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Welche Textsorten erscheinen in den Ausgaben einer Tageszeitung im Verlaufe von siebeneinhalb Jahrzehnten? Fur deren Differenzierung wird eine Klassifikation vorgestellt, die auf entsprechende Vorarbeiten aus Medienwissenschaft und Textlinguistik aufbaut. Am Beispiel je einer Dezember-Ausgabe der „Berliner Zeitung“ aus den Jahren 1945, 1960, 1975, 1990, 2005 und 2020 werden Belege fur die unterschiedenen Textsorten gesucht. Im diachronen Vergleich tritt die starke Abhangigkeit des Textsortenrepertoires von den historischen Umstanden, aber auch von Entscheidungen der Redaktion zutage.

The photoplethysmography optically measures blood volume changes within micro vascular tissue. Furthermore, photoplethysmographic signals are used within pulse oximeters in order to calculate the oxygen saturation of the blood. This standard measurement technique is performed as a non-invasive spot check method for human health conditions in hospitals or other health care facilities. Usually at least two light sources are used alternating in order to measure photoplethysmograms at different wavelengths. In this paper we will investigate different methods of optically recording photoplethysmographic signals.

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Dialysis treatment poses the risk of cardiovascular problems. Non-invasive blood pressure measurement based on the Riva-Rocci method (gold standard) is used to detect a drop in blood pressure at an early stage. Frequent non-invasive blood pressure measurements are both disturbing and painful for the patient and thus often rejected. It is suspected that a change in pulse wave velocity or pulse transit time can indicate a change in blood pressure and circulatory function. It is being investigated whether continuous pulse transit time measurements can serve as a trigger for less frequent non-invasive blood pressure measurement. A custom built measurement system is presented and used to measure the pulse transit time during a case study. Our results indicate a potential use case for the pulse transit time as a trigger for cuff based blood pressure measurements.

In what forms are individual persons referred to in newspaper reports? The paper gives a brief overview of the existing research on this subject, and outlines a method of coding the use of individual personal names in such texts. It then presents the results of a study on the forms of personal names in reports on the death of Yasser Arafat, with data from five national quality newspapers and five popular ones published in Germany on November 12, 2004. The results show peculiarities which are associated with the text-type variant of such newspaper reports, with their theme and with the medium, i.e. the kind of newspaper concerned.

Standard pulse oximetry only measures the functional derivatives oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) to calculate the arterial oxygenation. However, the two dysfunctional hemoglobin derivatives carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and methemoglobin (MetHb) are of much interest. The gold standard detecting abnormal concentration of COHb or MetHb is the blood gas analysis (BGA). In this paper a non-invasive method for measuring these derivatives and a setup for validation is presented. A standard pulse oximeter utilizes a sensor with two LEDs at the wavelengths 660 nm and 905 nm. For achieving information about the other hemoglobin derivatives, the new sensor is equipped with additional wavelengths between 500 nm and 1400 nm. An artificial blood-flow-model is used to simulate the blood flow through tissue. In this model a variation of the concentrations O2Hb, MetHb and COHb is feasible. The reflection of emitted light is measured for wavelengths between 500 nm and 600 nm, whereas transmission is measured for emitted light above 600 nm. An algorithm was designed to calculate the different hemoglobin derivatives independently. Therefore, the perfusion for each wavelength is computed and combined in a linear regression model. An in-vivo animal study with 18 pigs confirmed previous simulations. The pigs were ventilated with a respiratory minute volume of 4 l. To induce hypoxia (minimal SaO2 70 %), the inhaled air was mixed with nitrogen. Ventilating with 100 % oxygen reoxygenated the pigs. An increase of MetHb up to 35 % was induced by sodium nitrite. Afterwards methylene blue decreased the concentration. Carbon monoxide was mixed with the inhaled air to raise the COHb concentration up to 40 %. Different combinations of concentrations were performed. The references were achieved via BGA. It is shown that this setup is capable of measuring COHb, MetHb and O2Hb non-invasively. The setup is accurate even when manipulating hemoglobin derivatives in parallel.

