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There is no universally accepted criterion for classification of overall weight status and central obesity in adolescents. Several criteria have been used which include that recommended by Centre for Disease control, World Health Organization and the International Obesity Task Force. Aim: The study compared various methods for determination of overall obesity in adolescents using the BMI percentiles recommended by the Centre for Disease Control (CDC), the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) BMI Z score and determination of central obesity using the waist circumference (WC), Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) and Waist Height Ratio (WHtR). Methods: The study subjects consisted of 1320 girls aged 10-19 years from randomly selected girl’s high school. Weight status to determine overall obesity was determined according to the CDC, IOTF and WHO criteria and central obesity determined using the WC, WHR, and WHtR. Comparison of methods was done and analysed. Results: Prevalence of overall and central obesity varied with different methods. The prevalence of overall obesity was 106(8.02%), 69(5.22%) and 39(2.75%) using the CDC, WHO and IOTF criteria respectively. Prevalence of central obesity was 1.5%, 16.26%, 47.81% using the WC, WHtR, and WHR respectively. The agreement between criteria of WHO Z score and BMI Percentile was highest for overall obesity. (K=0.81). There was a statistically significant association between overall weight status and central obesity using the different criteria of determination of central obesity. Conclusion: Prevalence of overall obesity nd central obesity varied based on the methods used. The highest level of agreement for overall obesity determination was obtained between WHO Z score and BMI percentile compared to WHO Z score and IOTF criteria. Prevalence of central obesity increased significantly with overall obesity in study population.

Purpose. To present an advanced ultrasound (US) technique and propose its use as a screening diagnostic tool for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) internal derangement. Materials and Methods. The technique is based on maintaining the US probe parallel to the articular disc, rather than traditional axial and coronal views, with the position described relative to a clock face. Validation was achieved by direct comparison with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A total of 61 patients, with age ranging from 13 to 67 years, were prescreened for TMJ pain and internal derangement, underwent US imaging for screening, and MRI evaluation for final diagnosis. Results. 29 of the 61 patients had disc pathology on MRI. US screening produced no false positive results and only 6 false negative results, corresponding to a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 100%. Half of the false negative cases involved disc pathology with a medial component to the disc displacement. Conclusion. US is both a sensitive and a specific screening tool for TMJ dysfunction when used by an appropriately trained operator, with the exception of medially displaced discs. If TMJ assessment is found to be abnormal, the patient should be referred for MRI, and any patient scheduled for surgery must have the diagnosis confirmed by MRI. If a component of medial disc displacement is suspected, MRI should be performed despite a normal screening US.

The 1941 outbreak of war between the United States and Japan was proximately precipitated by the Imperial Japanese Navy at Pearl Harbor. Yet, the IJN was building and cultivating intelligence networks on the U.S. mainland prior. This article presents a comprehensive view of Japanese intelligence efforts against the U.S. based in California and Mexico. A surprising number of relevant sources have only recently come to light. These complement Japanese Foreign Ministry files, oral histories, and Mexican sources to present a more complete story of the IJN's intelligence preparations, successes, and failures before and immediately after Pearl Harbor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]