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Brain tumours have an incidence of 1.15 to 5.14 cases per 100,000 children and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Radiosurgery has become a promising approach to manage these paediatric CNS tumours. The aim of the present study was to analyse the efficacy of radiosurgery in the treatment of a variety of paediatric tumours of CNS.This retrospective study was conducted from 1997 to 2012 at a single Neurosurgery centre. All paediatric patients (≤ 18 years of age) with CNS tumours who were treated with gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) and had a minimum follow up of 6 months were included in the study. Patients with lesions other than tumours were excluded. Clinical, radiological and GKRS planning data was collected and analysed in all patients.A total of 76 children with brain tumours had GKRS during the study period. Of these, 40 children (with 61 neoplasms) had follow-up available and were included in the study. The mean age was 16 years (6-18 years). Seventeen patients received primary GKRS, 20 patients received secondary, and 3 patients received both. The median tumour volume was 3.3 cmGKRS has the potential to become an indispensable tool in the management of paediatric brain neoplasms.

A human health risk assessment (HHRA) will not remain simple and straightforward when it involves multiple uncertain input variables. Uncertainties in HHRA result from the unavailability and subjectivity of input variables. Though several studies have performed HHRA, the quantification of uncertainty in HHRA under a situation of data scarcity and the simultaneous application of random and non-random input variables have rarely been reported. The present study proposes an integrated hybrid health risk modeling framework involving the concurrent treatment of random and non-random input variables and estimating the uncertainties linked to the input variables in HHRA. The proposed framework presents the flexibility to classify the input variables into fuzzy and probabilistic categories, based on their data availability and provenience nature. The framework is demonstrated over the Turbhe sanitary landfill in Navi Mumbai, India, where the fate and transport of heavy metals in leachate are investigated through LandSim modeling. The present study considers the LandSim-simulated heavy metal concentration and body weight as a random variable and water intake, exposure duration, frequency, bioavailability, and average time as fuzzy variables. Further, the uncertainties in the non-carcinogenic human health risk have been quantified using Monte Carlo simulations, followed by a comprehensive multivariate sensitivity analysis of the proposed framework. High health risk at Turbhe is estimated for the male and female population. This study presents the first effort to quantify the non-carcinogenic human health risks from leachate-contaminated groundwater considering the health risk input variables as non-deterministic. The proposed framework is generic and applicable to any landfill site and will remain unaltered when integrated health risk assessment and uncertainty assessment are performed for the landfill.

Type II odontoid fractures need surgical stabilization for disabling neck pain and instability. Anterior odontoid screw fixation is a well-known technique. However, certain patients require posterior fixation. We present our surgical results and experiences with nine cases managed by the Goel-Harms technique.This is a retrospective review of nine patients operated on between January 2019 and December 2021 for Type II odontoid fractures with posterior fixation technique. Their clinical profile was collected from case files. The radiological data were retrieved from radiology archives. The indications for surgery were instability and refractory neck pain. The surgical decision for posterior fixation was guided by fracture morphology.The mean age of presentation was 37.22 ± 9.85 years. Seven patients had Type II, and two had Type IIa odontoid fracture. All patients presented with unbearable neck pain. One patient had a quadriparesis. The fracture line was anterior-inferior sloping in six, posterior-inferior sloping in two, and transverse in one case. The anterior-posterior displacement of fracture ranged from 0 to 7 mm (mean 2.44 ± 2.18 mm). Partial transverse ligament tear without the Atlanto Axial Dislocation was present in three patients. The C1-C2 joint distraction was required in five cases. C1-C2 joint spacer was required in two cases. Following surgery, neck pain was relieved in all cases. Complete fracture alignment was achieved in eight patients. There were no postoperative complications. At the mean follow-up of 16.22 ± 9.61 months, there was no implant failure.Posterior C1-C2 fixation by the Goel-Harms technique is an excellent alternative to anterior fixation in selected cases.