In this paper, we will present the development of a compact LED-based optical gas sensing system in the ultraviolet-C spectral region. This includes the design of the LED heterostructure emitting near 226 nm, the development of an LED chip, and the implementation into a gas sensing system capable of detecting nitrogen oxide concentrations in the ppm range.

This paper investigates the use of communicative set phrases in model letters used in technical norm documents, guidebooks and teaching material for the training of typewriters in the two German states. One of the results is a surprisingly big amount of business letters without any salutation phrase (at the beginning) and any greeting phrase at the end. The set phrases Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren and Mit freundlichen Grüßen, which are the standard phrases in present times, came up in the 1960s, only. In East Germany, there were special set phrases in official letters – partly, but not exclusively, for ideological reasons.

The colony forming phytoplankton species Phaeocystis pouchetii plays a key role in nutrient turnover and the fixation of inorganic carbon in the Arctic and sub-Arctic Ocean. In the Fram Strait, salinity is a variable parameter due to freezing and melting processes of sea ice and due to a bidirectional current regime providing the exchange of water masses between the Arctic and Atlantic Ocean. We tested the growth response of seven P. pouchetii strains to six different salinities (7–60) in order to identify ecotypes adapted to specific environmental regimes. The experimental setup was realized by means of a custom-build incubator enabling ecophysiological treatments at low temperatures combined with high irradiances. Salinity tolerance showed a heterogenic, strain specific pattern varying from broad (salinity 60) to relatively narrow ranges (salinity 33–45) indicating an ecophysiological differentiation which is rather dependent on the sampling period than on the geographical origin. In order to confirm these findings it is however necessary to obtain data from strains isolated in the same year or even from the same bloom. The ecotype question can only be solved when methodical constraints concerning molecular taxonomy of P. pouchetii are resolved.

This paper compares the data of five acceleration sensors of three different types at two different placements on a dairy cow. Data was collected in video surveilled measurement series. The studies are targeting the development of an activity monitoring system integrated in a collar. The acceleration data of the sensors was analyzed regarding the standing-up, lying-down and rumination event. An acceleration sensor was chosen for further development of the event recognition with machine learning algorithms.

A low cost and compact sensor system for mobile measurements of combustion gases is described. The sensor utilizes optical absorptions in the UV-Vis range using LED-based spectroscopy. Combustion processes are currently one major cornerstone in the way we are using primary energy sources in our modern life. Harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) as well as particles are emitted thereby in significant amounts if the processes, engines, catalysts and filters are not working properly. It is important to enable an easy to use and low cost monitoring of these harmful emissions: Applications are spot check emission control in transport, in industry, in harbor areas or mobile functionality control in operation of combustion devices and industrial gas filters. A cost effective mobile sensor is realized for the measurement of NO 2 and SO 2 in wide dynamic range from 0.1 ppm to a few 1000 ppm with high temporal dynamic (100 msec). Further an opacimeter measurement and a stray light sensor for particle detection are included. In addition temperature, humidity and pressure are measured. The presented sensor design is optimized for mobile airborne gas measurements. Its construction is adapted to a license free commercial 1400 g video drone. The sensor is simply clicked under the drone, while the drone functionalities (video, distance sensors etc.) are not influenced by the gas sensor. The sensors weight is about 300 g including its battery. The measurement data are recorded on SD-card and are send for online visualization via Bluetooth e.g. to a smartphone. The light weight, compact, robust and low power consuming battery powered sensor design can also be used in hand held devices. In addition the sensor can easily be modified for other gases such as for ozone (O 3 ) detection.

