considered as likely candidate for aurora observations. They provide unique information about the solar and aurora activities in the first millennium BCE., Comment: 2016/11/16 Accepted publication in Earth, Planets and Space
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- 2016
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14. Records of sunspot and aurora during CE 960-1279 in the Chinese chronicle of the Song dynasty
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Akito Davis Kawamura, Hiroaki Isobe, Hisashi Hayakawa, and Harufumi Tamazawa
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Physics ,Sunspot ,Aurora ,Meteorology ,Solar activity ,Historical resource ,Physics - History and Philosophy of Physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Geology ,Astrophysics ,Space weather ,Space Physics (physics.space-ph) ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Physics - Space Physics ,Space and Planetary Science ,History and Philosophy of Physics (physics.hist-ph) ,Chinese chronicle ,Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR) - Abstract
Records of sunspots and aurora observations in pre-telescopic historical documents can provide useful information about solar activity in the past. This is also true for extreme space weather events, as they may have been recorded as large sunspots observed by the naked eye or as low-latitude auroras. In this paper, we present the results of a comprehensive survey of records of sunspots and auroras in the Songshi, a Chinese formal chronicle spanning the tenth to the thirteenth century. This chronicle contains a record of continuous observations with well-formatted reports conducted as a policy of the government. A brief comparison of the frequency of observations of sunspots and auroras and the observations of radioisotopes as an indicator of the solar activity during corresponding periods is provided. This paper is the first step of our project in which we survey and compile the records of sunspots and aurora in historical documents from various locations and languages, ultimately providing it to the science community as online data., Accepted for for publication in Earth, Planets and Space. This manuscript includes the original texts in Chinese, which is omitted in the version published in EPS
- Published
- 2015
15. The earliest drawings of datable auroras and a two-tail comet from the Syriac Chronicle of Zūqnīn
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Hiroaki Isobe, Yasunori Fujiwara, Kiyomi Iwahashi, Ryuho Kataoka, Shunsuke Kosaka, Hisashi Hayakawa, Akito Davis Kawamura, Yusuke Ebihara, Yasuyuki Mitsuma, and Harufumi Tamazawa
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Physics ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Physics - Space Physics ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Space and Planetary Science ,0103 physical sciences ,Comet ,Physics - History and Philosophy of Physics ,Astronomy ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
People have probably been watching the sky since the beginning of human history. Observers in pre-telescopic ages recorded anomalous events and these astronomical records in the historical documents provide uniquely valuable information for modern scientists. Records with drawings are particularly useful, as the verbal expressions recorded by pre-telescopic observers, who did not know the physical nature of the phenomena, are often ambiguous. However, drawings for specific datable events in the historical documents are much fewer than the verbal records. Therefore, in this paper, we show the possible earliest drawings of datable auroras and a two-tail comet in a manuscript of the Chronicle of Z\=uqn\=in, a Syriac chronicle up to 775/776 CE to interpret their nature. They provide not only the historical facts in the realm around Amida but also information about low-latitude aurora observations due to extreme space weather events and the existence of sun-grazing comets., Comment: 2016/10/26 accepted for publication in PASJ. Due to the matter of license, we cannot show some figures on the preprint version. Please see the published version in PASJ for the figures
- Published
- 2017
16. Records of auroral candidates and sunspots in Rikkokushi, chronicles of ancient Japan from early 7th century to 887.
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Hisashi HAYAKAWA, Kiyomi IWAHASHI, Harufumi TAMAZAWA, Yusuke EBIHARA, Akito Davis KAWAMURA, Hiroaki ISOBE, Katsuko NAMIKI, and Kazunari SHIBATA
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SUNSPOTS ,RADIO auroras ,SPECTRAL irradiance ,RADIOISOTOPES ,DATA analysis - Abstract
We present the results of the surveys on sunspots and auroral candidates in Rikkokushi, Japanese official histories from the early 7th century to 887, to review the solar and auroral activities. In total, we found one sunspot record and 13 auroral candidates in Rikkokushi. We then examine the records of the sunspots and auroral candidates, compare the auroral candidates with the lunar phase to estimate their reliability, and compare the records of the sunspots and auroral candidates with the contemporary total solar irradiance reconstructed from radioisotope data. We also identify the locations of the observational sites to review possible equatorward expansion of the auroral oval. These discussions suggest a major gap in auroral candidates from the late 7th to early 9th centuries, which includes the candidate of the grand minimum reconstructed from the radioisotope data, a similar tendency as the distributions of sunspot records in contemporary China, and a relatively high magnetic latitude of observational sites with a higher potential for observing aurorae more frequently than at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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17. Aurora candidates from the chronicle ofQíngdynasty in several degrees of relevance