Energy-Energy analysis of present vapour compression refrigeration system is done using isentropic fluid as refrigerants R134a.This thermodynamic analysis is carried out by 2nd law of thermodynamic approach in terms of COPII. The performance of the system both theoretical and actual experimental have been computed in summer condition. The results of proposed title explains the high grade energy consumption by compressor with 1 TR of cooling effect. COPII indicates the actual energy output from the system in summer climate. Due to higher GWP and ODP of R22, R134a can be used for domestic / commercial and industrial applications.

Due to the low thermal performance of solar air heater, different methodologies are adopted to increase its performance namely fins, artificial roughness etc. Thermal performance is obtained for different values of Reynolds number, emissivity of a plate, tilt angle and by employing different kinds of artificial roughness. There are numerous techniques which can be used on the absorber plate to increase the efficiency and Thermo-hydraulic performance of the solar air heater. We can use single roughness geometry or can combine two different roughness geometries also to get best output. By defining different correlations of heat transfer and friction factor in roughened ducts of solar air heater, we can get the best artificial roughness that can be utilized in the solar air heater. By selecting the coating material, we can improve the performance of solar air heater. As we must use our energy for future purpose, we have to store it and for that thermal energy storage materials are used. This is also one of the techniques to increase the effectiveness of solar air heater. In this article, focus has been given on study of methods of increasing the performance of solar air heater such as providing artificial roughness, increasing the collector aspect ratio etc.

Background: There are a number of problems in the prior art, those are topics of research inputs likes ranges of the drag force generated by the vehicle, lift force at high vehicle motion velocities for compensation of the vehicle weight, Aerodynamic aspects of operation of the vehicle, Aim: Stream wise stability of vehicle motion and levitation and breaking of the vehicles and supersonic speed is not achieved in any mode of transportation. But this present invention related to high speed magnetic levitating transportation. More particularly, present invention is related to high speed magnetic levitating transportation using compressed air chamber in the transportation vehicle. Methods: The present invention is more particularly related to high speed vehicle levitated on a vacuum tunnel by using electromagnetic levitation. As this vehicle will move from one place to another in a vacuum environment and this vehicle will levitate above track with the help of electromagnets. Results: The important thing is its motion, which is possible due to reaction force of high pressure air, coming out from compressed air chamber present in vehicle. Conclusion: It can give us the acceleration as per load requirement and it can achieve supersonic speed in few seconds.

An application of augmented reality (AR) for virtual labs is implemented. The emphasis is to demonstrate the use of different buttons and knobs of a Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) using an application Unity 3D which will make it easier for the students to get a better understanding of the CRO and its working. Using Vuforia engine, which is used to create AR applications in Unity 3D, an application is created which takes the picture of a CRO and superimposes the description of different knobs and buttons present on it. The AR camera does this by detecting specific features of the image. Realizing the impact of a stable and flexible AR virtual lab on the present education system, a more relevant application has been introduced in this paper

In this era of industrialization, the major issue is to fulfill required energy demands with minimum possible pollution and solar energy is considered as the most potential non-conventional energy resource due to its pollution free nature. Solar heaters are the devices that utilize the incident solar radiations as useful energy using solar thermal concepts. This article takes an opportunity to present a collective summary of various literature compiled and well tabulated as an extensive review, regarding various methods employed for performance augmentation in solar air heating devices.

