408 results on '"Harold A. Mooney"'
Search Results
2. Seasonal patterns of growth phenology and nutrient dynamics in four matorral shrubs in Central Chile
- Author
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Philip W. Rundel, M. Rasoul Sharifi, Michelle K. Vu, Gloria Montenegro, and Harold A. Mooney
- Subjects
central Chile ,matorral ,vegetative phenology ,reproductive allocation ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
Chile is one of five global regions exhibiting a mediterranean-type climate regime characterized by evergreen sclerophyll shrublands. These matorral shrublands which dominate the foothills and slopes of the Coastal Mountains and foothills of the Andes in central Chile have received much less study than evergreen shrublands in other mediterranean-type climate regions of the world. Phenological development, growth, and nutrient dynamics of the four widespread matorral shrub species, Lithrea caustica (Anacardiaceae), Colliguaja odorifera (Euphorbiaceae), Kageneckia oblonga (Rosaceae), and Retanilla trinervia (Rhamnaceae), were monitored in central Chile from 1971 to 1975. The four study species all demonstrated growth dynamics and nutrient relations similar to chaparral shrub species of southern California. The species exhibited a sequential development of phenological stages in leaf components following fall precipitation. Colliguaja with relatively shallow root systems showed a sharp peak of new leaf production at the beginning of summer, dropping quickly as summer drought occurred. Another shallow- rooted species while Retanilla initiated leaf production in the late winter, earlier than the other two species, and presented a growth pattern dependent on soil moisture availability. Lithrea and Kageneckia, a more deep-rooted species, initiated leaf production in late spring and continued through the summer. Overall, Chilean shrubs exhibited higher nutrient contents than those of chaparral shrubs in California, suggesting a difference in soil nutrient availability. Reproductive tissues represent a significant portion of the new biomass and nutrient allocation in all four matorral shrubs. Biomass allocation of new tissues (i.e. new leaves, new stems and reproductive tissues) ranged from 8.2% in Retanilla to 16.7% in Colliguaja. Overall, the phenology and nutrient relations of matorral shrubs were similar to those found in chaparral, shrubs indicating that the similar climate regimes can lead to convergence in leaf traits, phenology, and nutrient relationships.
- Published
- 2019
3. Disruption of ecosystem processes in western North America by invasive species
- Author
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Jeffrey S. Dukes and Harold A. Mooney
- Subjects
invasiones biológicas ,funcionamiento ecosistémico ,estructura de comunidades ,especies exóticas ,impacto ,biological invasions ,ecosystem functioning ,community structure ,exotic species ,impact ,Zoology ,QL1-991 ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
Many ecosystems of western North America have been dramatically changed by non-native species. Here, we review ecological impacts of 56 plant, animal, fungus, and protist species that were brought to this region by humans. We discuss characteristics of invasive species that can lead to major ecosystem impacts, and explore how invasive species alter many different attributes of ecosystems. Specifically, we include examples of invasive species that affect geomorphology, fire regimes, hydrology, microclimate, atmospheric composition, nutrient cycling, and productivity. Finally, we review the direct consequences of biological invasions for some native species. We summarize examples from this paper in Appendix 1. Our examples illustrate how, as invasive species have become dominant across large areas of western North America's grassland, shrubland, dune, riparian, and estuarine ecosystems, the properties and functioning of these systems have changed. To date, some systems in this region, such as its forests, remain relatively unaffected by invasive species. However, recent attacks of forest pathogens highlight the potential vulnerability of these ecosystemsMuchos ecosistemas de Norteamérica occidental han cambiado dramáticamente a causa del efecto producido por especies no autóctonas. Aquí se muestra una revisión del impacto ecológico producido por 56 especies diferentes de plantas, animales y hongos, y especies de protistas que fueron traídos a esta región por humanos. Discutimos las características de las especies invasoras que pueden producir un gran impacto en el ecosistema, y exploramos cómo las especies invasoras pueden alterar de forma muy diferente los atributos de un ecosistema. Específicamente, incluimos ejemplos de especies invasoras que afectan a la geomorfología, a los regímenes del fuego, a la hidrología, al microclima, a la composición atmosférica, al ciclo de nutrientes, y a la productividad. Finalmente, revisamos las consecuencias directas de invasiones biológicas de algunas especies autóctonas. Resumimos los ejemplos de este artículo en el Anexo 1. Nuestros ejemplos ilustran cómo, a medida que la especie invasora llega a ser dominante a lo largo de áreas extensas de ecosistemas como los prados del oeste de Norteamérica occidental, en zonas arbustivas, dunas, cauces de ríos y estuarios, las propiedades y el funcionamiento de estos ecosistemas han cambiado. Hasta ahora, algunos ecosistemas en esta región, como los bosques, permanecen relativamente intactos por efecto de la especies invasoras. Sin embargo, ataques recientes de patógenos a los bosques ponen de manifiesto la vulnerabilidad potencial de estos ecosistemas
- Published
- 2004
4. Ecosystem Services of Tropical Dry Forests: Insights from Long-term Ecological and Social Research on the Pacific Coast of Mexico
- Author
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J. Manuel Maass, Patricia Balvanera, Alicia Castillo, Gretchen C. Daily, Harold A. Mooney, Paul Ehrlich, Mauricio Quesada, Alvaro Miranda, Victor J. Jaramillo, Felipe García-Oliva, Angelina Martínez-Yrizar, Helena Cotler, Jorge López-Blanco, Alfredo Pérez-Jiménez, Alberto Búrquez, Clara Tinoco, Gerardo Ceballos, Laura Barraza, Ricardo Ayala, and José Sarukhán
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Chamela Region ,ecological economics ,ecosystem services ,integrative research ,Mexico ,Pacific Coast ,Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ,socioecological systems ,tropical dry forest ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
In the search for an integrated understanding of the relationships among productive activities, human well-being, and ecosystem functioning, we evaluated the services delivered by a tropical dry forest (TDF) ecosystem in the Chamela Region, on the Pacific Coast of Mexico. We synthesized information gathered for the past two decades as part of a long-term ecosystem research study and included social data collected in the past four years using the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) conceptual framework as a guide. Here we identify the four nested spatial scales at which information has been obtained and emphasize one of them through a basin conceptual model. We then articulate the biophysical and socio-economic constraints and drivers determining the delivery of ecosystem services in the Region. We describe the nine most important services, the stakeholders who benefit from those services, and their degree of awareness of such services. We characterize spatial and temporal patterns of the services' delivery as well as trade-offs among services and stakeholders. Finally, we contrast three alternative future scenarios on the delivery of ecosystem services and human well-being. Biophysical and socioeconomic features of the study site strongly influence humanâ'ecosystem interactions, the ecosystem services delivered, the possible future trajectories of the ecosystem, and the effect on human well-being. We discuss future research approaches that will set the basis for an integrated understanding of humanâ'ecosystem interactions and for constructing sustainable management strategies for the TDF.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Water contents of wood tropical deciduous forest species during the dry season
- Author
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Ernst Detlef Schulze, Harold A. Mooney, Stephen H. Bullock, and Ana Mendoza
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Chamela Biology station ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
The maximum water content, the relative water content and the water depletion of wood were studied in 41 species of a tropical deciduous forest during the dry season. Ther is a significant correlation between the maximum water content and the specific wood weight. Also, water de pletion per wood weight is significantly correlated with the specific wood weight. On a wood volume basis, deciduous trees unse more stem water than water-storing trees. These data are discussed with respect to the dominance of life forms in this forest type
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The IPBES Global Assessment: Pathways to Action
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Harold A. Mooney, Karim-Aly Kassam, Jason F. Shogren, Mary T. K. Arroyo, Mary Ruckelshaus, Stephen T. Jackson, James W. Boyd, Zhiyun Ouyang, András Báldi, Katharine L. Jacobs, Anikó Kovács-Hostyánszki, Ann M. Bartuska, Lucas Joppa, Jill Petraglia Parsons, and Robert J. Scholes
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Conservation of Natural Resources ,Social contract ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Earth, Planet ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Biodiversity ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Institutional support ,Ecosystem services ,Policy ,Action (philosophy) ,Environmental planning ,Ecosystem ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The first Global Assessment of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) found widespread, accelerating declines in Earth's biodiversity and associated benefits to people from nature. Addressing these trends will require science-based policy responses to reduce impacts, especially at national to local scales. Effective scaling of science-policy efforts, driven by global and national assessments, is a major challenge for turning assessment into action and will require unprecedented commitment by scientists to engage with communities of policy and practice. Fulfillment of science's social contract with society, and with nature, will require strong institutional support for scientists' participation in activities that transcend conventional research and publication.
