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The research aimed to know the effect of parental leadership represented by (benevolent leadership, moral leadership, and authoritarian leadership) found in the research sample, in the organizational familiarity (employee morale, empowerment, and objective merit), the research relied on the questionnaire as a key instrument to collect the necessary data to meet its goal. As (60) forms were distributed to find the level of availability of parental leadership and organizational harmony, while (56) forms were retrieved. A set of statistical methods were used, represented by normal distribution, stability factor (Alpha Kronbach), reliability, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and coefficient Simple correlation Pearson, multiple regression coefficient. The results showed that there is a positive correlation and effect relationship with statistically significant between parental leadership with its dimensions (benevolent leadership, moral leadership, authoritarian leadership) and organizational affiliation with its dimensions (employee morale, empowerment, and merit's Objectivity), and the research showed a direct impact relationship between parental leadership and the organizational affiliation of the studied sample. Accordingly, the research concluded that the study sample should pay attention to the nature and type of empowering workers in order to give them freedom and independence in making decisions regarding the tasks assigned to them.

0. Abstract Vowel harmony in the Eastern Nilotic languages Maasai (Tucker & Mpaayei 1955) and Turkana (Dimmendaal 1983) is dominant-recessive: a [+ATR] vowel in either a root or a suffix causes all other vowels in the word to become [+ATR]. The phonemic low vowel in both of these languages behaves differently depending on its position in the word relative to the source of [+ATR], a fact that has previously been accounted for by two directional [+ATR] spreading rules subject to distinct conditions (Archangeli & Pulleyblank 1994, Albert 1995). I propose instead that the distinction between these two directions of harmony is (indirectly) determined by the cycle, and that harmony is due to a single bidirectional mechanism. A cyclic account makes a number of nontrivial and restrictive predictions that a directional account does not. First, a grammar in which the conditions on the two directions of harmony are somehow reversed is predicted not to exist. Second, the cyclic account crucially depends on the indirect blocking of harmony by another process that respects the cycle, and so the absence of such a process entails the absence of a directional asymmetry. Third, a grammar in which harmony only operates in one direction and not the other is predicted not to exist. Finally, only the cyclic account can readily handle a set of additional facts in Turkana.

According to Hofstede’s (2003) often quoted survey, Japanese and Thai cultures rank high on the collectivist scale and both cultures attach the greatest importance to group harmony. Accordingly, we should see similar characteristics in Japanese and Thai speakers during discussions within their respective social groups. However, this is not the case. This paper examines social talk during the task-oriented interaction of Japanese and Thai speakers. The analysis focuses on how the speakers of Japanese and Thai present themselves and construct rapport in casual group talk. Using the concept of consciousness deployed in ‘idea units’ (Chafe 1980, 1994) and some semantic considerations, I identify three major differences in rapport construction between Japanese and Thai speakers. First, Japanese participants prefer to build common ground through discussion of communal topics and through dealing with the comprehensiveness and the orderliness of the situation, whereas Thai participants incline toward Individual-oriented topics and independent styles of talk. Second, the Japanese show a preference for using softening devices and conventionalized expressions in group discussion while the Thais tend to use intensifiers and spontaneous expressions to indicate involvement and create a friendly and fun atmosphere. Third, the Japanese like to demonstrate the minimization of self and the relevancy between the self and the collective whereas the Thais value the capitalization of the self and the strengthening of personal relationships. Japanese and Thai communicative styles can be viewed as reflection of the different way the two cultures conceptualize the notion of rapport and the self. With regard to the component of rapport management (Spencer-Oatey 2000), the Japanese place more emphasis on the observation of sociality rights, while the Thais incline toward the management of face. This suggests that rapport construction in collectivist cultures may possess totally different characters.

In light of the tendency in studies of Japanese discourse and communication to account for patterns of social interaction in terms of cultural concepts such as wa (“harmony”), omoiyari (“empathy”), and enryo (“restraint”), this report sets out to demonstrate how much of an endogenously produced, local achievement social interaction can be in Japanese. To do so, the techniques and principles of conversation analysis are employed to describe how a particular social action, the expression of concession to statements of opposition, is produced by participants in a set of Japanese university faculty meetings. Although it is suggested that the very direct and explicit design of the concession displays could be explained in terms of concepts such as wa and/or enryo, it is nonetheless argued that the interactional significance of this action can be best understood by undertaking a detailed, sequential analysis of the interaction. The analysis itself is divided into two parts: First it is demonstrated that the concessions are products of the participants’ close attendance to and monitoring of the details of the unfolding interaction; second it is shown that instead of turning to pre-determined cultural concepts to account for the trajectory of the interaction, it is possible to understand the concession displays by situating them within the flow of the interaction itself.