Non

Wikipedia is one of the most used Internet resources, also among students and scientists. At many universities, it is nevertheless a source that is out of favour. However, during recent years research on Wikipedia has developed rapidly, also within linguistics. Linguists are themselves sometimes subjects of Wikipedia articles. The percentage of such articles is bigger in the German Wikipedia, compared to the English, Polish and Finnish language versions investigated here. There are clear differences in the extent and structure of these articles. There are also controversial discussions about the content of certain articles. Keywords: Linguists, Wikipedia, contrastive analysis

A method for noninvasive determination of fat and water content in the human body is examined. A spatially resolved spectroscopy method is used which can record low intensity near infrared spectra. This novel approach is compared to other methods for the determination of fat and water content. Monte Carlo simulations of light propagation in tissue are shown and the production and characterization of optical phantoms of adipose tissue are investigated.

A cost effective and compact sensor system is described that provides an online measurement of combustion gases. Based on UV-VIS-absorption spectroscopy the most important hazardous emission gases nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) are measured individually and quasi simultaneous with high temporal resolution. A demonstrator device was set up that utilizes only one measurement chamber so the detection of all gases takes place in the same measurement volume. The demonstrator shows a wide concentration dynamic range of some 1000 ppm and a resolution of below 1 ppm for all three gases. Such a sensor system can be used for online emission monitoring of combustion engines in transportation area as well as in stationary industry application. Especially because of the selective detection of the critical emission gas components NO and NO 2 the system can also be used for a well-directed engine and after treatment system control to optimize the catalyzers reactions to efficiently reduce harmful emissions of combustion engines.

The lifetime of modulated incandescent lamps depends on modulation parameters like frequency, amplitude and the type of modulation. In contrast to well-known methods of DC lifetime estimation, this paper describes the lifetime estimation of modulated small sized tungsten incandescent lamps. For that purpose the approved procedure of material evaporation was compared with a method based on electrical lamp data only. They both were specified for DC operation, so the most suitable procedure was chosen and adapted for lifetime estimation at modulated operating points. To verify this procedure, lamps were tested at different modulated points of operation. A comparison of measured and estimated lifetime shows, that the new procedure is suitable to estimate the lifetime sufficiently. This method does not require any knowledge of geometrical lamp parameters like filament's dimensions. It is based on time dependent voltage and current data which can be measured easily and it forms an adequate method for lifetime estimation of incandescent lamps, applicable for different types of modulation.

Am Beispiel eines Kommentars der Bild-Zeitung diskutiert dieser Beitrag zunächst die Kriterien einer Textsortenbeschreibung und geht dabei auf begriffliche Hierarchien wie Textsortenklasse, Textsorte, Textsortenvariante ein, die auf den Kommentar als Textsorte in einer Straßenverkaufszeitung appliziert werden. Dessen argumentativer Aufbau und illokutionäre Struktur werden dabei ebenso betrachtet wie die Übereinstimmung mit dem bzw. Abweichung vom prototypischen Textmuster und der grundsätzliche relationale Charakter des Kommentars, der Nachrichten zur Voraussetzung hat. Die Darstellung seiner Einbindung in verschiedene Diskurse und seiner Verankerung in einem Textsortennetz mündet in der zusammenfassenden Herausarbeitung typologischer und referenzieller Intertextualitätsrelationen des Kommentars.

Der öffentlich-rechtliche Rundfunksender Radio 1 (Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg) lädt seine HörerInnen im Anschluss an die Kommentare, die montags bis samstags allmorgendlich ge-sendet werden, zu Stellungnahmen auf der Sender-Homepage ein. Ähnliche Foren für die Äußerung von Lesermeinungen bieten auf ihren Internetseiten viele Tageszeitungen, darunter die Berliner Zeitung als zweitgrößte Abonnementzeitung der deutschen Hauptstadt. Die ‒ weit¬gehend unredigierte ‒ Veröffentlichung von Rezipientenmeinungen ermöglicht einen Ver-gleich zwischen professioneller Kommentierung (durch die JournalistInnen) und Laien-kommentaren durch HörerInnen/LeserInnen. Dabei geht es v.a. um die Analyse von Bewer-tungshandlungen in der journalistischen Textsorte Kommentar einerseits und den Meinungs-äußerungen der RezipientInnen andererseits: um den Bewertungstyp, die Bewertungsebenen, die Intensität, den referenziellen Bezugsrahmen und die auktoriale Gültigkeitseinstufung von Be¬wertungen.