- Published
- 2020
7. Livestock in a Changing Landscape, Volume 2: Experiences and Regional Perspectives
- Author
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Pierre Gerber, Harold A. Mooney, Jeroen Dijkman, Shirley Tarawali, Cees de Haan and Pierre Gerber, Harold A. Mooney, Jeroen Dijkman, Shirley Tarawali, Cees de Haan
- Published
- 2012
8. Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests: Ecology and Conservation
- Author
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Rodolfo Dirzo, Hillary S. Young, Harold A. Mooney, Gerardo Ceballos and Rodolfo Dirzo, Hillary S. Young, Harold A. Mooney, Gerardo Ceballos
- Published
- 2012
9. Tradeoffs in demographic mechanisms underlie differences in species abundance and stability
- Author
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Harold A. Mooney, Emily C. Farrer, Katharine N. Suding, Lauren M. Hallett, and Richard J. Hobbs
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0106 biological sciences ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Climate Change ,Science ,Population ,Rare species ,Population Dynamics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Biology ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Population density ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Article ,Abundance (ecology) ,Animals ,education ,lcsh:Science ,Relative species abundance ,Population Density ,education.field_of_study ,Multidisciplinary ,Ecology ,Population size ,Global change ,General Chemistry ,010601 ecology ,lcsh:Q - Abstract
Understanding why some species are common and others are rare is a central question in ecology, and is critical for developing conservation strategies under global change. Rare species are typically considered to be more prone to extinction—but the fact they are rare can impede a general understanding of rarity vs. abundance. Here we develop and empirically test a framework to predict species abundances and stability using mechanisms governing population dynamics. Our results demonstrate that coexisting species with similar abundances can be shaped by different mechanisms (specifically, higher growth rates when rare vs. weaker negative density-dependence). Further, these dynamics influence population stability: species with higher intrinsic growth rates but stronger negative density-dependence were more stable and less sensitive to climate variability, regardless of abundance. This suggests that underlying mechanisms governing population dynamics, in addition to population size, may be critical indicators of population stability in an increasingly variable world., Protection of rare species requires advanced understanding of the reasons for their rarity. Here, Hallett et al. show that potential growth rate and density dependence together predict rarity vs. abundance, and that the stability of species of similar sizes depends on the relative strength of these two mechanisms.
- Published
- 2018
10. A Call to Action: Marshaling Science for Society
- Author
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Paul R. Ehrlich, Boyd R. Strain, Douglas J. Futuyma, Alan P. Covich, Harold A. Mooney, Peter H. Raven, Diana H. Wall, Joel Cracraft, Kent E. Holsinger, Gene E. Likens, May R. Berenbaum, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Kendric C. Smith, Frances C. James, Rita R. Colwell, W. Hardy Eshbaugh, Charles B. Fenster, John E. Burris, Marvalee H. Wake, Gregory J. Anderson, James P. Collins, Judith S. Weis, Susan G. Stafford, and Joseph Travis
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Cognitive science ,Marshalling ,Political science ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Call to action - Published
- 2020
11. Integrating agroecological production in a robust post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework
- Author
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Ivette Perfecto, Teja Tscharntke, Mirco Solé, David Kleijn, Josef Settele, Wolfgang W. Weisser, Alexandra-Maria Klein, Claire Kremen, Lucas Alejandro Garibaldi, Luke L. Powell, Jaboury Ghazoul, Thomas C. Wanger, Harold A. Mooney, and Fabrice DeClerck
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Biodiversity ,Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Biodiversidad y Conservación ,Production (economics) ,Life Science ,China ,Agroecology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Ecology ,Agroforestry ,business.industry ,Post-2020 ,Ecología ,PE&RC ,Geography ,Agriculture ,Sustainability ,Biodiversity Framework ,Plantenecologie en Natuurbeheer ,business ,Agroecological ,Global biodiversity - Abstract
Fil: Wanger, Thomas C. Westlake University. School of Engineering. Sustainability, Agriculture and Technology Laboratory; China. Fil: DeClerck, Fabrice. EAT Forum; Noruega. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas A. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas A. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Fil: Ghazoul, Jaboury. ETH Zurich. Department of Environmental Systems Science; Suiza. Fil: Kleijn, David. Wageningen University. Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group; Países Bajos. Fil: Klein, Alexandra-Maria. University of Freiburg. Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources; Alemania. Fil: Kremen, Claire. University of British Columbia. Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability; Canada. Fil: Mooney, Harold. Stanford University. Department of Biology; Estados Unidos. Fil: Perfecto, Ivette. University of Michigan. School for Environment and Sustainability; Estados Unidos. Fil: Powell, Luke L. University of Glasgow. Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine; Reino Unido. Fil: Settele, Josef. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ. Department of Community Ecology; Alemania. Fil: Solé, Mirco. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz. Department of Biological Sciences; Brasil. Fil: Tscharntke, Teja. University of Göttingen. Agroecology; Alemania. Fil: Weisser, Wolfgang. Technical University Munich. Department for Ecology and Ecosystem Management; Alemania. To the Editor — The 15th Conference of the Parties (COP) meeting to the Convention on Biological Diversity in China — now to be held in 2021 due to the coronavirus pandemic — will provide new opportunities for biodiversity conservation (https://go.nature.com/31YAVNF) through the decision on the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF). In short, the GBF is a global and solution-oriented framework aiming for transformative action by governments, civil society and businesses, to help biodiversity recover for the benefit of people and planet1. Agriculture is the most extensive form of land use, occupying more than one-third of the global landmass, and imperilling 62% of all threatened species globally2. Habitat conversion and conventional farming practices — including heavy use of agrochemicals — have negative effects on biodiversity3, even spilling into protected areas. However, if designed appropriately, agricultural landscapes can provide habitats for biodiversity, promote connectivity between protected areas, and increase the capacity of species to respond to environmental threats4,5. While halting the loss of protected and intact nature is essential to halt species loss, bending the curve on biodiversity will require sustainable agriculture. We argue that the GBF must include conservation actions in agricultural landscapes based on agroecological principles (sensu High Level Panel of Experts6) in the three ‘2030 Action Targets’ (hereafter ‘Targets’) to reach its goals of biodiversity recovery. Agroecology is widely recognized as a necessary transformation in order to achieve food system sustainability.
- Published
- 2020
12. Seasonal patterns of growth phenology and nutrient dynamics in four matorral shrubs in Central Chile
- Author
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Harold A. Mooney, Michelle Vu, Philip W. Rundel, Gloria Montenegro, and M. Rasoul Sharifi
- Subjects
Biomass (ecology) ,geography ,vegetative phenology ,reproductive allocation ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Ecology ,Phenology ,ved/biology ,Colliguaja ,Sclerophyll ,ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species ,Plant Science ,Horticulture ,Biology ,Evergreen ,Chaparral ,biology.organism_classification ,Shrub ,Shrubland ,matorral ,Agronomy ,central Chile - Abstract
Chile is one of five global regions exhibiting a mediterranean-type climate regime characterized by evergreen sclerophyll shrublands. These matorral shrublands which dominate the foothills and slopes of the Coastal Mountains and foothills of the Andes in central Chile have received much less study than evergreen shrublands in other mediterranean-type climate regions of the world. Phenological development, growth, and nutrient dynamics of the four widespread matorral shrub species, Lithrea caustica (Anacardiaceae), Colliguaja odorifera (Euphorbiaceae), Kageneckia oblonga (Rosaceae), and Retanilla trinervia (Rhamnaceae), were monitored in central Chile from 1971 to 1975. The four study species all demonstrated growth dynamics and nutrient relations similar to chaparral shrub species of southern California. The species exhibited a sequential development of phenological stages in leaf components following fall precipitation. Colliguaja with relatively shallow root systems showed a sharp peak of new leaf production at the beginning of summer, dropping quickly as summer drought occurred. Another shallow- rooted species while Retanilla initiated leaf production in the late winter, earlier than the other two species, and presented a growth pattern dependent on soil moisture availability. Lithrea and Kageneckia, a more deep-rooted species, initiated leaf production in late spring and continued through the summer. Overall, Chilean shrubs exhibited higher nutrient contents than those of chaparral shrubs in California, suggesting a difference in soil nutrient availability. Reproductive tissues represent a significant portion of the new biomass and nutrient allocation in all four matorral shrubs. Biomass allocation of new tissues (i.e. new leaves, new stems and reproductive tissues) ranged from 8.2% in Retanilla to 16.7% in Colliguaja. Overall, the phenology and nutrient relations of matorral shrubs were similar to those found in chaparral, shrubs indicating that the similar climate regimes can lead to convergence in leaf traits, phenology, and nutrient relationships.
- Published
- 2019
13. Author Correction: A global test of ecoregions
- Author
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Harold A. Mooney, Meghan E. Howard, J. Nicholas Hendershot, Beth M. L. Morrison, Po-Ju Ke, Erin A. Mordecai, Priscilla A San Juan, Jeffrey R. Smith, Gretchen C. Daily, Thomas W. Crowther, Glade A. Dlott, Tess Nahanni Grainger, Andrew D. Letten, Manpreet K. Dhami, Christopher B. Anderson, and Devin Routh
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Information retrieval ,Ecology ,Computer science ,Published Erratum ,ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING ,MEDLINE ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Test (assessment) - Abstract
The original paper was published without unique DOIs for GBIF occurrence downloads. These have now been inserted as references 70-76, and the error has been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the article.
