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We present a new approach for correcting instrumental polarization by modeling the non-depolarizing effects of a complex series of optical elements to determine physically realizable Mueller matrices. Provided that the Mueller matrix of the optical system can be decomposed into a general elliptical diattenuator and general elliptical retarder, it is possible to model the cross-talk between both the polarized and unpolarized states of the Stokes vector and then use the acquired science observations to determine the best-fit free parameters. Here, we implement a minimization for solar spectropolarimetric measurements containing photospheric spectral lines sensitive to the Zeeman effect using physical constraints provided by polarized line and continuum formation. This model-based approach is able to provide an accurate correction even in the presence of large amounts of polarization cross-talk and conserves the physically meaningful magnitude of the Stokes vector, a significant improvement over previous ad hoc techniques., Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ

The DKIST is designed to deliver accurate spectropolarimetric calibrations across a wide wavelength range and large field of view for solar observations. Instruments deliver spectral resolving powers up to 300,000 in multiple cameras of several instrument. We require detailed knowledge of optical coatings on all optics to ensure we can predict and calibrate the polarization behavior of the system. Optical coatings can be metals protected by many dielectric layers or several-micron thick dichroics. Strong spectral gradients up to 60deg retardance per nanometer wavelength and several percent diattenuation per nanometer wavelength are observed in such coatings. Often, optical coatings are not specified with spectral gradient targets for polarimetry in combination to both average and spectral threshold type specifications. DKIST has a suite of interchangeable dichroic beam splitters using up to 96 layers. We apply the Berreman formalism in open-source Python scripts to derive coating polarization behavior. We present high spectral resolution examples on dichroics where transmission can drop 10% with associated polarization changes over a 1 nm spectral bandpass in both mirrors and dichroics. We design dichroic coatings that pass polarization spectral gradient requirements in addition to reflectivity. We now can fit multi-layer coating designs to predict system level polarization properties of mirrors, anti-reflection coatings and dichroics at arbitrary incidence angles, high spectral resolving power on curved surfaces through optical modeling software packages. Polarization predictions for large astronomical telescopes require significant metrology efforts on individual optical components combined with systems-level modeling efforts. We show our custom-built laboratory spectropolarimeter and metrology efforts on protected metal mirrors, anti-reflection coatings and dichroic mirror samples., Comment: Abridged abstract for Arxiv requirements. Accepted for publication in SPIE JATIS

Data products from high spectral resolution astronomical polarimeters are often limited by fringes. Fringes can skew derived magnetic field properties from spectropolarimetric data. Fringe removal algorithms can also corrupt the data if the fringes and object signals are too similar. For some narrow-band imaging polarimeters, fringes change the calibration retarder properties, and dominate the calibration errors. Systems-level engineering tools for polarimetric instrumentation require accurate predictions of fringe amplitudes, periods for transmission, diattenuation and retardance. The relevant instabilities caused by environmental, thermal and optical properties can be modeled and mitigation tools developed. We create spectral polarization fringe amplitude and temporal instability predictions by applying the Berreman calculus and simple interferrometric calculations to optics in beams of varying F/ number. We then apply the formalism to super-achromatic six crystal retarders in converging beams under beam thermal loading in outdoor environmental conditions for two of the worlds largest observatories: the 10m Keck telescope and the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST). DKIST will produce a 300 Watt optical beam which has imposed stringent requirements on the large diameter six-crystal retarders, dichroic beamsplitters and internal optics. DKIST retarders are used in a converging beams with F/ ratios between 8 and 62. The fringe spectral periods, amplitudes and thermal models of retarder behavior assisted DKIST optical designs and calibration plans with future application to many astronomical spectropolarimeters. The Low Resolution Imaging Spectrograph with polarimetry (LRISp) instrument at Keck also uses six-crystal retarders in a converging F/ 13 beam in a Cassegrain focus exposed to summit environmental conditions providing observational verification of our predictions., Comment: Accepted for publication in SPIE JATIS

