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Harpadon nehereus is an ecologically and commercially important fish species. To investigate the phylogeographic pattern and historical demography of H. nehereus, a 1073 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene was analyzed in 305 individuals collected from 13 locations in China offshore. In total, 41 haplotypes and 42 polymorphic sites were detected. Mean haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were remarkably low with a range from 0.1630 ± 0.0990 to 0.4113 ± 0.1308 and 0.0002 ± 0.0002 to 0.0007 ± 0.0006, respectively. Insignificant genealogical branches corresponding to sampling locations were revealed both in maximum likelihood (ML) and minimum spanning (MS) trees. The AMOVA and pairwise Fst values indicated shallow genetic structure and the slight genetic variation mainly originated within individuals. Both mismatch distribution analysis and neutrality tests showed H. nehereus had undergone population expansion, which possibly occurred 0.07 million years ago. The bottleneck effect and recent population expansion, combined with larval drift in the ocean current, could be the critical factors in shaping the contemporary phylogeographic patterns and genetic structure of H. nehereus. Our result suggested that H. nehereus in China’s coastal waters may be regarded as an integrated fishery management unit from the perspective of marine resource protection and sustainable utilization. But further researches and comprehensive considerations were still necessary too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of Harpadon nehereus in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) and its relationship with environmental factors, this study used the data from resource and environmental surveys conducted in the YRE and adjacent waters during August (summer) and November (autumn), 2017-2022. Generalized additive models (GAM) were employed to analyze the relationships between the relative resources of H. nehereus and environmental factors and to predict the spatial-temporal distribution of H. nehereus resources in 2022. Our results revealed that the best model deviance explained in summer and autumn was 64.89% and 49.90%, with average effect sizes of 0.75 and 0.70, respectively, for cross-validated regression slopes. Water temperature and salinity were identified as the key environmental factors influencing the relative resources of H. nehereus in the YRE. Overall, there were notable seasonal differences in the relationship between the relative resources of H. nehereus and environmental factors. The relative resources of H. nehereus in the YRE were higher in the summer than in autumn. In summer, both water temperature and salinity exhibited multi-wave nonlinear relationships with the relative resources of H. nehereus, while in autumn, the relative resources of H. nehereus showed a positive linear relationship with water temperature and a nonlinear relationship with salinity. Additionally, the predicted and observed values of the relative resources of H. nehereus in 2022 showed similar spatial distribution patterns. The relative resources of H. nehereus was higher in the northern branch than in the southern branch and the offshore regions compared to the near-estuary regions. Altogether, our study provides a scientific basis for conservation management and sustainable utilization of H. nehereus resources in the YRE, thereby contributing to the restoration and management of fishery resources in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Three oligopeptides of KLHDEEVA (KA-8), LALFVPR (LR-7), and PSRILYG (PG-7) were selected from the hydrolysate of Harpadon nehereus. They significantly improved cell morphology and decreased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in high glucose-induced HepG2 cells. LR-7 showed good performance in regulating both antioxidant and glucose metabolism in high glucose-induced HepG2 cells, evidenced by improved expression levels of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PEPCK1), heme-oxygenase (HO-1), NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). PG-7 had better performance in reducing triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels and enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity levels. KA-8 showed stronger effects on improving low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), phosphorylation protein kinase B (p-AKT), and phosphorylation glycogen synthase kinase-3 (p-GSK-3β) levels. The results showed that all three peptides could protect against high glucose-induced HepG2 damage through different molecular mechanisms. The protective effects of LR-7 may be attributed mainly to its excellent glycolipid metabolism regulation and oxidative stress attenuation via Nrf2 pathway activation. KA-8 may exert its protective role through AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway activation.