- Published
- 2019
14. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: testing the limits of interdisciplinary and multi-scale science
- Author
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Harold A. Mooney and Walter V. Reid
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Mechanism (biology) ,business.industry ,Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ,Environmental resource management ,Psychological intervention ,Biodiversity ,General Social Sciences ,Climate change ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Ecosystem services ,Political science ,Scale (social sciences) ,Ecosystem ,business ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment was modeled on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It was carried out as a pilot of an assessment mechanism designed to meet decision makers’ needs for information on how human actions were changing biodiversity and ecosystems, how those changes were affecting ecosystem services and human well-being, and what actions could be taken to enhance environmental conservation and human well-being. Despite the considerable research that was available in 2000 on biodiversity and ecosystems and on various aspects of human well-being, it was surprisingly difficult to find research at the interface of natural and social sciences and economics. Yet the key questions being posed by decision-makers (e.g., ‘what will be the impact of biodiversity changes on local or national economies and human health’) required that interdisciplinary research. We encountered other key research gaps, including the need for better understanding of the cross-scale impacts of both environmental changes and policy interventions and the challenges of addressing questions of human well-being across different cultures and different understandings of science and epistemology. This paper identifies some of the most challenging elements of the assessment and the steps that were taken to address them. In addition to the knowledge assessed by the MA, one of the important outcomes was to stimulate greater interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research to address these issues that were not only fundamentally scientifically interesting, but also critically important for decision makers.
- Published
- 2016
15. Editorial overview: Sustainability science: social–environmental systems (SES) research: how the field has developed and what we have learned for future efforts
- Author
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Harold A. Mooney
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Political science ,Field (Bourdieu) ,Sustainability science ,General Social Sciences ,Environmental systems ,Engineering ethics ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Published
- 2016
16. Socio-Environmental Systems (SES) Research : What have we learned and how can we use this information in future research programs
- Author
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F. Stuart Chapin, Jeremy Pittman, Billie Turner, Brent Abrahams, Rik Leemans, Diana Pietri, Rinku Roy Chowdhury, Brian W. Van Wilgen, Penny Firth, Sandra Díaz, Joshua J. Tewksbury, Peter Bridgewater, José Sarukhán, Reinmar Seidler, Margaret A. Palmer, Jonathan G. Kramer, Karen J. Esler, Ross T. Shackleton, Corrine N. Knapp, J. Nadia Sitas, Patrick Christie, and Harold A. Mooney
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Engineering ,Knowledge management ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Otras Ciencias Biológicas ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Ciencias Biológicas ,Knowledge-based systems ,Life Science ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,media_common ,WIMEK ,business.industry ,Principal (computer security) ,General Social Sciences ,Timeline ,Outreach ,Environmental Systems Analysis ,Milieusysteemanalyse ,Socio environmental ,BIODIVERSITY ,business ,SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS ,CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS ,Diversity (politics) - Abstract
The call for integrated social-environmental science, complete with outreach to applications and solutions, is escalating worldwide. Drawing on several decades of experience, researchers engaged in such science, completed an assessment of the design and management attributes and impact pathways that lead to successful projects and programs and to understand key impediments to success. These characteristics are delineated and discussed using examples from individual projects and programs. From this, three principal lessons leading to successful efforts emerge that address co-design, adaptive or flexible management, and diversity of knowledge. In addition, five challenges for this science are identified: accounting for change, addressing sponsorship and timelines, appreciating different knowledge systems, adaptively communicating, and improving linkages to policy. Fil: Turner, B.L.. University of Arizona; Estados Unidos Fil: Esler, Karen J.. University of Arizona; Estados Unidos Fil: Bridgewater, Peter. The Australian National University. Centre for Museums and Heritage; Australia Fil: Tewksbury, Joshua. University of Colorado; Estados Unidos Fil: Sitas, J. Nadia. Stellenbosch University. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Sudáfrica Fil: Abrahams, Brent. Stellenbosch University. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Sudáfrica Fil: Chapin, F. Stuart. University Of Alaska; Estados Unidos Fil: Chowdhury, Rinku Roy. Clark University. Graduate School of Geography; Estados Unidos Fil: Christie, Patrick. University of Washington. School of Marine and Environmental Affairs; Estados Unidos Fil: Díaz, Sandra Myrna. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Firth, Penny. National Science Foundtion; Estados Unidos Fil: Knapp, Corrine N.. Western State Colorado University. Environment and Sustainability; Estados Unidos Fil: Kramer, Jonathan. National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center; Estados Unidos Fil: Leemans, Rik. Wageningen University. Environmental Systems Analysis Group; Alemania. National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center; Estados Unidos Fil: Palmer, Margaret. National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center; Estados Unidos Fil: Pietri, Diana. Blue Earth Consultants; Estados Unidos Fil: Pittman, Jeremy. University of Waterloo. School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability; Canadá Fil: Sarukhán, José. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad; México Fil: Shackleton, Ross. Stellenbosch University. Department of Botany; Sudáfrica Fil: Seidler, Reinmar. University of Massachusetts Boston. Department of Biology; Estados Unidos Fil: van Wilgen, Brian. Stellenbosch University. Department of Botany; Sudáfrica Fil: Mooney, Harold. Stellenbosch University. Department of Botany; Sudáfrica
- Published
- 2016
17. A global test of ecoregions
- Author
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Po-Ju Ke, Meghan E. Howard, Manpreet K. Dhami, Harold A. Mooney, Devin Routh, Jeffrey R. Smith, Glade A. Dlott, Tess Nahanni Grainger, Andrew D. Letten, Thomas W. Crowther, Gretchen C. Daily, J. Nicholas Hendershot, Christopher B. Anderson, Beth M. L. Morrison, Erin A. Mordecai, and Priscilla A San Juan
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Conservation planning ,Conservation of Natural Resources ,biology ,Ecology ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Biome ,Biodiversity ,Vertebrate ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Taxon ,Ecoregion ,Geography ,Habitat ,biology.animal ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Biotic communities ,Ecosystem - Abstract
A foundational paradigm in biological and Earth sciences is that our planet is divided into distinct ecoregions and biomes demarking unique assemblages of species. This notion has profoundly influenced scientific research and environmental policy. Given recent advances in technology and data availability, however, we are now poised to ask whether ecoregions meaningfully delimit biological communities. Using over 200 million observations of plants, animals and fungi we show compelling evidence that ecoregions delineate terrestrial biodiversity patterns. We achieve this by testing two competing hypotheses: the sharp-transition hypothesis, positing that ecoregion borders divide differentiated biotic communities; and the gradual-transition hypothesis, proposing instead that species turnover is continuous and largely independent of ecoregion borders. We find strong support for the sharp-transition hypothesis across all taxa, although adherence to ecoregion boundaries varies across taxa. Although plant and vertebrate species are tightly linked to sharp ecoregion boundaries, arthropods and fungi show weaker affiliations to this set of ecoregion borders. Our results highlight the essential value of ecological data for setting conservation priorities and reinforce the importance of protecting habitats across as many ecoregions as possible. Specifically, we conclude that ecoregion-based conservation planning can guide investments that simultaneously protect species-, community- and ecosystem-level biodiversity, key for securing Earth’s life support systems into the future.
- Published
- 2018
18. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Testing the Limits of Interdisciplinary and Multi-scale Science
- Author
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Walter V. Reid and Harold A. Mooney
- Published
- 2018
19. Introducing the Scientific Consensus on Maintaining Humanity’s Life Support Systems in the 21st Century: Information for Policy Makers
- Author
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Rosamund L Naylor, Gretchen C. Daily, Harold A. Mooney, Marvalee H. Wake, James H. Brown, Mikael Fortelius, Paul R. Ehrlich, Rodolpho Dirzo, John Peterson Myers, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Anne H. Ehrlich, Jussi T. Eronen, Elizabeth A. Hadly, Anthony D. Barnosky, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Estella B. Leopold
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0106 biological sciences ,Global and Planetary Change ,education.field_of_study ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Ecology ,business.industry ,Population ,Environmental resource management ,Climate change ,Geology ,Global change ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,13. Climate action ,Anthropocene ,11. Sustainability ,Humanity ,Development economics ,Scientific consensus ,Environmental science ,Population growth ,Global citizenship ,education ,business ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The Anthropocene is recognized (though not yet formally defined) as the time when human impacts are widespread on Earth. While some of the impacts are essential to supporting large human populations and can be sustainable in the long run, others can irretrievably damage the life support systems upon which the global society has come to depend, or spark rapid changes to which societies cannot adapt fast enough. Among these dangerous trends are increasing climate disruption, extinctions, loss of non-human-dominated ecosystems, pollution, and population overgrowth. Interactions between these five trends exacerbate their potential to trigger harmful global change. Reducing the resultant risks requires effective cooperation between scientists and policy makers to develop strategies that guide for environmental health over the next few decades. To that end, the Scientific Consensus on Maintaining Humanity’s Life Support Systems in the 21st Century was written to make accessible to policy makers and others the basic scientific underpinnings and widespread agreement about both the dangers of and the solutions to climate disruption, extinctions, ecosystem loss, pollution and population overgrowth. When it was released in May 2013, the document included endorsements by 522 global change scientists, including dozens of members of various nations’ most highly recognized scientific bodies, from 41 countries around the world. Since then, endorsements have grown to more than 1300 scientists plus more than 1700 others – business people, NGO representatives, students, and the general public – spanning more than 60 countries. Now also available in Spanish and Chinese, the document has proven useful in helping to stimulate national and international agreements. Further information about the genesis, uses, the signatories, and how to endorse it can be found at http://consensusforaction.stanford.edu/ . Such communication between scientists, policy makers, and the public at large will be essential for effective guidance to address global change as the Anthropocene progresses.