We outline polarization fringe predictions derived from a new application of the Berreman calculus for the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) retarder optics. The DKIST retarder baseline design used 6 crystals, single-layer anti-reflection coatings, thick cover windows and oil between all optical interfaces. This new tool estimates polarization fringes and optic Mueller matrices as functions of all optical design choices. The amplitude and period of polarized fringes under design changes, manufacturing errors, tolerances and several physical factors can now be estimated. This tool compares well with observations of fringes for data collected with the SPINOR spectropolarimeter at the Dunn Solar Telescope using bi-crystalline achromatic retarders as well as laboratory tests. With this new tool, we show impacts of design decisions on polarization fringes as impacted by anti-reflection coatings, oil refractive indices, cover window presence and part thicknesses. This tool helped DKIST decide to remove retarder cover windows and also recommends reconsideration of coating strategies for DKIST. We anticipate this tool to be essential in designing future retarders for mitigation of polarization and intensity fringe errors in other high spectral resolution astronomical systems., Comment: Accepted for publication in JATIS

We present the first measurement of the surface magnetic field of a late-M dwarf, LSR J1835+3259, with the help of the full-Stokes spectropolarimetry in the bands of diatomic molecules. Our magnetic field measurements at different rotational phases of the dwarf yielded one 5$\sigma$ and two 3$\sigma$ detections. The observational data have been obtained with the LRISp polarimeter at the Keck observatory on August 22nd and 23rd, 2012. These data have been compared against synthetic full-Stokes spectra in the bands of the molecules CrH, FeH and TiO, which have been calculated for a range of the stellar parameters and magnetic field strengths. Making use of $\chi^2$-minimization and maximum likelihood estimation, we determine the net magnetic field strength $B$ (and not flux $Bf$) of LSR J1835+3259 to $\sim5$ kG, mainly with the help of the Paschen-Back effect in the CrH lines. Our measurements at different rotational phases suggest that the dwarf's surface might be covered with strong small-scale magnetic fields. In addition, recent findings of the hydrogen emission and the Stokes V signal in the Na I near-infrared doublet indicate that the dwarf's surface magnetic field might be changing rapidly giving rise to flare activity, similar to young dMe dwarfs. We substantiate the substellar origin of LSR J1835+3259 by making use of our own data as well as the photometric data from the all-sky surveys 2MASS and WISE., Comment: 20 figures, to be published in the ApJ. This work is part of a collaborative study. Its counterpart will be made pubic shortly

We outline polarization performance calculations and predictions for the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) optics and show Mueller matrices for two of the first light instruments. Telescope polarization is due to polarization dependent mirror reflectivity and rotations between groups of mirrors as the telescope moves in altitude and azimuth. The Zemax optical modeling software has polarization ray-trace capabilities and predicts system performance given a coating prescription. We develop a model coating formula that approximates measured witness sample polarization properties. Estimates show the DKIST telescope Mueller matrix as functions of wavelength, azimuth, elevation, and field angle for the Cryogenic Near Infra-Red Spectro-Polarimeter (CryoNIRSP) and for the Visible SpectroPolarimeter (ViSP). Footprint variation is substantial. We estimate 2\% variation of some Mueller matrix elements over the 5 arc minute CryoNIRSP field. We validate the Zemax model by show limiting cases for flat mirrors in collimated and powered designs that compare well with theoretical approximations and are testable with lab ellipsometers., Comment: Accepted for publication in JATIS