Harpadon nehereus is a widespread economical fish found in the coastal seas of China and has important ecological value in the marine ecosystem. However, its germplasm resources have been seriously degraded due to natural factors and anthropogenic activities. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was applied to search for microsatellite loci in H. nehereus transcriptome to provide references for its resource conservation and utilization. Polymorphic loci were developed by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and their cross-species amplified ability was detected in three related species. A total of 5652 microsatellites were identified from 16974320 unigenes. Among the primer pairs designed for 100 SSRs for PCR amplification, 80% were successfully amplified, and 26 loci were polymorphic with a high number of alleles from 3 to 11 each. The expected (He) and observed (Ho) heterozygosities were 0.355–0.885 and 0.375–0.958, respectively. Most of the loci were highly polymorphic (polymorphism information content: 0.316–0.852; mean: 0.713), and these markers can be applied in the population genetic diversity research of H. nehereus. However, the transferability of these primers was low, probably because of the close relation of the collected species. In follow-up work, simple sequence repeats will be excavated with genome-based technologies, and related species will be gathered to address the present inadequacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, microplastics (MPs) contamination in aquatic organisms is emerging as an alarming phenomenon. In the present study, we investigated MPs in three commercially important fishes (Bombay duck Harpadon nehereus, ribbon fish Trichiurus lepturus and hairfin anchovy Setipinna phasa) in fresh and dried conditions collected from two sites (Chattogram and Kuakata) of the Bay of Bengal. It was evident that fresh T. lepturus ingested highest amount of MPs through the gills (6.41 mps/g) from Chattogram followed by in the gastrointestinal tract, GIT (6.20 mps/g) and in the muscle (1.20 mps/g) from Kuakata. Among the fresh fishes, H. nehereus from Kuakata accumulated highest amount of MPs (0.21 mps/g), while S. phasa from Kuakata contained the least amount of MPs (0.06 mps/g). On the other hand, among the dried fishes, T. lepturus from Kuakata contained highest amount of MPs (46.00 mps/g), while S. phasa from Kuakata retained lowest amount of MPs (2.17 mps/g). Strangely, all the dried fishes showed significantly higher amount of MPs compared to fresh fishes from both the locations. Fiber was the most dominant type of shape of MPs which accounted 66 %, followed by fragment (27.38 %), microbeads (3.59 %), film (1.48 %), foam (1.31 %) and pellet (0.25 %). Size-wise, the major portion (39.66 %) of MPs was present to be in size range less than 0.5 mm followed by 37.67 % in the size range of 0.5–1.0 mm group and rest 22.67 % within 1.0–5.0 mm. Red (41.55 %) colored MPs was the most prominent, followed by brown (22.11 %), blue (16.32 %), pink (11.69 %), purple (5.10 %), and green (2.25 %). Among polymer types, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was the most common (38 %), followed by polystyrene (PS-22 %), polyvinyl chloride (PVC-16 %), polyamide (PA-13 %) and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA-9 %). The present study confirms high occurrence of MPs in the dried fishes over the fresh fishes from the Bay of Bengal, with high potential of trophic transfer to the human body.

Recently, Harpadon nehereus (Bombay duck) has become one of the most important economic fishes in the East China Sea. Understanding the population growth and fishery exploited status of H. nehereus is of great significance for improving its biological knowledge and exploring the driving factors of population expansion in the East China Sea. Based on the fishery survey data and the fishery statistics in the Northern East China Sea, the growth curve of H. nehereus was fitted with the von-Bertalanffy growth equation. The results showed that the asymptotic total length, the growth coefficient, and the theoretical age at zero length were 319 mm, 1.25 year−1, and − 0.11 year, respectively. LBB model, CMSY model, and BSM model were used to evaluate the exploitation status of the H. nehereus population. The results showed that the H. nehereus population was still healthy, and the Schaefer model showed that the resource will recover rapidly after reducing the fishing intensity. These results illustrated that the fast growth rate, short generation time, and strong interspecific competitiveness and environmental adaptability of the H. nehereus population in the East China Sea were the main reasons that lead to the stable fishery status and the increase of the catches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bombay duck (Harpadon nehereus) is an economically important species in the estuarine and coastal offshore waters of the Indo-West Pacific. This study aims to reveal the genome-wide genetic characteristics of five populations of H. nehereus from the coastal areas of China by using the genotyping-by-sequencing technique. After strict filtering, 32088 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism markers were detected and analyzed. The average observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.41651 to 0.56725 and from 0.30998 to 0.45531, respectively, indicating that heterozygosity excess occurred in H. nehereus populations. The nucleotide diversity ranged from 0.63664 to 0.74868, which was larger than those from other marine fishes. No obvious genetic structure was detected among H. nehereus populations, and the genetic variation originated within individuals. Extensive gene exchange caused by longshore currents in the reproductive season might be the primary reason for the weak genetic differentiation. Among various environmental factors, water temperature might be the key element affecting the genetic structure of H. nehereus. Due to the destruction and overfishing of spawning grounds, the fishery resources declined in recent years. This study could serve as a reference for the resource protection and rational utilization of H. nehereus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harpadon nehereus forms one of the most important commercial fisheries along the Bay of Bengal and the southeast coast of China. In this study, the genome-wide survey dataset first produced using next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to provide general information on the genome size, heterozygosity and repeat sequence ratio of H. nehereus. About 68.74 GB of high-quality sequence data were obtained in total and the genome size was estimated to be 1315 Mb with the 17-mer frequency distribution. The sequence repeat ratio and heterozygosity were calculated to be 52.49% and 0.67%, respectively. A total of 1,027,651 microsatellite motifs were identified and dinucleotide repeat was the most dominant simple sequence repeat (SSR) motif with a frequency of 54.35%. As a by-product of whole genome sequencing, the mitochondrial genome is a powerful tool to investigate the evolutionary relationships between H. nehereus and its relatives. The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was constructed according to the concatenated matrix of amino acids translated from the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs). Monophyly of two species of the genus Harpadon was revealed in the present study and they formed a monophyletic clade with Saurida with a high bootstrap value of 100%. The results would help to push back the frontiers of genomics and open the doors of molecular diversity as well as conservation genetics studies on this species.