- Published
- 2014
20. The Shenzhen Declaration on Plant Sciences
- Author
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Wei-Hua Zhu, Harold A. Mooney, Peter H. Raven, Hong-Wen Huang, Song Ge, Sandra Knapp, W. John Kress, Huanming Yang, De-Yuan Hong, Gen-Lin Jiao, Yu-Xian Zhu, Wei-Hua Wu, Peter R. Crane, and Jun Wen
- Subjects
Environmental protection ,Law ,Political science ,Declaration ,Plant Science ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Published
- 2017
21. Evolution of natural and social science interactions in global change research programs
- Author
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Harold A. Mooney, Anne Larigauderie, and Anantha Kumar Duraiappah
- Subjects
Engineering ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Process (engineering) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Biodiversity ,Global change ,Sustainability research ,Data science ,Ecosystem services ,Earth system science ,Natural (music) ,Engineering ethics ,Fostering Advances in Interdisciplinary Climate Science Sackler Colloquium ,Ideology ,business ,media_common - Abstract
Efforts to develop a global understanding of the functioning of the Earth as a system began in the mid-1980s. This effort necessitated linking knowledge from both the physical and biological realms. A motivation for this development was the growing impact of humans on the Earth system and need to provide solutions, but the study of the social drivers and their consequences for the changes that were occurring was not incorporated into the Earth System Science movement, despite early attempts to do so. The impediments to integration were many, but they are gradually being overcome, which can be seen in many trends for assessments, such as the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, as well as both basic and applied science programs. In this development, particular people and events have shaped the trajectories that have occurred. The lessons learned should be considered in such emerging research programs as Future Earth , the new global program for sustainability research. The transitioning process to this new program will take time as scientists adjust to new colleagues with different ideologies, methods, and tools and a new way of doing science.
- Published
- 2013
22. Government: Plan for ecosystem services
- Author
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Stephen T. Jackson, Jason F. Shogren, Stephanie E. Hampton, Clifford S. Duke, Mary Ruckelshaus, Lucas Joppa, James W. Boyd, Harold A. Mooney, Karim-Aly Kassam, Katharine L. Jacobs, and Laura A. Ogden
- Subjects
Government ,Multidisciplinary ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Environmental resource management ,Decision Making ,Biodiversity ,Public policy ,Federal Government ,Plan (drawing) ,01 natural sciences ,Ecosystem valuation ,United States ,0506 political science ,Ecosystem services ,Environmental Policy ,050602 political science & public administration ,Ecosystem ,business ,Environmental planning ,Administration (government) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Natural and managed ecosystems provide food, water, and other valuable services to human societies. Unnoticed by many in the scientific community, the values associated with ecosystem services have been integrated into U.S. government policy. A recent administration memo ([ 1 ][1]) put U.S. federal
- Published
- 2016
23. Finding Common Ground for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
- Author
-
Harold A. Mooney, Anne Larigauderie, Belinda Reyers, Stephen Polasky, and Heather Tallis
- Subjects
Biodiversity conservation ,Instrumental and intrinsic value ,Opposition (planets) ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,Trade offs ,Biodiversity ,Measurement of biodiversity ,Common ground ,Business ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Ecosystem services - Abstract
Recently, some members of the conservation community have used ecosystem services as a strategy to conserve biodiversity. Others in the community have criticized this strategy as a distraction from the mission of biodiversity conservation. The debate continues, and it remains unclear whether the concerns expressed are significant enough to merit the opposition. Through an exploration of the science of biodiversity and ecosystem services, we find that narrow interpretations of metrics, values, and management drive much of the tension and make the common ground appear small. The size of this common ground depends on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem services and how they respond to management interventions. We demonstrate how understanding this response can be used to delimit common ground but highlight the importance of differentiating between objectives and approaches to meeting those objectives in conservation projects.
- Published
- 2012
24. National indicators for observing ecosystem service change
- Author
-
Katharina Waha, Stephen Polasky, Daniel S. Karp, Ben Halpern, Wolfgang Cramer, Kirsten Thonicke, Heather Tallis, Stacie Wolny, René Sachse, Ariane Walz, Britta Tietjen, Harold A. Mooney, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management [Berkeley] (ESPM), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), The Nature Conservancy, Institute of Earth and Environmental Science [Potsdam], University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam, Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California [Santa Barbara] (UC Santa Barbara), National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), Imperial College London, Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Stanford University, University of Minnesota System, Free University of Berlin (FU), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU)
- Subjects
Monitoring ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Service delivery framework ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Process models ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,01 natural sciences ,Ecosystem services ,GEO BON ,14. Life underwater ,Global change ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Service (business) ,Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,business.industry ,National accounts ,Environmental resource management ,Provisioning ,15. Life on land ,13. Climate action ,Sustainability ,Institut für Geowissenschaften ,Business ,Natural capital ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,Group on Earth Observations - Abstract
International audience; Earth's life-support systems are in rapid decline, yet we have few metrics or indicators with which to track these changes. The world's governments are calling for biodiversity and ecosystem-service monitoring to guide and evaluate international conservation policy as well as to incorporate natural capital into their national accounts. The Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON) has been tasked with setting up this monitoring system. Here we explore the immediate feasibility of creating a global ecosystem-service monitoring platform under the GEO BON framework through combining data from national statistics, global vegetation models, and production function models. We found that nine ecosystem services could be annually reported at a national scale in the short term: carbon sequestration, water supply for hydropower, and non-fisheries marine products, crop, livestock, game meat, fisheries, mariculture, and timber production. Reported changes in service delivery over time reflected ecological shocks (e.g., droughts and disease outbreaks), highlighting the immediate utility of this monitoring system. Our work also identified three opportunities for creating a more comprehensive monitoring system. First, investing in input data for ecological process models (e.g., global land-use maps) would allow many more regulating services to be monitored. Currently, only 1 of 9 services that can be reported is a regulating service. Second, household surveys and censuses could help evaluate how nature affects people and provides non-monetary benefits. Finally, to forecast the sustainability of service delivery, research efforts could focus on calculating the total remaining biophysical stocks of provisioning services. Regardless, we demonstrated that a preliminary ecosystem-service monitoring platform is immediately feasible. With sufficient international investment, the platform could evolve further into a much-needed system to track changes in our planet's life-support systems. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2015
25. The Shenzhen Declaration on Plant Sciences-Uniting plant sciences and society to build a green, sustainable Earth
- Author
-
Hong-Wen Huang, Peter H. Raven, De-Yuan Hong, Huanming Yang, Peter R. Crane, Gen-Lin Jiao, Wei-Hua Zhu, Harold A. Mooney, Sandra Knapp, W. John Kress, Yu-Xian Zhu, Wei-Hua Wu, Song Ge, and Jun Wen
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,business.industry ,Reproduction (economics) ,Declaration ,Distribution (economics) ,Forestry ,Environmental ethics ,Plant Science ,Creative commons ,Horticulture ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Environmental protection ,Political science ,business ,GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries) ,License ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Law and economics ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
© 2017 Shenzhen Declaration Drafting Committee. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The file attached is the Published/publisher’s pdf version of the article.