Organizations underperform, or fail, when members do not partner with managers (through subtle resistance, disagreement, protest, or walk-out) to achieve common purpose. A manager boosts partnering not with a pretense of leadership but with a nuanced balance of managerial authority and understanding of members’ point of view. The main objective of this article is to sharpen attention on the concept of partnership with organization members and how it relates to some of the important previous literature. We also provide our perspectives on how some of the previous work attributes to misconceptions related to these concepts. Our raison d'etre is forward looking: the dangerous societal and cultural differences clearly evident in the world, differences that surround management’s decisions that may induce an overuse of authority to quash disquiet. Using our experiences in both industry and academia, we argue that the activating link between managers and members is leadership, not “leadership” thought of as directional and inspirational, but leadership as building a relationship toward common purpose through partnership. “Lead” and “leader” are sorely misused, and worse, substituting “leader” for “manager” is just plain wrong. We believe that a leader is not a leader until followers agree to follow, not when the manager steps forward energetically with direction. Managers are cheated by mistaken definitions. Reviewing past perspectives about what makes “good” leaders and managers, we rethink ways to enhance organizational harmony particularly through a clearer understanding of managership, leadership, followership, and partnership. We discuss how managers and members thinking and acting as partners in “common purpose” is the core of success in organization endeavors.

In this paper, we study how to learn a harmonious deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based lane-changing strategy for autonomous vehicles without Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication support. The basic framework of this paper can be viewed as a multi-agent reinforcement learning in which different agents will exchange their strategies after each round of learning to reach a zero-sum game state. Unlike cooperation driving, harmonious driving only relies on individual vehicles' limited sensing results to balance overall and individual efficiency. Specifically, we propose a well-designed reward that combines individual efficiency with overall efficiency for harmony, instead of only emphasizing individual interests like competitive strategy. Testing results show that competitive strategy often leads to selfish lane change behaviors, anarchy of crowd, and thus the degeneration of traffic efficiency. In contrast, the proposed harmonious strategy can promote traffic efficiency in both free flow and traffic jam than the competitive strategy. This interesting finding indicates that we should take care of the reward setting for reinforcement learning-based AI robots (e.g., automated vehicles) design, when the utilities of these robots are not strictly in alignment.

This research unveiled the local wisdom values of wawar tradition that have been passed down from generation to generation among indigenous people in Kei islands that can be the driving force and conclusion to various social phenomena such as conflict, violence, and radicalism. This is a qualitative study with a descriptive analytical approach to 35 informants as the respondents. The results show that Wawar’s local wisdom values, such as Tet Yaa, can manifest respect for and respect for attitudes, actions, words, and actions concretely in everyday life. Ain Ni Ain can manifest belonging to each other, brotherhood, loving others despite different religions, ethnicities and social statuses. Ha Maren, Yel Lim can embody the attitude of helping, giving and receiving in all aspects of life. On the other hand, the findings indicated that wawar tradition was a local wisdom capable of fostering an atmosphere of civilization and social order since this tradition contained social and moral values, which were able to gather and organize the social integrity of the community from all walks of life inhabiting Kei islands. Mutual respect and sharing, spirit of brotherhood and harmony were maintained amidst the ever growing onslaught of modern culture. Hence, wawar local culture as the identity of indigenous peoples among the school and students can be developed into learning sources so that education is able to prepare future generations who have cultural identity and self-integrity based on the values of local cultures and traditions.

I analyze the epistemic strategies used by paleontologists (between 1830–1930) to reconstruct features of ancient organisms from fossilized bodies and footprints by presenting two heuristics: (1) a “claim of harmony” which posits the harmonious interaction of natural objects in order for complex systems to be simplified and (2) the “kintsugi heuristic” which is used inter-theoretically to explore new claims of harmony. I apply these to three successive historical cases: Georges Cuvier’s laws of correlation, the panpsychist paleontology of Edward Drinker Cope, and the single-character approach of Henry Fairfield Osborn.

