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In this study we aimed to analyze the feasibility of the gasless renal biopsy technique in canine cadavers. The cadavers were randomly divided into two groups: laparoscopic GCG, in which gasless laparoscopy was performed and GCP, laparoscopy with pneumoperitoneum was performed. The procedures were randomly performed on the right and left kidneys. The total surgical time, procedural steps, and intraoperative complications were recorded. The degree of difficulty of the surgical approaches was evaluated by the surgeon, assistant, and external evaluators. Renal samples were evaluated for quality, number of glomeruli, and proportion of renal cortex. The total operative time was higher in the GCG group than in the GCP group (p < 0.01). Additionally, positioning of the second portal and platform positioning took longer than the other steps. The surgical groups differed from each other in the Likert scale values for almost all the parameters regarding the difficulty of the surgical approaches (p < 0.05), with higher scores in the GCG group than in the GCP group. Based on the video recordings, the GCP group had higher scores than the GCG group for degrees of difficulty of the approach (p < 0.05). Renal histological parameters were similar between the surgical groups and surgical sides. Our study findings indicate that the proposed gasless renal biopsy technique is feasible. The longer operative time and technical difficulties in the gasless approach did not affect the quality of the renal specimens., Competing Interests: Conflict of interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest related to this study.

Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) has been gaining ground in the routine of small animals. This study aimed to evaluate the hemodynamic effects produced by continuous infusion of propofol isolated or associated with ketamine, S-ketamine, or remifentanil in dogs submitted to video laparoscopic ovariectomy. Thirty-two female dogs were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 8): G,1 propofol (0.6 mg/kg/min); G2. ketamine (2 mg/kg followed by 100 µg/kg/min) and propofol (0.4 mg/kg/min); G3, S-ketamine (1 mg/kg followed by 50 µg/kg/min) and propofol (0.4 mg/kg/min); and G4, remifentanil (1 µg/kg followed by 0.2 µg/kg/min) and propofol (0.4 mg/kg/min). All dogs were submitted to the same pre-anesthetic protocol with acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg) and meperidine (4 mg/kg) intramuscularly, followed by anesthetic induction with propofol (4 mg/kg). All animals were mechanically ventilated. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f), SpO 2 , systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures (SAP, DAP and MAP, respectively), EtCO 2 , cardiac output (CO), blood glucose and rectal temperature were evaluated in 7 time-points (M0-M7). HR increased throughout the anesthesia in all groups, except for G4, which showed inferior values. In all groups, EtCO 2 increased from M1 to M7. SAP was higher in G1 in relation to G2 in M2 and M3, and G4 in all time points. G4 also obtained the lower values for DAP and MAP, although not inferior to 60 mmHg. CO was unchanged through time and among groups. No groups had hyperglycemia, although glucose levels varied with time. It was concluded that all TIVA protocols showed satisfactory results and hemodynamic stability., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Laparoscopic procedures require the creation of pneumoperitoneum. CO 2 , which must be cold and dry, is the standard gas used in such surgeries. The type of gas used, its temperature, and moisture may change the peritoneal surface and cause systemic and local oxidative stress. Our objective is to evaluate the influence of pneumoperitoneum heating on the occurrence of histological lesions in the peritoneum, inflammation, plasma oxidative stress, and on the mesothelial surface in patients undergoing video-assisted ovariohysterectomy. Twenty canine females were included and distributed evenly into two groups: heated CO 2 (HG) and unheated CO 2 (UHG). The biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress were evaluated before insufflation ( T 0), at 30 min ( T 1), and at 60 min ( T 2) of exposure to CO 2 . Biopsies of the peritoneal tissue for histological evaluation were performed at T 0 and T 2. Regarding plasma parameters, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) showed a greater activity in the HG at T 1 ( p =0.0268) and T 2 ( p =0.0423); in turn, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) showed a greater activity at T 2 in the HG ( p =0.0175) compared with T 0. Catalase activity (CAT) was different between HG times; it was higher at T 1 ( p =0.0253). There was a decrease in the levels of substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) ( p =0.0117) and in glutathione (GSH) ( p =0.0114) between T 0 and T 2 in the UHG. Regarding tissue oxidative stress, the CAT in the HG showed a greater activity at T 2 than T 1 ( p =0.0150). By comparing the groups at each time, there was a difference only at T 2 ( p =0.0288), being greater in the HG. Regarding the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the HG, there was a difference between T 2 in relation to T 0 and T 1 ( p =0.0181); finally, there was an increase only at T 1 ( p =0.0287) in the UHG when comparing groups at the same time. There were no differences in the histological parameters evaluated. Our study demonstrates that the heating of CO 2 generates a greater inflammatory response and forms reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the plasma and peritoneal levels., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Vanessa Milech et al.)

Introduction . Gossypiboma is a rare surgical complication in small animals. The authors reported the laparoscopic diagnosis and treatment of an abdominal gossypiboma and chronic draining fistula postopen ovariohysterectomy (OVH) unresponsive to medical treatment in a bitch. Case Presentation . The patient had undergone OVH and exploratory laparotomy in other veterinary practice 3 years previously. The animal, presenting a chronic fistula, was then referred to UFSM Veterinary Hospital. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a structure compatible with a granuloma. For the laparoscopic procedure, a 3-port (two at 11 mm; one at 6 mm) access was used. Adhesiolysis and mass removal were performed by blunt dissection and bipolar electrocoagulation. The fistula was treated by mobilising the omentum through it. There were no intra- or postoperative complications. The chronic wound showed first intention healing. The mass was composed of fibrous tissues surrounding one surgical gauze. Discussion and Conclusion . The removal of a retained surgical gauze in the abdomen by laparoscopy has already been described in medicine. However, a laparoscopic approach for treating a fistulous draining tract due to a gossypiboma has not been previously reported in dogs. Laparoscopic exploration of the fistula allowed the use of a pedicled omental flap through infected sites to control chronic infection. Laparoscopic surgery can be used to identify and treat abdominal gossypiboma in dogs, including those with chronic abdominal sinus., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Maurício Veloso Brun et al.)

Mesothelioma is a very aggressive malignant tumor with low survival rates that is often diagnosed belatedly. Pericardial effusion is a common consequence in cases of mesothelioma, with pericardiocentesis and pericardiectomy indicated; therefor thoracocentesis is necessary to drain the contents no longer retained in the pericardium. The present report describes a mesothelioma-carrying dog with a history of cardiac tamponade that underwent thoracoscopic pericardiectomy and, later, thoracoscopic implantation of a fully implantable catheter to function as a thoracic drain. In the consulted literature, there is no use of a fully implantable catheter for this purpose. The authors consider that there was an improvement in the quality of life.