- Published
- 2017
26. Invasion Dynamics: From Invasion Biology to Invasion Science
- Author
-
Harold A. Mooney
- Subjects
Evolutionary biology ,Dynamics (mechanics) ,Biology ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Published
- 2017
27. Ecosystem services, targets, and indicators for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
- Author
-
Harold A. Mooney, Jed A. Fuhrman, Peter H. Burkill, Ann P. Kinzig, Daniel E. Bunker, Thomas Elmqvist, Wolfgang W. Weisser, Farshid S. Ahrestani, Graciela Ana Canziani, Anne-Hélène Prieur-Richard, Charles Perrings, Zen'ichiro Kawabata, Georgina M. Mace, Shahid Naeem, John Tschirhart, and Fabian M. Jaksic
- Subjects
Convention on Biological Diversity ,Ecology ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Environmental resource management ,Biodiversity ,Plan (drawing) ,Ecosystem services ,Interdependence ,Sustainability ,business ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,media_common - Abstract
After the collective failure to achieve the Convention on Biological Diversity's (CBD's) 2010 target to substantially reduce biodiversity losses, the CBD adopted a plan composed of five strategic goals and 20 “SMART” (Specific, Measurable, Ambitious, Realistic, and Time-bound) targets, to be achieved by 2020. Here, an interdisciplinary group of scientists from DIVERSITAS – an international program that focuses on biodiversity science – evaluates these targets and considers the implications of an ecosystem-services-based approach for their implementation. We describe the functional differences between the targets corresponding to distinct strategic goals and identify the interdependency between targets. We then discuss the implications for supporting research and target indicators, and make several specific suggestions for target implementation.
- Published
- 2011
28. Intervention Ecology: Applying Ecological Science in the Twenty-first Century
- Author
-
Richard J. Hobbs, Harold A. Mooney, Paul R. Ehrlich, and Lauren M. Hallett
- Subjects
Intervention (law) ,Ecology ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Political science ,Biodiversity ,Systems ecology ,Conservation biology ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Novel ecosystem ,Restoration ecology ,Ecosystem services - Abstract
Rapid, extensive, and ongoing environmental change increasingly demands that humans intervene in ecosystems to maintain or restore ecosystem services and biodiversity. At the same time, the basic principles and tenets of restoration ecology and conservation biology are being debated and reshaped. Escalating global change is resulting in widespread no-analogue environments and novel ecosystems that render traditional goals unachievable. Policymakers and the general public, however, have embraced restoration without an understanding of its limitations, which has led to perverse policy outcomes. Therefore, a new ecology, free of pre- and misconceptions and directed toward meaningful interventions, is needed. Interventions include altering the biotic and abiotic structures and processes within ecosystems and changing social and policy settings. Interventions can be aimed at leverage points, both within ecosystems and in the broader social system—particularly, feedback loops that either maintain a particular s...
- Published
- 2011
29. Toward a national, sustained U.S. ecosystem assessment
- Author
-
Karim-Aly Kassam, Stephanie E. Hampton, Laura A. Ogden, Stephen T. Jackson, Clifford S. Duke, Mary Ruckelshaus, Lucas Joppa, Jason F. Shogren, Katharine L. Jacobs, and Harold A. Mooney
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Process (engineering) ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,Ecological Parameter Monitoring ,Biodiversity ,Federal Government ,010501 environmental sciences ,Ecosystem assessment ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,01 natural sciences ,United States ,Ecosystem services ,Policy ,Policy decision ,Political science ,Relevance (law) ,Ecosystem ,business ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The massive investment of resources devoted to monitoring and assessment of economic and societal indicators in the United States is neither matched by nor linked to efforts to monitor and assess the ecosystem services and biodiversity that support economic and social well-being. Although national-scale assessments of biodiversity ( 1 ) and ecosystem indicators ( 2 ) have been undertaken, nearly a decade has elapsed since the last systematic assessment ( 2 ). A 2011 White House report called for a national biodiversity and ecosystem services assessment ( 3 ), but the initiative has stalled. Our aim here is to stimulate the process and outline a credible framework and pathway for an ongoing assessment of ecosystem functioning (see the photo). A national assessment should engage diverse stakeholders from multiple sectors of society and should focus on metrics and analyses of direct relevance to policy decisions, from local to national levels. Although many technical or science-focused components are in place, they need to be articulated, distilled, and organized to address policy issues.
- Published
- 2016
30. The Intergovernmental science-policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: moving a step closer to an IPCC-like mechanism for biodiversity
- Author
-
Anne Larigauderie and Harold A. Mooney
- Subjects
Process (engineering) ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Environmental resource management ,Biodiversity ,General Social Sciences ,Context (language use) ,Ecosystem services ,Negotiation ,Order (exchange) ,Political science ,Science policy ,business ,Mechanism (sociology) ,General Environmental Science ,media_common - Abstract
Efforts to establish an ‘IPCC-like mechanism for biodiversity’, or an IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services), may culminate soon — as governments, the scientific community and other stakeholders are getting ready for a third round of negotiations on IPBES. This paper provides firstly, a brief history and broader context for the IPBES process; secondly, a description of the niche that IPBES would occupy in the science-policy landscape for biodiversity and ecosystem services; and thirdly, concludes with some views on the role of scientists in IPBES, and on the need to have strong and proper scientific structures to coordinate scientific efforts internationally, in order to produce the science needed for IPBES.
- Published
- 2010
31. International cooperation in the solution to trade-related invasive species risksa
- Author
-
Harold A. Mooney, Stas Burgiel, Mark Williamson, Mark Lonsdale, and Charles Perrings
- Subjects
Scope (project management) ,business.industry ,General Neuroscience ,Control (management) ,Environmental resource management ,Introduced species ,International trade ,Public good ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,International Health Regulations ,International Action ,Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures ,History and Philosophy of Science ,Business ,Externality - Abstract
In this paper, we consider the factors behind the growth of invasive species as a global problem, and the scope for international cooperation and coordination in addressing that problem. This is limited by the terms of the various international agreements governing trade, health, and biodiversity. The default strategy in most cases has two parts: border protection and the control of or adaptation to introduced species that have escaped detection at the border. Most invasive species policy involves unilateral national defensive action as opposed to coordinated international action. We argue that an important part of the solution to the problem lies in global coordination and cooperation in the management of both pathways and sanitary and phytosanitary risks at all scales. More particularly, because invasive species are an externality of trade, transport, and travel that involve public goods, they require collective regulation of international markets that goes beyond that admitted under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. We argue that it is important to bring that agreement into conformity with the International Health Regulations (IHR), and to develop an international mechanism to generate and disseminate information on invasive species risks and their impacts.
- Published
- 2010
32. The ecosystem-service chain and the biological diversity crisis
- Author
-
Harold A. Mooney
- Subjects
Value (ethics) ,Matching (statistics) ,Conservation of Natural Resources ,Natural resource economics ,Biodiversity ,Trend line ,Biology ,Extinction, Biological ,Global Warming ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Ecosystem services ,Convention on Biological Diversity ,Animals ,Humans ,biological diversity crisis ,Ecosystem ,business.industry ,Global warming ,Environmental resource management ,Politics ,Articles ,Philosophy ,Natural capital ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,business ,ecosystem services - Abstract
The losses that are being incurred of the Earth's biological diversity, at all levels, are now staggering. The trend lines for future loss are steeply upward as new adverse drivers of change come into play. The political processes for matching this crisis are now inadequate and the science needs to address this issue are huge and slow to fulfil, even though strong advances have been made. A more integrated approach to evaluating biodiversity in terms that are meaningful to the larger community is needed that can provide understandable metrics of the consequences to society of the losses that are occurring. Greater attention is also needed in forecasting likely diversity-loss scenarios in the near term and strategies for alleviating detrimental consequences. At the international level, the Convention on Biological Diversity must be revisited to make it more powerful to meet the needs that originally motivated its creation. Similarly, at local and regional levels, an ecosystem-service approach to conservation can bring new understanding to the value, and hence the need for protection, of the existing natural capital.
- Published
- 2010
33. Developing a common strategy for integrative global environmental change research and outreach: the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP)
- Author
-
Josep G. Canadell, Charles J. Vörösmarty, Oran R. Young, Hassan Virji, Sybil P. Seitzinger, Falk Schmidt, Anne Larigauderie, Antonio J. Busalacchi, Martin Rice, John Ingram, Rik Leemans, Anand Patwardhan, Harold A. Mooney, Ghassem R. Asrar, and Carlos A. Nobre
- Subjects
Engineering ,Knowledge management ,Environmental change ,business.industry ,General Social Sciences ,Joint research ,Outreach ,Earth system science ,Policy ,Knowledge base ,Research community ,General partnership ,Sustainability ,business ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
The Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP) was established in 2001 by four global environmental change (GEC) research programmes: DIVERSITAS, IGBP, IHDP and WCRP. ESSP facilitates the study of the Earth's environment as an integrated system in order to understand how and why it is changing, and to explore the implications of these changes for global and regional sustainability. Joint research projects on carbon dynamics, food, water and health have been established. As a result of an independent review, the ESSP developed a new strategy that will provide an internationally coordinated and holistic approach to Earth system science. The approach integrates natural and social sciences from regional to the global scale. The mainstay of the ESSP is to identify and define Earth system science challenges, enable integrative research to address these challenges, and build scientific capacity. The GEC research community also faces an increasing challenge to present research results in more accessible and informative ways to stakeholders, especially to policy-makers. In response, the ESSP is developing new services that include knowledge products, Earth system science fora, a synthesis journal and interdisciplinary collaborative research. Coping with GEC is an enormous challenge and one the world must respond to successfully. Our common goal is, therefore, to develop the essential knowledge base needed to respond effectively and quickly to the great challenge of GEC.