A human health risk assessment (HHRA) will not remain simple and straightforward when it involves multiple uncertain input variables. Uncertainties in HHRA result from the unavailability and subjectivity of input variables. Though several studies have performed HHRA, the quantification of uncertainty in HHRA under a situation of data scarcity and the simultaneous application of random and non-random input variables have rarely been reported. The present study proposes an integrated hybrid health risk modeling framework involving the concurrent treatment of random and non-random input variables and estimating the uncertainties linked to the input variables in HHRA. The proposed framework presents the flexibility to classify the input variables into fuzzy and probabilistic categories, based on their data availability and provenience nature. The framework is demonstrated over the Turbhe sanitary landfill in Navi Mumbai, India, where the fate and transport of heavy metals in leachate are investigated through LandSim modeling. The present study considers the LandSim-simulated heavy metal concentration and body weight as a random variable and water intake, exposure duration, frequency, bioavailability, and average time as fuzzy variables. Further, the uncertainties in the non-carcinogenic human health risk have been quantified using Monte Carlo simulations, followed by a comprehensive multivariate sensitivity analysis of the proposed framework. High health risk at Turbhe is estimated for the male and female population. This study presents the first effort to quantify the non-carcinogenic human health risks from leachate-contaminated groundwater considering the health risk input variables as non-deterministic. The proposed framework is generic and applicable to any landfill site and will remain unaltered when integrated health risk assessment and uncertainty assessment are performed for the landfill.

A supercity Navi Mumbai has a Solid Waste Disposal Facility (SWDF) that processes and disposes 740 tons/day of waste. The emissions from the SWDF cause direct health impacts to the population residing in the vicinity of the facility. Since the severity and extent of health impacts may vary seasonally, the analysis is performed separately for monsoon and non-monsoon seasons for 3 consecutive years: 2011, 2012, and 2013. The hourly concentrations for the pollutants PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 have been procured from Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation, having an ambient air quality monitoring station installed within the SWDF. The population residing within 1 km radius of the monitoring station is considered for the analysis. The human health impact assessment has been performed using AirQ+ model to quantify health risks in terms of mortality and morbidity caused by various short-term health effects, which include total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, hospital admissions—cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Results demonstrate the seasonal variations in terms of total Excess Number of Cases (ENCs) of all the health effects under consideration for 3 consecutive years during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons, which ranges from 21 to 23 and 152 to 156, respectively. The analysis indicates that PM10 contributed most toward ENCs, while NO2 had no health impacts. This study can be used by policy-makers to evaluate the present scenario for health impacts, which may serve as a tool to assess the existing solid waste management infrastructure and to adopt necessary augmentations for future.

Electrical wiring systems are being reported as causes of initiation of fire in residential and commercial establishments. Electrical appliances in these establishments like houses, hotels, hostels or hospitals etc. are predominantly low tension single phase driven loads. These applications normally distribute power through single core wiring system protected by miniature circuit breakers (MCB). These MCBs are only devices in wiring system relied upon to de-energise the partial or entire system before onset of overheating leading to fire. A factory calibrated MCB of a new system can be relied upon. However, over the duration the protection system degrades gradually on its own or due to un-engineered modifications and ability to detect or isolate overcurrent is reduced or lost. Analysis of electrical fire events attributes various reasons ranging from user negligence to design inadequacy. However in many cases the spread of fire outside electrical system precedes with failure of the protecting MCB to detect and isolate the overload or short circuit condition. This paper proposes a periodic testing procedure and an instrument to ensure MCBs are ready to detect the fault and de-energise the circuit.

There is an extensive global effort to replace fossil fuel with blended fuel within existing engine configuration, yet conformed to available infrastructure. Though blended alcoholic fuel is able to reduce carbonated emissions (CO, CO2, unburnt HC), the NOx level increased significantly due to enhanced exhaust temperature resulted out of better combustion. At Green Engine Technology Center, new exhaust mufflers are fabricated with/without perforation to find out if new design of muffler develops less temperature. The main objective of this study is to investigate feasibility of using perforation in diminishing surface temperature. To achieve this, a computational fluid dynamics model is developed to study the effect of perforation on exhaust performance of a turbo pipe type straight and elliptic muffler, fitted to engine running on petrol-methanol blend. The CFD analysis is done through a pressure based solver to study the effect of perforation on back pressure, density, temperature. Prior to the result analysis, the model is validated with a fabricated chamber type prototype muffler fitted to a four stroke single cylinder petrol engine. The temperature thus measured is matching with the simulated temperature. The muffler performance parameters such as back pressure, temperature, density, velocity stream line are studied for different blends (5%, 10%, 15%) of petrol and methanol. Clear variations of these parameters are observed between non perforated and perforated type turbo pipe mufflers.