The daytime sky has been recently demonstrated as a useful calibration tool for deriving polarization cross-talk properties of large astronomical telescopes. The Daniel K Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) and other large telescopes under construction can benefit from precise polarimetric calibration of large mirrors. Several atmospheric phenomena and instrumental errors potentially limit the techniques accuracy. At the 3.67m AEOS telescope on Haleakala, we have performed a large observing campaign with the HiVIS spectropolarimeter to identify limitations and develop algorithms for extracting consistent calibrations. Effective sampling of the telescope optical configurations and filtering of data for several derived parameters provide robustness to the derived Mueller matrix calibrations. Second-order scattering models of the sky show that this method is relatively insensitive to multiple-scattering in the sky provided calibration observations are done in regions of high polarization degree. The technique is also insensitive to assumptions about telescope induced polarization provided the mirror coatings are highly reflective. Zemax-derived polarization models show agreement between the functional dependence of polarization predictions and the corresponding on-sky calibrations., Comment: Accepted for publication in SPIE JATIS

Spectropolarimetric measurements at moderate spectral resolutions are effective tracers of stellar magnetic fields and circumstellar environments when signal to noise ratios (SNRs) above 2000 can be achieved. The LRISp spectropolarimeter is capable of achieving these SNRs on faint targets with the 10m aperture of the Keck telescope, provided several instrumental artifacts can be suppressed. We describe here several methods to overcome instrumental error sources that are required to achieve these high SNRs on LRISp. We explore high SNR techniques such as defocusing and slit-stepping during integration with high spectral and spatial oversampling. We find that the instrument flexure and interference fringes introduced by the achromatic retarders create artificial signals at 0.5\% levels in the red channel which mimic real stellar signals and limit the sensitivity and calibration stability of LRISp. Careful spectral extraction and data filtering algorithms can remove these error sources. For faint targets and long exposures, cosmic ray hits are frequent and present a major limitation to the upgraded deep depletion red-channel CCD. These must be corrected to the same high SNR levels, requiring careful spectral extraction using iterative filtering algorithms. We demonstrate here characterization of these sources of instrumental polarization artifacts and present several methods used to successfully overcome these limitations. We have measured the linear to circular cross-talk and find it to be roughly 5\%, consistent with the known instrument limitations. We show spectropolarimetric signals on brown dwarfs are clearly detectable at 0.2\% amplitudes with sensitivities better than 0.05\% at full spectral sampling in atomic and molecular bands. Future LRISp users can perform high sensitivity observations with high quality calibration when following the described algorithms., Comment: Accepted in PASP

The young star AB Aurigae is surrounded by a complex combination of gas-rich and dust dominated structures. The inner disk which has not been studied previously at sufficient resolution and imaging dynamic range seems to contain very little gas inside a radius of least 130 astronomical units (AU) from the star. Using adaptive-optics coronagraphy and polarimetry we have imaged the dust in an annulus between 43 and 302 AU from the star, a region never seen before. An azimuthal gap in an annulus of dust at a radius of 102 AU, along with a clearing at closer radii inside this annulus, suggests the formation of at least one small body at an orbital distance of about 100 AU. This structure seems consistent with crude models of mean motion resonances, or accumulation of material at two of the Lagrange points relative to the putative object and the star. We also report a low significance detection of a point source in this outer annulus of dust. This source may be an overdensity in the disk due to dust accreting onto an unseen companion. An alternate interpretation suggests that the object's mass is between 5 and 37 times the mass of Jupiter. The results have implications for circumstellar disk dynamics and planet formation., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal, V. 680, June 10, 2008

Relationships between aspects of creativity and psychological masculinity and femininity are examined from the perspectives of balance, additive, and catalytic models of androgyny. Female (N=85) and male (N=105) subjects completed Gough's Adjective Check List, (ACL) in which the adjective, "creative," had been inserted. The ACL was scored for two sets of masculinity and femininity scales and for creative personality scales. Female subjects also completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Empirically derived indices of creative self-concept correlated positively with multiple indices of psychological masculinity and somewhat negatively with indices of psychological femininity. Multiple regression analyses detected significant positive linear interactions involving one set of masculinity and femininity indices and the women's creative self-concepts. Data suggest that potentially creative women may struggle against the very social conceptions about "gender-appropriate" behavior which men find supportive in their creative self-conceptions. Greater sex-role flexibility may make it easier for men and women to develop creative self-concepts. (Author/NRB)