- Published
- 2009
34. Biodiversity, climate change, and ecosystem services
- Author
-
Harold A. Mooney, Robert J. Scholes, Anne Larigauderie, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Tetsukazu Yahara, Thomas Elmquist, Sandra Lavorel, Georgina M. Mace, Manuel Cesario, and Margaret A. Palmer
- Subjects
Ecosystem health ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,Biodiversity ,General Social Sciences ,Climate change ,Tipping point (climatology) ,Ecosystem services ,Geography ,Greenhouse gas ,Ecosystem ,Greenhouse effect ,business ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
The capacity of ecosystems to deliver essential services to society is already under stress. The additional stresses imposed by climate change in the coming years will require extraordinary adaptation. We need to track the changing status of ecosystems, deepen our understanding of the biological underpinnings for ecosystem service delivery and develop new tools and techniques for maintaining and restoring resilient biological and social systems. We will be building on an ecosystem foundation that has been radically compromised during the past half century. Most rivers have been totally restructured, oceans have been severely altered and depleted, coral reefs are near the tipping point of disappearing as functional ecosystems, over half of the land surface is devoted to livestock and crop agriculture, with little consideration for the ecosystem services that are being lost as a consequence, some irrevocably so. We have already seen many regime shifts, or tipping points, due to human activity, even before the onset of measurable climate change impacts on ecosystems. Climate change, caused mainly by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, will disrupt our ecosystem base in new ways. Already we are seeing widespread signs of change. Species behaviors are altering and disrupting mutualisms of long standing. We are seeing extinctions within vulnerable habitats and conditions where migrations are necessary for survival but where often there are no pathways available for successful movement in the fragmented world of today. These challenges represent an extraordinary threat to society and a call for urgent attention by the scientific community.
- Published
- 2009
35. THE IONOPRINT AIRBORNE PRINTING SYSTEM
- Author
-
Midshipman Harold L. Mooney
- Published
- 2009
36. Ecosystem services in decision making: time to deliver
- Author
-
Taylor H. Ricketts, Peter Kareiva, Gretchen C. Daily, Joshua H. Goldstein, Robert Shallenberger, Stephen Polasky, Harold A. Mooney, Liba Pejchar, and James Salzman
- Subjects
Strategic planning ,Value (ethics) ,Resource (biology) ,Ecology ,Conceptual framework ,Scale (social sciences) ,Mainstream ,Natural capital ,Business ,Marketing ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Ecosystem services - Abstract
Over the past decade, efforts to value and protect ecosystem services have been promoted by many as the last, best hope for making conservation mainstream – attractive and commonplace worldwide. In theory, if we can help individuals and institutions to recognize the value of nature, then this should greatly increase investments in conservation, while at the same time fostering human well-being. In practice, however, we have not yet developed the scientific basis, nor the policy and finance mechanisms, for incorporating natural capital into resource- and land-use decisions on a large scale. Here, we propose a conceptual framework and sketch out a strategic plan for delivering on the promise of ecosystem services, drawing on emerging examples from Hawai‘i. We describe key advances in the science and practice of accounting for natural capital in the decisions of individuals, communities, corporations, and governments.
- Published
- 2009
37. Broadening the Extinction Debate: Population Deletions and Additions in California and Western Australia
- Author
-
Harold A. Mooney and Richard J. Hobbs
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Extinction ,Ecology ,Range (biology) ,Population ,Biodiversity ,social sciences ,musculoskeletal system ,humanities ,Geography ,Habitat destruction ,Conservation biology ,education ,geographic locations ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,Extinction vortex ,Extinction debt - Abstract
Current discussions of biodiversity frequently center on the question of species extinction, and much of conservation biology focuses on this topic. We argue that species extinction often represents the end- point of a process of population extinctions, and that the deletion of populations over much of a species' range is likely to be of as much or more concern than the final extinction of that species. Population extinc- tions often result from habitat destruction and modification, which can be widespread. The result is that spe- cies can be deleted from most of their former range but continue to persist in small refuge areas. Moreover, species additions in the form of invasive species are frequently more numerous than extinctions in any given area. Such invasions often result in dramatic changes in ecosystem structure or function and can be instru- mental in hastening the extinction of native populations. We examine these premises using two examples from California and Western Australia. These two contrasting areas show broadly similar trends in species extinctions, range contractions, and invasions, and they illustrate the fact that, by concentrating on species extinctions, many of the important human effects on biodiversity can be overlooked.
- Published
- 2008
38. LONG-TERM DATA REVEAL COMPLEX DYNAMICS IN GRASSLAND IN RELATION TO CLIMATE AND DISTURBANCE
- Author
-
Harold A. Mooney, Richard J. Hobbs, and Susan Yates
- Subjects
Herbivore ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,biology ,Ecology ,Bromus hordeaceus ,Biodiversity ,Plant community ,Global change ,biology.organism_classification ,Microseris douglasii ,Grassland ,Ecosystem ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
We conducted a long-term experiment in grassland with the aim of elucidating grassland dynamics in relation to variations in rainfall amount and spatial and temporal variation in disturbance. In particular we aimed to increase our understanding of ecosystem dynamics and function, species redundancy, invasion biology, and other related topics. We studied the dynamics of serpentine annual grassland in northern California over the period 1983-2002 in a replicated series of experimental plots comprising controls, gopher exclosures, and aboveground herbivore exclosures. Annual rainfall amount varied greatly during the study period, which included two major El Nino events and a period of prolonged below-average rainfall. Gopher disturbance was highly variable both spatially and temporally but was positively correlated with soil depth. Disturbance was reduced but not eliminated from the gopher exclosures and was significantly increased in the aboveground herbivore exclosures. Grassland dynamics were driven by rainfall amounts and distributions that had the most pronounced effects on the dominant plant species, while gopher disturbance had additional effects on the rarer species. Effects of excluding aboveground herbivores were swamped by a large increase in gopher disturbance within aboveground exclosures. Overall species numbers were reduced during a period of below-average rainfall but recovered in subsequent years. There was a large array of different responses of individual plant species to both rainfall and disturbance. Our results provide support for the "insurance" hypothesis, which suggests that biodiversity buffers ecosystem processes against environmental changes because different species (or phenotypes) respond differently to these changes, leading to functional compensations among species. Here, a species that was at very low abundance levels at the start of the study (Microseris douglasii) temporarily increased in abundance to become one of the dominant species in the grassland following a period of prolonged below-average rainfall. We also observed the repeated invasion of the serpentine grassland by the nonnative grass Bromus hordeaceus, which increased greatly in abundance following both of the major El Nino events. The results emphasize the importance of long-term observations in providing a context for shorter-term studies and allowing analysis of plant community responses to climate variation and disturbance, particularly in the face of ongoing global change.
- Published
- 2007
39. The Nature and Value of Ecosystem Services: An Overview Highlighting Hydrologic Services
- Author
-
Harold A. Mooney, Gretchen C. Daily, T. Ka eo Duarte, and Kate A. Brauman
- Subjects
ComputingMilieux_GENERAL ,Ecosystem health ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,Ecosystem management ,Land management ,Context (language use) ,Ecosystem ,Total human ecosystem ,business ,Ecosystem valuation ,General Environmental Science ,Ecosystem services - Abstract
Ecosystem services, the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems, are a powerful lens through which to understand human relationships with the environment and to design environmental policy. The explicit inclusion of beneficiaries makes values intrinsic to ecosystem services; whether or not those values are monetized, the ecosystem services framework provides a way to assess trade-offs among alternative scenarios of resource use and land- and seascape change. We provide an overview of the ecosystem functions responsible for producing terrestrial hydrologic services and use this context to lay out a blueprint for a more general ecosystem service assessment. Other ecosystem services are addressed in our discussion of scale and trade-offs. We review valuation and policy tools useful for ecosystem service protection and provide several examples of land management using these tools. Throughout, we highlight avenues for research to advance the ecosystem services framework as an operational basis for policy decisions.