Landfilling is a cost-effective method, which makes it a widely used practice around the world, especially in developing countries. However, because of the improper management of landfills, high leachate leakage can have adverse impacts on soils, plants, groundwater, aquatic organisms, and, subsequently, human health. A comprehensive survey of the literature finds that the probabilistic quantification of uncertainty based on estimations of the human health risks due to landfill leachate contamination has rarely been reported. Hence, in the present study, the uncertainty about the human health risks from municipal solid waste landfill leachate contamination to children and adults was quantified to investigate its long-term risks by using a Monte Carlo simulation framework for selected heavy metals. The Turbhe sanitary landfill of Navi Mumbai, India, which was commissioned in the recent past, was selected to understand the fate and transport of heavy metals in leachate. A large residential area is located near the site, which makes the risk assessment problem both crucial and challenging. In this article, an integral approach in the form of a framework has been proposed to quantify the uncertainty that is intrinsic to human health risk estimation. A set of nonparametric cubic splines was fitted to identify the nonlinear seasonal trend in leachate quality parameters. LandSim 2.5, a landfill simulator, was used to simulate the landfill activities for various time slices, and further uncertainty in noncarcinogenic human health risk was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation followed by univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyses.

A computational fluid dynamic model is developed to study the effect of muffler geometry modification on key exhaust parameters of an engine. Such engine is powered with blend of methanol and petrol. The muffler geometry such as: chambered straight (CS), chambered elliptic (CE), turbo straight (TS) and turbo elliptic (TE) are designed for analysis. The combined effect of muffler geometry modification and blended fuel use on back pressure, chamber temperature and velocity are discussed in detail. The result shows that the chambered elliptic muffler using B5 (5% methanol) developed least exhaust temperature. Whereas, the gas density is least in case of turbo elliptic muffler using B15 (15% methanol). Finally the velocity is highest in case of chambered elliptic muffler using B5 blend.

Rapid industrialisation, growing population and changing lifestyles are the root causes for the generation of huge amounts of solid waste in developing countries. In India, disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) through open dumping is the most common waste disposal method. Unfortunately, leachate generation from landfill is high due to the prolonged and prominent monsoon season in India. As leachate generation rate is high in most of the tropical countries, long-term and extensive monitoring efforts are expected to evaluate actual environmental pollution potential due to leachate contamination. However, the leachate characterisation involves a comprehensive process, which has numerous shortcomings and uncertainties possibly due to the complex nature of landfilling process, heterogeneous waste characteristics, widely varying hydrologic conditions and selection of analytes. In order to develop a sustainable MSW management strategy for protecting the surface and ground water resources, particularly from MSW landfill leachate contamination, assessment and characterisation of leachate are necessary. Numerous studies have been conducted in the past to characterise leachate quality from various municipal landfills; unfortunately, none of these propose a framework or protocol. The present study proposes a generic framework for municipal landfill leachate assessment and characterisation. The proposed framework can be applied to design any type of landfill leachate quality monitoring programme and also to facilitate improved leachate treatment activities. A landfill site located at Turbhe, Navi Mumbai, India, which had not been investigated earlier, has been selected as a case study. The proposed framework has been demonstrated on the Turbhe landfill site which is a comparatively new and the only sanitary landfill in Navi Mumbai.

Breast hamartoma is a rare tumor that has been reported only thrice in a male breast. The pediatric age group is seldom involved. We present a case of breast hamartoma in a 13-year-old boy, which interestingly, extended through but without definite involvement of the chest wall into the thoracic cavity. In view of occasional recurrence and documented malignancy in hamartomas, tumor was excised along with two ribs.