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Hiroko Miyahara, Hisashi Hayakawa, Hiroaki Isobe, Harufumi Tamazawa, and Akito Davis Kawamura
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Physics ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Space and Planetary Science ,0103 physical sciences ,Physics - History and Philosophy of Physics ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Relevance (information retrieval) ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Classics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
We present the result of the survey of sunspots and auroras in ${\it Q\bar{\imath}ngsh\check{\imath}ga\check{o}}$, the draft chronicle of ${\it Q\bar{\imath}ng}$ dynasty, for the period of 1559-1912 CE, as a sequel of the series of works surveying historical sunspot and aurora records, and providing online data to the scientific community regarding the attained results. In total of this ${\it Q\bar{\imath}ngsh\check{\imath}ga\check{o}}$ survey, we found 111 records of night-sky luminous events with the keywords such as vapor (${\it q\grave{\imath}}$), cloud (${\it y\acute{u}n}$), and light (${\it gu\bar{a}ng}$), which may indicate auroras as well as some other phenomena. Similarly keyword survey for sunspots were done, but no sunspot record was found. In comparison with the aurora records in the western world, we found 14 of the 111 records have a corresponding record of simultaneous observation in the western world and hence are very likely to be aurora. In order to investigate the likeliness of the rest of the record being aurora, we calculated the lunar age and the phase of a solar cycle for each record. After these calculations, notable fraction of these records clustered near the full moon were found statistically doubtful in considerations with atmospheric optics, meanwhile a few records near the new moon could be more likely interpreted as auroras including three records during the Maunder minimum., Comment: 34 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in PASJ
- Published
- 2016
18. Records of sunspots and aurora candidates in the Chinese official histories of the Yuán and Míng dynasties during 1261–1644.
- Author
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Hisashi HAYAKAWA, Harufumi TAMAZAWA, Yusuke EBIHARA, Hiroko MIYAHARA, KAWAMURA, Akito Davis, Tadanobu AOYAMA, and Hiroaki ISOBE
- Subjects
- *
SUNSPOTS , *SOLAR activity , *AURORAS , *SPECTRAL irradiance , *HISTORICAL source material - Abstract
Records of observations of sunspots and auroras in pre-telescopic historical documents provide useful information about past solar activity both in long-term trends and short-term space weather events. In this study, we present the results of a comprehensive survey of the records of sunspots and aurora candidates in the Yuánshĭ and Míngshĭ, Chinese Official Histories spanning 1261-1368 and 1368-1644, based on continuous observations with well-formatted reportds conducted by contemporary professional astronomers. We then provide a brief comparison of these data with Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) as an indicator of the solar activity during the corresponding periods to show significant active phases between the 1350s-80s and 1610s-30s. We then compared the former with contemporary Russian reports concerning naked-eye sunspots and the latter with contemporary sunspot drawings based on Western telescopic observations. Especially some of the latter are consistent with nitrate signals preserved in ice cores. These results show us some insights on and beyond minima and maxima of solar activity during the 13th-17th centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Records of sunspot and aurora activity during 581-959 CE in Chinese official histories concerning the periods of Suí, Táng, and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
- Author
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Harufumi TAMAZAWA, KAWAMURA, Akito Davis, Hisashi HAYAKAWA, Asuka TSUKAMOTO, Hiroaki ISOBE, and Yusuke EBIHARA
- Subjects
- *
SUNSPOTS , *AURORAS , *SOLAR-terrestrial physics , *ASTRONOMY & philosophy , *HISTORY of astronomy - Abstract
Recent studies concerning radioisotopes in tree rings or ice cores suggest that extreme space weather events occurred during the pre-telescope age. Observational records of naked-eye sunspots and low-latitude auroras in historical documents during this age can provide useful information about past solar activity. In this paper, we present the results of a comprehensive survey of records of sunspots and auroras in Chinese official histories fromthe 6th century to the 10th century, in the period of Suí, Tańg, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. These official histories contain records of continuous observations with well-formatted reports conducted under the policy of the governments. A brief comparison of the frequency of observations of sunspots and auroras based on observations of radioisotopes as an indicator of solar activity during the corresponding periods is provided. Using our data, we surveyed and compiled the records of sunspots and auroras in historical documents from various locations and in several languages, and ultimately provide these as open data to the scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. The earliest drawings of datable auroras and a two-tail comet from the Syriac Chronicle of Zu¯qnīn.