- Published
- 2007
40. Responses of temporal distribution of gastropods to individual and combined effects of elevated CO2 and N deposition in annual grassland
- Author
-
Grace Hsu, Elsa E. Cleland, Harold A. Mooney, Christopher B. Field, Halton A. Peters, and Nona R. Chiariello
- Subjects
Biomass (ecology) ,Herbivore ,animal structures ,biology ,Ecology ,ved/biology ,fungi ,ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species ,food and beverages ,Growing season ,Plant community ,biology.organism_classification ,Abundance (ecology) ,Terrestrial plant ,Terrestrial ecosystem ,Mollusca ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
Terrestrial gastropods have been shown to exert major impacts on the plant structure and species composition of temperate grasslands and other terrestrial plant communities. In order to develop predictions of plant community responses to changing environments, it is critical to understand how factors structuring plant communities will be influenced by global changes. Nevertheless, little is known about the potential for the size and abundance of gastropods to be altered by the individual and combined effects of elevated atmospheric CO 2 and increased deposition of N. Previous work suggests that responses of herbivore abundance to these global changes seem likely to depend, in part, upon the changes in the quantity of plant biomass available for consumption, and changes in the nutritional quality of this plant material for gastropod survival, development, and reproduction. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effect of elevated CO 2 and increased N deposition on gastropod size and abundance, as well as the effects on plant community production and N status. Elevated CO 2 depressed the size of gastropods early in the growing season by 29% to 42%, increased mid-season gastropod abundance by 38% to 43%, and depressed abundance late in the growing season by 21% to 29%. These changes in gastropod size and abundance were due largely to the modification of plant tissue quality and quantity. Increased N deposition, in contrast, influenced neither gastropod abundance nor per capita biomass during any part of the growing season. Neither elevated CO 2 nor increased N deposition disrupted the temporal synchrony between plant production and slug abundance.
- Published
- 2007
41. Invasive alien species in an era of globalization
- Author
-
Harold A. Mooney and Laura A. Meyerson
- Subjects
Data sharing ,Globalization ,Ecology ,Emerging technologies ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,Information networks ,Economic geography ,business ,Alien species ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Experimental research ,Pace - Abstract
Globalization facilitates the spread of invasive alien species (IAS) as international commerce develops new trade routes, markets, and products. New technologies increase the pace at which humans and commodities can move around the world. Recent research on IAS at the global scale has examined commerce and travel in order to inform predictions, risk analyses, and policy. Due to limited data, regional-scale studies have primarily focused on invasion patterns rather than impacts. Local-scale experimental research can identify mechanisms and impacts of biological invasions, but the results may not be applicable at larger spatial scales. However, the number of information networks devoted to IAS is increasing globally and may help integrate IAS research at all scales, particularly if data sharing and compatibility can be improved. Integrating ecological and economic factors with trade analysis to explore the effectiveness of different approaches for preventing invasions is a promising approach at the global s...
- Published
- 2007
42. Linking biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being: three challenges for designing research for sustainability
- Author
-
Martin Solan, Ralf Seppelt, Belinda Reyers, Harold A. Mooney, E.F. Viglizzo, Karine Payet, Elena Lazos, Wolfgang Cramer, Sandra Díaz, Teja Tscharntke, Unai Pascual, Peter Roebeling, Natalia Pérez Harguindeguy, Garry D. Peterson, Ilse R. Geijzendorffer, Billie Turner, Elena M. Bennett, Louis Lebel, Piran C. L. White, Sandra Lavorel, Petra Tschakert, Benis N. Egoh, Anne Hélène Prieur-Richard, Berta Martín-López, Peter H. Verburg, Georgina Cundill, Alpina Begossi, Jeanne L. Nel, Patrick Meyfroidt, Guy Woodward, Cornelia B. Krug, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Insituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba [Argentina], Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institute of Ethics and Transdisciplinary Sustainability Research, Land Economy, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, VU University Amsterdam, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU)
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Best practice ,010501 environmental sciences ,Environment ,01 natural sciences ,Sustainability Science ,12. Responsible consumption ,Ecosystem services ,Ciencias de la Tierra y relacionadas con el Medio Ambiente ,11. Sustainability ,Ecosystem ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,SDG 15 - Life on Land ,Scope (project management) ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,Oceanografía, Hidrología, Recursos Hídricos ,1. No poverty ,Sustainability science ,General Social Sciences ,Biodiversity ,15. Life on land ,Natural resource ,Sustainability ,13. Climate action ,Ecosystem management ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,business ,CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS - Abstract
Ecosystem services have become a mainstream concept for the expression of values assigned by people to various functions of ecosystems. Even though the introduction of the concept has initiated a vast amount of research, progress in using this knowledge for sustainable resource use remains insufficient. We see a need to broaden the scope of research to answer three key questions that we believe will improve incorporation of ecosystem service research into decision-making for the sustainable use of natural resources to improve human well-being: (i) how are ecosystem services co-produced by social–ecological systems, (ii) who benefits from the provision of ecosystem services, and (iii) what are the best practices for the governance of ecosystem services? Here, we present these key questions, the rationale behind them, and their related scientific challenges in a globally coordinated research programme aimed towards improving sustainable ecosystem management. These questions will frame the activities of ecoSERVICES, formerly a DIVERSITAS project and now a project of Future Earth, in its role as a platform to foster global coordination of multidisciplinary sustainability science through the lens of ecosystem services. Fil: Bennett, E. M.. McGill University; Canadá Fil: Cramer, Wolfgang. Aix Marseille Université; Francia. Avignon Université; Francia Fil: Begossi, Alpina. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brasil. Universidade Santa Cecília; Brasil Fil: Cundill, Georgina. Rhodes University; Sudáfrica Fil: Díaz, Sandra Myrna. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Egoh, Benis N.. University of KwaZulu-Natal; Sudáfrica Fil: Geijzendorffer, Ilse R.. Aix Marseille Université; Francia. Avignon Université; Francia Fil: Krug, Cornelia B.. Université de Paris XI; Francia Fil: Lavorel, Sandra. Université Grenoble Alpes; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Lazos, Elena. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Lebel, Louis. Chiang Mai University; Tailandia Fil: Martín López, Berta. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; España. Universidad de Copenhagen; Dinamarca Fil: Meyfroidt, Patrick. Université Catholique de Louvain; Bélgica Fil: Mooney, Harold A.. University of Stanford; Estados Unidos Fil: Nel, Jeanne L.. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; Sudáfrica Fil: Pascual, Unai. Basque Centre for Climate Change; España. University of Cambridge; Reino Unido Fil: Payet, Karine. Aix Marseille Université; Francia. Avignon Université; Francia Fil: Pérez Harguindeguy, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Peterson, Garry D.. Stockholms Universitet; Suecia Fil: Prieur Richard, Anne Hélène. Museum National D; Francia Fil: Reyers, Belinda. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; Sudáfrica Fil: Roebeling, Peter. University of Aveiro; Portugal Fil: Seppelt, Ralf. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Alemania. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Alemania Fil: Solan, Martin. University of Southampton; Reino Unido Fil: Tschakert, Petra. State University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unidos Fil: Tscharntke, Teja. Georg August University; Alemania Fil: Turner II, B. L.. Arizona State University; Estados Unidos Fil: Verburg, Peter H.. University of Amsterdam; Países Bajos Fil: Viglizzo, Ernesto Francisco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional La Pampa-San Luis; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: White, Piran C. L.. University of York; Reino Unido Fil: Woodward, Guy. Imperial College London; Reino Unido
- Published
- 2015
43. Systems integration for global sustainability
- Author
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Peter H. Gleick, Shuxin Li, Vanessa Hull, Steven J. Davis, Thomas W. Hertel, Claire Kremen, Joanne Gaskell, Harold A. Mooney, Karen C. Seto, Jane Lubchenco, and Jianguo Liu
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Spillover effect ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Planetary boundaries ,Environmental resource management ,Sustainability ,System integration ,Environmental pollution ,business ,Temporal scales ,Ecosystem services - Abstract
Seeking systems-based solutions Without sustainable solutions, the world's most pressing environmental concerns will continue to persist or worsen. Achieving the goal of sustainability involves so many factors—from economics to ecology—that investigating one or even a handful of variables at a time often overlooks major parts of the problem. Liu et al. review systems-based approaches that are beginning to provide tenable ways to assess sustainability. Further integrating coupled human and natural components of a problem across multiple dimensions, including how one solution can create unintended consequences elsewhere, is essential for developing effective policies that seek global sustainability. Science , this issue 10.1126/science.1258832
- Published
- 2015
44. Threshold responses to interacting global changes in a California grassland ecosystem
- Author
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Harold A. Mooney, Christopher B. Field, and Peter M. Vitousek
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Ecology ,Agroforestry ,food and beverages ,Environmental science ,natural sciences ,sense organs ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Grassland ecosystem ,complex mixtures - Abstract
Final Report for Threshold responses to interacting global changes in a California grassland ecosystem
- Published
- 2015
45. Reconciling Carbon-cycle Concepts, Terminology, and Methods
- Author
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Richard A. Houghton, Deborah A. Clark, Mark E. Harmon, George M. Woodwell, Riccardo Valentini, Jerry M. Melillo, F. S. Chapin, Steven W. Running, William H. Schlesinger, Michael L. Goulden, James T. Randerson, Pamela A. Matson, Harold A. Mooney, David S. Schimel, Martin Heimann, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Christian Wirth, Edward B. Rastetter, Jennifer W. Harden, Gary M. Lovett, Ernst Detlef Schulze, Michael L. Pace, Michael G. Ryan, A. D. McGuire, Osvaldo E. Sala, Robert W. Howarth, John D. Aber, Jason C. Neff, and Jonathan J. Cole
- Subjects
ecosystem respiration ,net ecosystem exchange ,Biome ,Wetland ,Atmospheric sciences ,net biome production ,Carbon cycle ,Physical Sciences and Mathematics ,Environmental Chemistry ,net ecosystem carbon balance ,Ecosystem ,Autotroph ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,geography ,Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Ecology ,net primary production ,Primary production ,net ecosystem production ,gross primary production ,heterotrophic respiration ,Environmental science ,autotrophic respiration ,Ecosystem respiration - Abstract
Recent projections of climatic change have focused a great deal of scientific and public attention on patterns of carbon (C) cycling as well as its controls, particularly the factors that determine whether an ecosystem is a net source or sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Net ecosystem production (NEP), a central concept in C-cycling research, has been used by scientists to represent two different concepts. We propose that NEP be restricted to just one of its two original definitions-the imbalance between gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER). We further propose that a new term-net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB)-be applied to the net rate of C accumulation in (or loss from [negative sign]) ecosystems. Net ecosystem carbon balance differs from NEP when C fluxes other than C fixation and respiration occur, or when inorganic C enters or leaves in dissolved form. These fluxes include the leaching loss or lateral transfer of C from the ecosystem; the emission of volatile organic C, methane, and carbon monoxide; and the release of soot and CO2 from fire. Carbon fluxes in addition to NEP are particularly important determinants of NECB over long time scales. However, even over short time scales, they are important in ecosystems such as streams, estuaries, wetlands, and cities. Recent technological advances have led to a diversity of approaches to the measurement of C fluxes at different temporal and spatial scales. These approaches frequently capture different components of NEP or NECB and can therefore be compared across scales only by carefully specifying the fluxes included in the measurements. By explicitly identifying the fluxes that comprise NECB and other components of the C cycle, such as net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and net biome production (NBP), we can provide a less ambiguous framework for understanding and communicating recent changes in the global C cycle.
