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Student ratings of the effectiveness of graduate student teaching versus faculty teaching were examined on seven occasions over an 8-year period. When all courses taught were considered, graduate student and faculty ratings were equivalent for six of the semesters in which student evaluations were conducted; on one occasion, the graduate students received significantly higher ratings than did the faculty. When only the ratings for introductory psychology courses were examined, results for graduate student teachers were significantly higher in four semesters; in three semesters, the ratings of the two groups were equivalent. There was a significant positive correlation of student evaluation ratings for individual faculty over time, but no such correlation for graduate students.

The threat display of the Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, was repeatedly elicited during daily sessions over a 10-day period, using a mirror, a live Betta, and a picture of a Betta as stimuli. Between-day analysis of the rate of elicitation of component responses of the display by 6 Ss showed that (a) for those records in which any decline in response frequency was evident, only the gill-cover extension and undulation responses showed marked and consistent habituation trends, (b) gill-cover extension and undulation response rates covaried closely but were not consistently related to other response component rates, and (c) differential effectivensss of the three stimuli was reflected in the rates of several response components.

Changes in the threshold luminance for a 5 msec, 30′ diameter, ‘test’ flash (Ft), were studied as a function of temporal delay from the onset of asubliminal (55 per cent of threshold) ‘conditioning’ flash (Fc), also 30′ in diameter, and set at either 5, 25, 50, 75 or 100 msec in duration. With an Fc duration of 100 msec, the Ft luminance required to reach threshold was high near Fc onset, fell to a minimum near the middle of its exposure, and then rose again at Fc termination. As Fc duration was made shorter, the foregoing two phases of subliminal excitability decreased in amplitude, until only one was just detectable at 25 msec exposure, and none could be seen at 5 msec. Because perfect I · t reciprocity was not obtained in the measured thresholds for the Fc durations noted above, a second experiment utilized conditioning flashes of constant luminous energy, but of durations of 5, 10, 20, 40 or 80 msec. The threshold luminance for Ft measured always at the termination of these conditioning flashes, increased uniformly with increasing Fc duration. Collectively, these findings indicate that short-term decay processes (ca 10 msec), presumably of neural origin, are operative in the visual system, and limit its temporal integrative capacity during sustained exposure to light.

A monkey, conditioned to make avoidance responses to flickering light, failed to show any transfer of this response to auditory clicks, a steady light, or electrical stimulation of the frontal granular or occipital cortices. After reinforced electrical stimulation of the left occipital cortex, transfer was found to result from stimulation of the contralateral occipital cortex. Again, no transfer resulted from stimulation of the frontal granular cortex. These findings replicate those of an earlier study and suggest that under certain conditions inter-hemispheric transfer of a response learned to electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex can be elicited only by stimulation of approximately homotopic cerebral loci.

Food deprived rats experienced 210 contiguous pairings of a tone with food delivery. Subsequently, a food satiated group was presented with a bar which, if pressed, elicited the tone. During a test session the subjects received alternating periods of electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (ESLH) and periods of non-stimulation. A control group was similarly treated except that the tone was never presented during the test session. Results revealed that the experimental group was more responsive than the controls, but only during ESLH. These findings are analogous to similar experiments where food-deprivation was substituted for ESLH, and hence support the view that there is a strong resemblance between ESLH and hunger.

Detection thresholds for two successive targets varied systematically with the interval between the two puclses. At intervals of 10 to 30 milliseconds, and again at 80 to 200 milliseconds, the threshold was lowered as compared to that for a single target, while at a separation of 50 to 60 milliseconds, the threshold was raised.

A great deal of material finds expression in this slim volume. Dr. Astrup has attempted to explain the basic concepts of pavlovian reflexology, and to demonstrate how pavlovian concepts and methods are currently being applied to the analysis of behavior. The book is intended for students, teachers, and research workers interested in the fields of psychophysiology, psychosomatic illness, the physiological bases of mental disorders, psychopharmacology, and psychotherapy. Thus, the scope of the book is quite large as indicated by the following chapter titles: "Basic Concepts of Conditional Reflex Physiology;" "The Experimental Animal Neuroses;" "Cortico-Visceral Mechanisms;" "Higher Nervous Activity in Man;" "Application of Pavlovian Theory and Experiments in Psychiatry;" "Effects of Drugs on Higher Nervous Activity;" "Conditional Reflex Theory and Experiments in Psychotherapy." The ambitious intention of the author perhaps inevitably leads to the volume's most serious deficiency, this being a superficial treatment of

While there has always been some scientific interest in nonhuman primate behavior as it occurs under natural conditions, the recent proliferation of research in this area certainly is remarkable. Without doubt, one salient factor which has initiated this trend has been the work of the European ethologists. Ethologists have stressed the importance of field as compared to laboratory studies of animal behavior, since they feel that only the former approach can illuminate the adaptive significance of diverse behaviors. It is this interest in adaptation, and concern with the role of evolution in the behavior of organisms which appears to be the core around which much of the current research is organized. Interest in the evolution of behavior leads one naturally to the study of nonhuman primates, and surprisingly, little systematic information had been gathered with regard to man's close phylogenetic neighbors. Within the

At the 53rd Annual Meeting of the American Psychopathological Association held in 1963, the Samuel W. Hamilton Award was given to Dr. Heinrich Kluver, and a symposium was held on the psychopathology of perception. This book contains the proceedings of that meeting. The symposium was divided into three parts: part I, the Neurophysiology of Perception, part II, the Psychopathology of Pain, Taste, and Time, and part III, Perception under Special Conditions. Perhaps the highlight of this volume is a paper presented by Dr. Kluver in part I, entitled "Neurobiology of Normal and Abnormal Perception." It is written in a scholarly style only too rarely seen today, and reveals Dr. Kluver's mastery of the subject matter of neuropsychology. Initially, Dr. Kluver discusses hallucinatory phenomena (emphasizing idetic imagery), and shows how early brain researchers related these phenomena to neocortical functions. That these pathologically altered perceptions could be related to functions of