Background Contemporary resuscitation guidelines for basic life support recommend an immediate onset of cardiac compressions in case of cardiac arrest followed by rescue breaths. Effective ventilation is often omitted due to fear of doing harm and fear of infectious diseases. In order to improve ventilation a pre-stage of an automatic respirator was developed for use by laypersons. Methods Fifty-two healthy volunteers were ventilated by means of a prototype respirator via a full-face mask in a pilot study. The pre-stage public access ventilator (PAV) consisted of a low-cost self-designed turbine, with sensors for differential pressure, flow, FO2, FCO2 and 3-axis acceleration measurement. Sensor outputs were used to control the respirator and to recognize conditions relevant for efficiency of ventilation and patients’ safety. Different respiratory manoeuvres were applied: a) pressure controlled ventilation (PCV), b) PCV with controlled leakage and c) PCV with simulated airway occlusion. Sensor signals were analysed to detect leakage and airway occlusion. Detection based upon sensor signals was compared with evaluation based on clinical observation and additional parameters such as exhaled CO2. Results Pressure controlled ventilation could be realized in all volunteers. Leakage was recognized with 93.5% sensitivity and 93.5% specificity. Simulated airway occlusion was detected with 91.8% sensitivity and 91.7% specificity. Conclusion The pre-stage PAV was able to detect potential complications relevant for patients’ safety such as leakage and airway occlusion in a proof of principle study. Prospectively, this device provides a respectable basis for the development of an automatic emergency respirator and may help to improve bystander resuscitation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12873-017-0150-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The pulse oximetry is a non-invasive method to monitor the oxygen saturation and is clinically used for many years. However this technology has some limitations. In case of the presence of dysfunctional hemoglobin derivatives as carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) or methemoglobin (MetHb) the readings of the pulse oximeter are distorted. This erroneous diagnosis of the patient’s status can result in a life threatening situation. This paper will describe a sensor system for noninvasive determination of carboxy- and methemoglobin.

Implant osseointegration can currently only be assessed reliably post mortem. A novel method that relies on the principle of acoustic sound analysis was developed to enable examination of the longitudinal progress of osseointegration. The method is based on a magnetic sphere inside a hollow cylinder of the implant. By excitation using an external magnetic field, collision of the sphere inside the implant produces a sound signal. Custom-made titanium implants equipped thusly were inserted in each lateral femoral epicondyle of 20 New Zealand White Rabbits. Two groups were investigated: Uncoated, machined surface versus antiadhesive surface; and calcium phosphate-coated surface versus antiadhesive surface. The sound analysis was performed postoperatively and weekly. After 4 weeks, the animals were euthanized, and the axial pull-out strengths of the implants were determined. A significant increase in the central frequency was observed for the loose implants (mean pull-out strength 21.1 ± 16.9 N), up to 6.4 kHz over 4 weeks. In comparison, the central frequency of the osseointegrated implants (105.2 ± 25.3 N) dropped to its initial value. The presented method shows potential for monitoring the osseointegration of different implant surfaces and could considerably reduce the number of animals needed for experiments. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:606–612, 2014.

This paper will describe a novel multi-wavelength photometric method to measure carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and methemoglobin (MetHb) concentration non-invasively. COHb and MetHb are so called dysfunctional hemoglobin derivatives and they are not able to carry oxygen. Standard pulse oximeters are only able to measure two derivatives, namely oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) but the presence of other derivatives in the blood may distort the readings. The paper presents a new approach of a noninvasive sensor system to measure COHb and MetHb and the validation in vivo and in vitro.