Coastal waters provide an important spawning and nursery ground for offshore marine organisms. To understand the suitable habitat and distribution of Harpadon nehereus, a key nearshore species, this study assessed the survey data of fishery resources and environment in Zhejiang’s nearshore fishery in Spring of 2017 to 2020. We used the generalized additive model (GAM) and random forests model (RF) to analyze the environmental factors affecting the selection of spawning habitats by H. nehereus and analyzed the suitable habitat characteristics of H. nehereus in nearshore fisheries. Our results indicate that H. nehereus is widely distributed in Zhejiang’s nearshore and that its density is higher in waters near islands and reefs. Among the relative importance scores of predictors calculated based on RF, seawater salinity is an important environmental factor affecting the distribution of H. nehereus in April (surface seawater salinity was 38.67% and bottom seawater salinity was 34.5%), followed by depth (34.19%), whereas the change in water temperature had no obvious effect on H. nehereus distribution. The suitable habitat characteristics of H. nehereus mainly include high salinity near a water depth of 40 m and a water area with sea bottom dissolved oxygen levels < 6 mg/L. The prediction results of the model indicate that the suitable habitat of H. nehereus is mainly located in the region near Zhoushan Islands in the north of the fishing grounds. Overall, these results may serve as a basis for determining the protection strategies of key nearshore species and enhancing fishery management units.

[Display omitted] • Three oligopeptides with antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic activities, KA-8, LR-7, and PG-7, were isolated from fish bone hydrolysate for the first time. • They protect against hyperglycemia-induced HepG2 via oxidative stress and glycolipid metabolism regulation. • LR-7 inhibits Keap1-Nrf2 protein–protein interaction, thereby promoting Nrf2 expression and nuclear transfer. • KA-8 exert its protective role through AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway activation. Three oligopeptides of KLHDEEVA (KA-8), LALFVPR (LR-7), and PSRILYG (PG-7) were selected from the hydrolysate of Harpadon nehereus. They significantly improved cell morphology and decreased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in high glucose-induced HepG2 cells. LR-7 showed good performance in regulating both antioxidant and glucose metabolism in high glucose-induced HepG2 cells, evidenced by improved expression levels of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PEPCK1), heme-oxygenase (HO-1), NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). PG-7 had better performance in reducing triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels and enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity levels. KA-8 showed stronger effects on improving low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), phosphorylation protein kinase B (p-AKT), and phosphorylation glycogen synthase kinase-3 (p-GSK-3β) levels. The results showed that all three peptides could protect against high glucose-induced HepG2 damage through different molecular mechanisms. The protective effects of LR-7 may be attributed mainly to its excellent glycolipid metabolism regulation and oxidative stress attenuation via Nrf2 pathway activation. KA-8 may exert its protective role through AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, microplastics (MPs) contamination in aquatic organisms is emerging as an alarming phenomenon. In the present study, we investigated MPs in three commercially important fishes (Bombay duck Harpadon nehereus , ribbon fish Trichiurus lepturus and hairfin anchovy Setipinna phasa) in fresh and dried conditions collected from two sites (Chattogram and Kuakata) of the Bay of Bengal. It was evident that fresh T. lepturus ingested highest amount of MPs through the gills (6.41 mps/g) from Chattogram followed by in the gastrointestinal tract, GIT (6.20 mps/g) and in the muscle (1.20 mps/g) from Kuakata. Among the fresh fishes, H. nehereus from Kuakata accumulated highest amount of MPs (0.21 mps/g), while S. phasa from Kuakata contained the least amount of MPs (0.06 mps/g). On the other hand, among the dried fishes, T. lepturus from Kuakata contained highest amount of MPs (46.00 mps/g), while S. phasa from Kuakata retained lowest amount of MPs (2.17 mps/g). Strangely, all the dried fishes showed significantly higher amount of MPs compared to fresh fishes from both the locations. Fiber was the most dominant type of shape of MPs which accounted 66 %, followed by fragment (27.38 %), microbeads (3.59 %), film (1.48 %), foam (1.31 %) and pellet (0.25 %). Size-wise, the major portion (39.66 %) of MPs was present to be in size range less