- Published
- 2006
46. Interactive Effects of Fire, Elevated Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Deposition, and precipitation on a California Annual Grassland
- Author
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Harold A. Mooney, Christopher B. Field, Nona R. Chiariello, Peter M. Vitousek, and Hugh A. L. Henry
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Canopy ,Ecology ,Growing season ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Productivity (ecology) ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,Nitrate ,Carbon dioxide ,Litter ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Ecosystem ,Deposition (chemistry) ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Although it is widely accepted that elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N) deposition, and climate change will alter ecosystem productivity and function in the coming decades, the combined effects of these environmental changes may be nonadditive, and their interactions may be altered by disturbances, such as fire. We examined the influence of a summer wildfire on the interactive effects of elevated CO2, N deposition, and increased precipitation in a full-factorial experiment conducted in a California annual grassland. In unburned plots, primary production was suppressed under elevated CO2. Burning alone did not significantly affect production, but it increased total production in combination with nitrate additions and removed the suppressive effect of elevated CO2. Increased production in response to nitrate in burned plots occurred as a result of the enhanced aboveground production of annual grasses and forbs, whereas the removal of the suppressive effect of elevated CO2 occurred as a result of increased aboveground forb production in burned, CO2-treated plots and decreased root production in burned plots under ambient CO2.The tissue nitrogen–phosphorus ratio, which was assessed for annual grass shoots, decreased with burning and increased with nitrate addition. Burning removed surface litter from plots, resulting in an increase in maximum daily soil temperatures and a decrease in soil moisture both early and late in the growing season. Measures of vegetation greenness, based on canopy spectral reflectance, showed that plants in burned plots grew rapidly early in the season but senesced early. Overall, these results indicate that fire can alter the effects of elevated CO2 and N addition on productivity in the short term, possibly by promoting increased phosphorus availability.
- Published
- 2006
47. The United States, China, and invasive species: present status and future prospects
- Author
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Harold A. Mooney and Peter T. Jenkins
- Subjects
Ecology ,Natural resource economics ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,Introduced species ,Biology ,China ,business ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Invasive species - Abstract
The exploding increase in trade between the United States and China, which share comparable ecosystem types, will result in unwanted establishment of alien invasive species that will inflict considerable ecological and economic damage. This undesirable result can be avoided by marshaling management tools and policy instruments that are readily available. High-level policy action is necessary to put the proper and available safeguards in place, and quickly.
- Published
- 2006
48. Response of radish to multiple stresses
- Author
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Harold A. Mooney, R. Eckardt, C. Vinten Johansen, E. J. Pell, William E. Winner, and Judith P. Sinn
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biology ,Physiology ,Environmental factor ,food and beverages ,Raphanus ,Plant Science ,Raphanus raphanistrum ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease_cause ,Hypocotyl ,Light intensity ,Horticulture ,Shoot ,Botany ,Relative growth rate ,medicine ,Water content - Abstract
Experiments were conducted to determine what impact ozone (03) and/or soil moisture deficit had on the growth and development of radish plants. Plants of Raphanus sativus L. Cherry Belle and Raphanus sativus x raphanistrum (wild type) grown in modified open-top chambers, were treated with 03 and/or subjected to reduced soil moisture throughout growth and development. Experiments were performed in the spring and autumn of 1989. Plants of both genotypes exhibited a more adverse response to soil moisture deficit in the spring experiment and to 03 in the autumn experiment. The higher light intensity and temperature prevailing in the spring, in contrast to those during the autumn, were thought to favour a negative impact of reduced soil moisture. The spring conditions fostered high relative growth rate and more rapid water loss by the shoot on both a relative and absolute basis. These same conditions may have placed the plants in a physiological state which minimized toxicity by 03. Carbon partitioning in the spring favoured reproduction while the autumn carbon was preferentially partitioned to the hypocotyl and foliage for Cherry Belle and Wild Type, respectively. The importance of these partitioning differences between genotypes was explored as it related to injurious and compensatory responses to the two stresses. Since the plants were not equally sensitive to reduced soil moisture and 03, in the same experiments, interactions were frequently absent. When interactions occurred, 03 injury was reduced in plants also grown in soil with reduced moisture content.
- Published
- 2006
49. Materials and methods for carbon dioxide and water exchange analysis§
- Author
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Arnold J. Bloom, Joseph A. Berry, Harold A. Mooney, and Olle Björkman
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Light intensity ,Adsorption ,Supercritical carbon dioxide ,chemistry ,Physiology ,Environmental chemistry ,Carbon dioxide ,Plant Science ,Water exchange ,Photosynthesis ,Negative carbon dioxide emission ,Transpiration - Abstract
Some of the materials which are commonly used in equipment for carbon dioxide and water exchange analysis can adsorb substantial amounts of carbon dioxide and water and, thus, may cause large experimental errors. Also presented are procedures for determining the influence of light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature upon photosynthesis and transpiration.
- Published
- 2006
50. Reduced nitrate leaching and enhanced denitrifier activity and efficiency in organically fertilized soils
- Author
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Brendan J. M. Bohannan, Harold A. Mooney, John P. Reganold, Jerry D. Glover, and Sasha Kramer
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Nitrates ,Multidisciplinary ,Denitrification ,Integrated farming ,business.industry ,Intensive farming ,Agriculture ,Environmental pollution ,Biological Sciences ,Soil ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nitrate ,chemistry ,Agronomy ,Organic farming ,Soil Pollutants ,Environmental science ,Organic matter ,Environmental Pollution ,Fertilizers ,business ,Ecosystem - Abstract
Conventional agriculture has improved in crop yield but at large costs to the environment, particularly off-site pollution from mineral N fertilizers. In response to environmental concerns, organic agriculture has become an increasingly popular option. One component of organic agriculture that remains in question is whether it can reduce agricultural N losses to groundwater and the atmosphere relative to conventional agriculture. Here we report reduced N pollution from organic and integrated farming systems compared with a conventional farming system. We evaluated differences in denitrification potential and a suite of other soil biological and chemical properties in soil samples taken from organic, integrated, and conventional treatments in an experimental apple orchard. Organically farmed soils exhibited higher potential denitrification rates, greater denitrification efficiency, higher organic matter, and greater microbial activity than conventionally farmed soils. The observed differences in denitrifier function were then assessed under field conditions after fertilization. N 2 O emissions were not significantly different among treatments; however, N 2 emissions were highest in organic plots. Annual nitrate leaching was 4.4–5.6 times higher in conventional plots than in organic plots, with the integrated plots in between. This study demonstrates that organic and integrated fertilization practices support more active and efficient denitrifier communities, shift the balance of N 2 emissions and nitrate losses, and reduce environmentally damaging nitrate losses. Although this study specifically examines a perennial orchard system, the ecological and biogeochemical processes we evaluated are present in all agroecosystems, and the reductions in nitrate loss in this study could also be achievable in other cropping systems.
- Published
- 2006
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