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The macroscopic shaping process in electrochemical machining can be forecasted within industrial manufacturing tolerances by means of numerical methods. However, the evolution of surface microstructure is rarely taken into account by existing models. With regard to the achievable surface integrity including surface roughness the microstructure is a crucial factor, especially for multi-phase materials. Therefore, this paper presents a new approach for modeling the anodic dissolution process for an alloy containing at least two phases. The model characterizes the electrochemical process with nonlinear electronic elements and will allow the forecast of the evolution of machined surfaces of two-phase materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectitve: To investigate the extent to which 0-15-year-old children in The Hague are complying with Dutch Health Council vitamin D supplementation advice, and whether there are differences between ethnic groups., Design: Cross-sectional study., Method: From November 2014 up to and including October 2015, The Hague organisations for youth health care (YHC) have recorded intake of vitamin D supplementation during standard consultations. YHC 0-4 recorded whether vitamin D supplementation intake was sufficient. YHC 4-18 recorded whether vitamin D supplementation was recommended for the child (aged 4 and older, in case of coloured skin or insufficient time spent outdoors) and whether this child took sufficient vitamin D supplementation. Information on ethnic origin was taken from the digital YHC records., Results: A large majority of those aged 0-3 received sufficient vitamin D supplementation. Intake was unknown for most 4-year-olds. Vitamin D supplementation was recommended for half of the children aged 5 or older, but a substantial number of them received no (50%) or insufficient (18%) supplementation. Among children for whom extra vitamin D was recommended, there was little difference in vitamin D use between ethnic groups., Conclusion: The Dutch Health Council recommendation on vitamin D supplementation is intended to prevent vitamin D deficiencies, but there is insufficient compliance by children in The Hague, especially those aged five and older.

The interest in saccadic IOR is funneled by the hypothesis that it serves a clear functional purpose in the selection of fixation points: the facilitation of foraging. In this study, we arrive at a different interpretation of saccadic IOR. First, we find that return saccades are performed much more often than expected from the statistical properties of saccades and saccade pairs. Second, we find that fixation durations before a saccade are modulated by the relative angle of the saccade, but return saccades show no sign of an additional temporal inhibition. Thus, we do not find temporal saccadic inhibition of return. Interestingly, we find that return locations are more salient, according to empirically measured saliency (locations that are fixated by many observers) as well as stimulus dependent saliency (defined by image features), than regular fixation locations. These results and the finding that return saccades increase the match of individual trajectories with a grand total priority map evidences the return saccades being part of a fixation selection strategy that trades off exploration and exploitation.