- Author
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Hisashi HAYAKAWA, Yasuyuki MITSUMA, Yasunori FUJIWARA, Akito Davis KAWAMURA, Ryuho KATAOKA, Yusuke EBIHARA, Shunsuke KOSAKA, Kiyomi IWAHASHI, Harufumi TAMAZAWA, and Hiroaki ISOBE
- Subjects
AURORAS ,COMETS ,SOLAR flares ,SPACE environment ,SYRIAC manuscripts - Abstract
People have probably been watching the sky since the beginning of human history. Observers in pre-telescopic ages recorded anomalous events, which now provide uniquely valuable information for modern scientists. Records that include drawings are particularly useful, since the verbal expressions recorded by pre-telescopic observers, who did not know the physical nature of the phenomena, are often ambiguous. However, drawings concerning specific datable events in the historical documents are far fewer than the verbal records. Therefore, in this paper we show the possible earliest drawings of datable auroras and a two-tail comet included in a manuscript of the Chronicle of Zu¯qnnīn, a Syriac chronicle up to 775/776 CE, to interpret their nature. Careful perusing the original Syriac autograph manuscript, MS Vat.Sir.162, provide not only historical facts in the realm around Amida, but also information concerning low-latitude aurora observations due to extreme space weather events and the existence of sun-grazing comets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Aurora candidates from the chronicle of Qíng dynasty in several degrees of relevance.
- Author
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Akito D. KAWAMURA, Hisashi HAYAKAWA, Harufumi TAMAZAWA, Hiroko MIYAHARA, and Hiroaki ISOBE
- Subjects
AURORAS ,QING dynasty, China, 1644-1912 ,NATURAL satellites ,SOLAR activity ,HISTORY of astronomy - Abstract
We present the result of a survey of sunspots and auroras in Qíngshĭgăo (...), a draft chronicle of Qíng dynasty, for the period of 1559-1912 CE. This is a sequel to a series of works surveying historical sunspot and aurora records, and providing online data to the scientific community regarding the attained results. In total of this Qíngshĭgăo survey, we found 111 records of night-sky luminous events with such keywords as vapor (..., qì), cloud (..., yún), and light (..., guāng), which may indicate auroras as well as some other phenomena. Similarly, a keyword survey for sunspots was conducted, but no sunspot record was found. In comparison with the aurora records in the western world, we found that 14 of the 111 records have a corresponding record of simultaneous observation in the western world, and hence are very likely to be aurora. In order to investigate the likeliness of the remainder of the record being aurora, we calculated the lunar age and the phase of a solar cycle for each record. After these calculations, a notable fraction of these records clustered near the full moon were to be found statistically doubtful in considerations with atmospheric optics; meanwhile, a few records of observations near the new moon could be more likely interpreted as being auroras, including three records during the Maunder minimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Unusual rainbow and white rainbow: A new auroral candidate in oriental historical sources.
- Author
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Hisashi HAYAKAWA, Hiroaki ISOBE, Akito DAVIS KAWAMURA, Harufumi TAMAZAWA, Hiroko MIYAHARA, and Ryuho KATAOKA
- Subjects
SOLAR activity ,SOLAR-terrestrial physics ,RAINBOWS ,SOLAR flares ,CLOUDS ,HISTORY of astronomy - Abstract
Solar activity has been recorded as auroras or sunspots in various historical sources. These records are of great importance for investigating both long-term solar activities and extremely intense solar flares. According to previous studies, they were recorded as "vapor," "cloud," or "light," especially in oriental historical sources; however, this terminology has not been discussed adequately, and remains still quite vague. In this paper, we suggest the possibility of using "unusual rainbow"and "white rainbow" as candidates of historical auroras in oriental historical sources, and examine if this is probable. This discovery will help us to make more comprehensive historical auroral catalogues, and require us to add these terms to auroral candidates in oriental historical sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Intense Geomagnetic Storm during Maunder Minimum Possibly by a Quiescent Filament Eruption.
- Author
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Hiroaki Isobe, Yusuke Ebihara, Akito D. Kawamura, Harufumi Tamazawa, and Hisashi Hayakawa
- Subjects
MAGNETIC storms ,SUNSPOTS ,SOLAR magnetic fields ,SOLAR flares ,LATITUDE ,FIBERS - Abstract
The Sun occasionally undergoes the so-called grand minima, in which its magnetic activity, measured by the number of sunspots, is suppressed for decades. The most prominent grand minima, since the beginning of telescopic observations of sunspots, is called the Maunder minimum (1645–1715), which occurred when the sunspots became rather scarce. The mechanism underlying the grand minima remains poorly understood as there is little observational information of the solar magnetic field at that time. In this study, we examine the records of one candidate aurora display in China and Japan during the Maunder minimum. The presence of auroras in such mid-magnetic latitudes indicates the occurrence of great geomagnetic storms that are usually produced by strong solar flares. However, the records of contemporary sunspot observations from Europe suggest that, at least for the likely aurora event, there was no large sunspot that could produce a strong flare. Through simple theoretical arguments, we show that this geomagnetic storm could have been generated by an eruption giant quiescent filament or a series of such events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Long-lasting Extreme Magnetic Storm Activities in 1770 Found in Historical Documents.
- Author
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Hisashi Hayakawa, Kiyomi Iwahashi, Yusuke Ebihara, Harufumi Tamazawa, Kazunari Shibata, Delores J. Knipp, Akito D. Kawamura, Kentaro Hattori, Kumiko Mase, Ichiro Nakanishi, and Hiroaki Isobe
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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