than 0.5 mm followed by 37.67 % in the size range of 0.5–1.0 mm group and rest 22.67 % within 1.0–5.0 mm. Red (41.55 %) colored MPs was the most prominent, followed by brown (22.11 %), blue (16.32 %), pink (11.69 %), purple (5.10 %), and green (2.25 %). Among polymer types, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was the most common (38 %), followed by polystyrene (PS-22 %), polyvinyl chloride (PVC-16 %), polyamide (PA-13 %) and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA-9 %). The present study confirms high occurrence of MPs in the dried fishes over the fresh fishes from the Bay of Bengal, with high potential of trophic transfer to the human body. [Display omitted] • Microplastics (MPs) were identified in three commercial marine fresh and dried fishes from the Bay of Bengal. • The dried fishes were more prone to MPs contamination over the fresh fishes. • Fibers were the most common type of MPs identified. • Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was the most common polymer type. • Possible higher trophic transfer of MPs through direct consumption of dried fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on two bottom trawl surveys conducted in autumn 2000 and 2001, a total of 1106 stomach samples of Bombay duck Harpadon nehereus between 23-278 mm fork length were collected and analyzed. The results show that Bombay duck prey items consisted of 11 groups or 32 species, of which Apogon lineatus, Leptochela gracilis, Acetes chinensis, and Euphausia pacifi ca were the dominant prey species. Ontogenetic variations were found in feeding habits and feeding activity of Bombay duck. Feeding activity was highest in fish smaller than 50 mm, lowest in fish between 50 and 99 mm, and then increased with increasing size thereafter. As Bombay duck size increased, fish prey increased in importance, whereas euphausiids and decapods decreased in importance. Different trophic guilds were observed in feeding habits across the examined size range. Bombay duck smaller than 50 mm were zooplanktivores, mainly feeding on zooplankton and fish larva; those between 50 and 149 mm were generalist predators, mainly feeding on pelagic shrimps, demersal shrimps and fishes; and those larger than 150 mm were piscivores, mainly feeding on fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of Fe on the trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) demethylating activity of the Harpadon nehereus kidney extract were studied in this research. The activity of the kidney extract was presumably inhibited by ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), which indicates that the kidney extract contains an enzyme or enzyme system with metal cations as activator. Activity of the kidney extract was enhanced significantly when Fe was added into the model system in vitro. As the concentration of Fe increased, the decomposing rate of TMAO increased rapidly until TMAO decomposed completely. The activity of the kidney extract was also enhanced by reductant such as ascorbic acid. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) was employed to determine the content of total iron in a number of fishery products. Significant positive correlation between the contents of total iron and endogenous formaldehyde (FA) was found, especially in marine products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harpadon nehereus forms one of the most important commercial fisheries along the Bay of Bengal and the southeast coast of China. In this study, the genome-wide survey dataset first produced using next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to provide general information on the genome size, heterozygosity and repeat sequence ratio of H. nehereus . About 68.74 GB of high-quality sequence data were obtained in total and the genome size was estimated to be 1315 Mb with the 17-mer frequency distribution. The sequence repeat ratio and heterozygosity were calculated to be 52.49% and 0.67%, respectively. A total of 1,027,651 microsatellite motifs were identified and dinucleotide repeat was the most dominant simple sequence repeat (SSR) motif with a frequency of 54.35%. As a by-product of whole genome sequencing, the mitochondrial genome is a powerful tool to investigate the evolutionary relationships between H. nehereus and its relatives. The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was constructed according to the concatenated matrix of amino acids translated from the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs). Monophyly of two species of the genus Harpadon was revealed in the present study and they formed a monophyletic clade with Saurida with a high bootstrap value of 100%. The results would help to push back the frontiers of genomics and open the doors of molecular diversity as well as conservation genetics studies on this species.