Background/Aim. Analyses of the cephalometric value of profile radiographs are very important for orthodontic diagnosis and planning of therapy. These values differ morphologically depending on ethnic and racial affiliation. The aim of this study was to confirm variations of cephalometric norms and the extent of their value and, according to them, confirm the harmony concept of craniofacial morphology among the young Serbian population in Kosovo and Metohija. Methods. This retrospective study comprised 183 profile radiograms of patients from Kosovo and Metohija, Serbia, aged 8?33, from which Class I was ascertained among 82 patients (53 female and 29 male). Five cephalometric angles were measured and analyzed. Pearson?s correlation coefficient was used to define the strength of correlation between the five variables. Bivariable linear regression was used to form harmonious combinations of individual values in the insight of craniofacial harmonious form. Multiple regression and standard error were used to form a harmonious schema. Results. Linear regression equations were used to define cephalometric floating norms. They helped us form a harmonious box and harmonious schema of craniofacial norms of the participants. The ex-tent of harmonious value for orthognathic profile of our examinees varies for sella nasion subspinale (SNA) angle from 78? to 81?, for sella nasion supramentale (SNB) angle from 75.1? to 78.1?, for maxillary line ? nasion sella line (NL-NSL) angle from 11.5? to 5.5?, for nasion sella basion (NSBa) angle from 134.7? to 125.8?, and for mandibulary line ? nasion sella line (ML-NSL) angle from 40.5? to 30.6?. Conclusion. Cephalometric floating norms that describe the individual craniofacial pattern among the young Serbian population in Kosovo and Metohija, determined and defined by five cephalometric variables, and presented in the form of a harmonious box and harmonious schema and can accurately determine the craniofacial pattern.

The increased awareness about the effect of operations on sustainability dynamics and governmental pressure to cut emission rates has forced industries to adopt sustainable approaches such as Green Lean Six Sigma (GLSS). Despite increasing interest in GLSS, very limited research has focused on its implementation and no research has investigated barriers that hinder GLSS execution. This article investigates GLSS implementation barriers, their relationship, and removal of same in the manufacturing sector. In this article, 18 GLSS barriers have been recognized through literature review and formulated into logical groups using principal component analysis. This article pioneers with decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory with intuitionistic fuzzy (IF) set to prioritize barriers and handle the important and causal relationship among the same. The results of the article were validated through the IF best-worst method (BWM). The results reveal that management-related barriers are the top ranked followed by environmental and organization barriers with BWM weights 0.5283, 0.1704, and 0.1035, respectively. This provides impetus to policymakers for the induction of GLSS in business organizations to make harmony between economic development and environmental sustainability.

This article explores a case of human–wildlife cohabitation in the Rodopi mountains of Bulgaria, wherein people and brown bears ( Ursus arctos) have adapted to living together in relative harmony. While this is due to a variety of factors, chief among these is the way both people and bears appear to pursue knowledge of one another and act on this knowledge so as to actively minimize potential for conflict. We draw on this case to contribute to growing discussion concerning how nonhumans should be understood and included within conservation policymaking. While conservation has conventionally been understood as something humans do on behalf of other species, a growing body of “more-than-human” research challenges this perspective as “anthropocentric” in arguing that nonhumans should be considered “co-constitutive actors” of the spaces they occupy. Based on this understanding, some go so far as to assert that a “multispecies ethics” demands that nonhumans be actively included in decision-making concerning such spaces’ governance. While our study indeed demonstrates that both humans and bears seem to mold their behavior in relation to their sensing of the other’s behavior, it also demonstrates that knowledge of bears’ behavior is ultimately always interpreted by humans in conservation management. Moreover, different groups of stakeholders hold different knowledge of bears that influence their attitudes and behavior towards the animals. The study thus raises important questions concerning how to incorporate bears (and other nonhumans) within conservation decision-making, and whose knowledge should be privileged in the process.

In Canada (Attorney General) v Fairmont Hotels Inc 2016 SCC 56 the Supreme Court of Canada corrected a wrong turn in the Canadian law of rectification, returning it to a position of harmony with the approach taken in English and Australian law. This note examines the case and explores the position adopted in two leading Commonwealth jurisdictions: England and Australia.

The article is devoted to the issue of repatriation of Ainu ancestral remains, collected by Japanese researchers in the second half of the 19th - 20th centuries. It is the most crucial current issue for many Ainu people who are trying to regain the language, the distinct culture, and identity. The article analyzes the positions of the Japanese Government, the Hokkaido Ainu Association and Ainu rights activist groups and movements. The article examines the contradictions that arose in Japanese society concerning the process of repatriation. Discussions in Japanese society during this problem were analyzed, and its significance for the Ainu communities is revealed. It was found that the discussions mainly arise in connection with the idea of transferring the remains to the memorial hall located in Symbolic Spaces for Ethnic Harmony, which was opened in July 2020. Research also showed that the problem under study is largely related to limitations in ethnic policy implementation and realization of indigenous peoples rights in Japan. In addition, the process of repatriation of Ainu ancestral remains is compounded by the lack of unity of the Ainu as a community. Therefore, reaching agreement between the government, the academic community, and critical Ainu rights activist groups proved extremely difficult. However, it was concluded that there is a potential to resolve the issue and consensus could be reached in the near future.

