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Hemoglobin (Hb)-based [O.sub.2] carriers (HBOCs) constitute a class of therapeutic agents designed to correct the [O.sub.2] deficit under conditions of anemia and traumatic blood loss. The [O.sub.2] transport capacity of ultrahigh-molecular-weight bovine Hb polymers (PolybHb), polymerized in the tense (T) state and relaxed (R) state, were investigated in the hamster chamber window model using microvascular measurements to determine [O.sub.2] delivery during extreme anemia. The anemic state was induced by hemodilution with a plasma expander (70-kDa dextran). After an initial moderate hemodilution to 18% hematocrit, animals were randomly assigned to exchange transfusion groups based on the type of PolybHb solution used (namely, T-state PolybHb and R-state PolybHb groups). Measurements of systemic parameters, microvascular hemodynamics, capillary perfusion, and intravascular and tissue [O.sub.2] levels were performed at 11% hematocrit. Both PolybHbs were infused at 10 g/dl, and their viscosities were higher than nondiluted blood. Restitution of the [O.sub.2] carrying capacity with T-state PolybHb exhibited lower arterial pressure and higher functional capillary density compared with R-state PolybHb. Central arterial [O.sub.2] tensions increased significantly for R-state PolybHb compared with T-state PolybHb; conversely, microvascular [O.sub.2] tensions were higher for T-state PolybHb compared with R-state PolybHb. The increased tissue P[O.sub.2] attained with T-state PolybHb results from the larger amount of [O.sub.2] released from the PolybHb and maintenance of macrovascular and microvascular hemodynamics compared with R-state PolybHb. These results suggest that the extreme high [O.sub.2] affinity of R-state PolybHb prevented [O.sub.2] bound to PolybHb from been used by the tissues. The results presented here show that T-state PolybHb, a high-viscosity [O.sub.2] carrier, is a quintessential example of an appropriately engineered [O.sub.2] carrying solution, which preserves vascular mechanical stimuli (shear stress) lost during anemic conditions and reinstates oxygenation, without the hypertensive or vasoconstriction responses observed in previous generations of HBOCs. hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier; oxygen carrying capacity; blood substitute; polymerized hemoglobin; exchange transfusion; hemodilution; tissue oxygen; hemoglobin oxygen affinity; hypertension; vasoconstriction doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01022.2009

The number of interracial marriages that would take place if all the groups were of equal size in all places is determined in order to give a new look to the national estimates of interracial marriage. Results indicate that when the racial composition is controlled at the local levels, then the gap between homogamy and heterogamy reduces considerably.