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This thesis explores how UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace, and security and its ensuing National Action Plans for gender equality inform justifications of international intervention. I ask the following questions: how does Resolution 1325 and its ensuing National Action Plans for gender equality construct subjectivities of gender? How have states appropriated these gendered subjectivities in the legitimation of conflict? I review feminist, postcolonial, and poststructuralist literatures to argue that Resolution 1325 is aligned with broader United Nations governmental strategies for framing and justifying international intervention. Resolution 1325 produces dualistic subjectivities of gender, where women are constructed either as victims or as empowered, albeit within the limits deemed acceptable in masculinized contexts. I analyze the case of German National Action Plans for gender equality and the official policy texts related to its intervention in Afghanistan. I demonstrate that the foreign policy of a seemingly progressive state embraces Resolution 1325's dualistic subjectifications of women in conflict to construct logics that legitimize the Afghan intervention. My study findings show that Germany discursively constructs women and gender equality in accordance with the UN's guidelines and its good governance framework, which do not challenge existing structures of masculinity. In addition, they function as a means through which Germany legitimizes neoliberal and neocolonial policies as acceptable, ultimately failing to challenge the international war system. Master of Arts This thesis analyzes UN Security Council Resolution 1325's influence on the development of German gender equality policy and German foreign policy towards intervention in Afghanistan. I ask how the visions of gender produced in Resolution 1325, which primarily frame women as victims or only as empowered, inform the approach of Germany to Afghanistan. I find that German gender equality policy and policy towards Afghanistan are heavily influenced by the UN's framing of gender, as these ideas allow for Germany to justify its role in Afghanistan as a means to empower women further or save them from victimization. This allows Germany to maintain its role as a progressive humanitarian state by aligning its justification for the mission with the UN's broad objectives. However, doing so sets a dangerous precedent by legitimating intervention so long as it fits within the confines of the UN's notion of acceptability. Ultimately, my work shows that gender and attention to women functions to "clean" the German intervention in Afghanistan and portray it as progressive in accordance with the UN's values despite the inherent militarism of the intervention.

Marine top predators living in sympatry tend to use their environment differentially, thereby reducing niche overlap. Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) and gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) coexist at Martillo Is., Argentina. During the 2014, 2015 and 2017 breeding seasons a total of thirty-one Magellanic and eleven gentoo penguins were equipped with GPS-TDR loggers to record foraging trips. Both species dove to similar maximum depths with analogous effort (dives per hour). Magellanics, however, undertook longer trips and travelled further away from the colony (25 h and 43 km vs. 10 h and 20 km on average, respectively). Gentoos on the other hand, performed longer dives, had a higher percentage of “U” shaped dives and spent more time during the bottom phase of the dive. Gentoos foraged exclusively within an area close to the colony and in waters not deeper than 80 m. Magellanics had more variability in their behaviors and were not associated to a specific depth or distance from the colony. The ecological circumstances of both species (targeted prey and surrounding environment) suffice to explain the particular behaviors of both species independently from the presence of the other. Gentoos seem to focus on benthic prey which remains stable in this environment throughout the year, and Magellanics behave more opportunistically searching for pelagic prey during early chick rearing. Competition may not be always shaping coexistence of species of similar trophic positions and behaviors. Particularly, if resources are not limited, both species can behave in ways they find optimal without factoring the coexistence of the other species.

Se estudió el comportamiento de búsqueda de alimento del Cormorán Imperial (Phalacrocorax atriceps) en la colonia de Punta León (42°05´S; 64°30´O)utilizando sistemas de posicionamiento global (GPS). A partir del análisis de diversosparámetros de los viajes de alimentación de individuos reproductores se distinguieroncuatro tipos de búsqueda. Se evaluó la consistencia que presentan los individuos endiversos parámetros de sus viajes entre días sucesivos, entre períodos y entretemporadas reproductivas, siendo en general más alta a menores intervalos de tiempo ymenor a largo plazo. A su vez, al comparar los viajes de alimentación de individuos quese reproducían por primera vez con aquellos con experiencia, los machos sinexperiencia reproductiva difirieron de aquellos que se habían reproducidoanteriormente. Se registraron diferencias en el comportamiento de búsqueda de alimentoentre aquellos que consumieron presas bentónicas y pelágicas, a partir del análisis deisótopos de carbono y nitrógeno. Por último, se describió el comportamiento de losindividuos a lo largo del año a partir del uso de dispositivos de geolocalización (GLS). La consistencia en el comportamiento y la especialización en un tipo de presa particularpor parte de los individuos podría estar reflejando una disponibilidad de recursos establea largo plazo, pero también podría eventualmente disminuir la plasticidad que dichosindividuos serían capaces de desarrollar frente a cambios en el ambiente. Foraging behavior of Imperial Shags (Phalacrocorax atriceps) breeding at Punta León colony (42°05´S; 64°30´W) was analyzed with Global Positioning System (GPS) devices. Four types of prey search behavior were distinguished using severalparameters of the foraging trips of breeding individuals. Consistency in foragingbehavior was evaluated for the same individuals on successive days, between periodswithin the season and amongst years and consistency was highest for most parameterswithin short intervals of time than on longer intervals. Individuals breeding for the firsttime were compared with individuals with breeding experience and males withoutbreeding experience differed in their prey search behavior from their experiencedcounterparts. Differences in some foraging trips parameters were associated withbenthic and pelagic diets, evaluated through carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. Behavior of individuals was assessed throughout the year with the use of Geolocation Light Sensors (GLS). Behavioral consistency and dietary specialization may reflect longterm environmental stability and prey abundance, but may also eventually reduce theplasticity individuals are able to develop if the environment changes. Fil: Harris, Sabrina Evelyn. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.