The article studies the role of the observer - the subject of acoustic perception of poetic narrative, in particular, in the construction of a dual reality in the early work by Alexander Blok Poems about the Beautiful Lady. Acoustic perceptual data is the basis for the creation of complex mystical and philosophical symbols and poetic images. The divine, ideal world of the Beautiful Lady and the real world of the lyric hero are in opposition to each other in acoustic terms, which give rise to the opposition HARMONY - DISHARMONY. The opposition is realized in musical sounds, songs, and bell ringing typical of the upper world. The real world is characterized by other sounds, non-musical: groans, creaks, complaints, and crying. Accordingly, emotions also differ in value depending on belonging to one or another world: in the world of the Beautiful Lady they quietly laugh, rejoice; in the world of the lyrical hero they cry, moan, complain. SILENCE is a significant symbol of the divine world. The world of the Beautiful Lady is thus harmonious, musical and quiet. Its important element is the voices of birds: swans, cranes, eagles. Smell, touch and taste play a minor role in the creation of the Bloks dual reality. Temperature sensations participate in the formation of the COLD symbol as a phenomenon hostile to the divine world. Thus, the concept of dual reality in Bloks early lyrics is embodied in a number of acoustic oppositions and acoustic symbols of silence, song, and bell ringing.

In Russia, the aim to attain biosafety is declared in the strategic political documents without being adequately addressed in law relating to interaction between human communities and natural systems. To involve the ecological approaches into environmental legislation it seems reasonable to include into the general concept of beneficial quality of the environment the biological health of nature, when the impact of pathogenic, disease generating factors emanated by nature shall be minimized. The legal regulation should be based on the ecosystem and nature-based approach assuming that social development should follow and be in harmony with laws of nature. This approach will allow to upkeep the biological balance and biological health of nature and ensure biological safety of nature for human communities.

PurposeWith the increasing digitalization processes taking place in different industries, the success of family small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) appears to be more under threat than for any other types of organizations, especially when information technologies (ITs) are not adequately used and managed. To grow and increase the chances of survival, family SMEs need more than ever IT. Stemming from agency theory, the aim of this article is to understand whether family harmony impacts the performance of family SMEs and to what extent IT mediates this relationship.Design/methodology/approachThe research follows a quantitative approach, based on a sample of 182 family SMEs. Structured equation modeling, through SmartPLS, was employed to validate the research model.FindingsThis study’s main findings suggest that family harmony positively impacts firm performance and that IT governance and strategy mediate positively this relationship.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, the relatively limited number of respondents limits the degree of representativeness of all family SMEs. Replicating the research with a larger number of respondents could strengthen the findings. Second, this study is limited to French firms and future research could extend the findings by looking at cross-country comparisons.Practical implicationsFamily SMEs are encouraged to link their IT governance with their IT strategy in order to increase their organizational performance. A favorable family harmony will make it easier to choose and implement a richer IT strategy and put in place an adequate IT governance function.Originality/valueThis research offers an enriched knowledge of the roles of family harmony and technological innovation in family SMEs and IT contexts as significant predictors of organizational performance. It contributes to family firm theory through the identification of three determinants of family SMEs' performance.

Cuando las empresas y unidades productivas de los sectores económicos logran disminuir las brechas entre las complejidades del sector externo y las dinámicas internas a través de mecanismos mediáticos es posible alcanzar la armonía, lo cual significa que el hecho evaluativo de las categorías permite identificar cuáles son las fallas que presenta la empresa y en qué campo se debe actuar para cambiar la gestión de forma que sea más competitiva. A partir de esta postura el presente artículo propone una herramienta mediada por el uso de las TIC que permita caracterizar los procesos de auditoría interna en las localidades seleccionadas (Tunjuelito y Antonio Nariño), específicamente en los barrios Policarpa y La Alquería en la ciudad de Bogotá, mediante visitas y trabajos de campo en diversas jornadas investigativas y pedagógicas, y de esa manera sensibilizar a la población en cuanto a la importancia del estudio, facilitando así su participación activa en la investigación, y aportando en el diseño de estrategias de mejora, según los hallazgos, donde al final queden lecciones aprendidas, no sólo para el sector sino para toda la comunidad educativa y profesional del área disciplinar, que permitan impactar positivamente el entorno, en esta ocasión del sector seleccionado. When the companies and productive units of the economic sectors manage to minimize the existing gaps between the complexities of the external sector and the internal dynamics through media mechanisms. It is possible to make a harmony, this means that, the evaluative fact of the categories allows to identify which are the faults that the company presents and in which action must be taken to change in the management and it is more competitive. Under this position, this presentation aims to present the proposal of a tool and instrument, mediated by the use of ICT, that allows characterizing the internal audit processes in the selected localities (Tunjuelito and Antonio Nariño) specifically Policarpa and La Alqueria neighborhoods in the city of Bogotá, through visits and field work in various research and pedagogical conferences: in this way, to achieve awareness among the population about the importance of the study, thus facilitating their active participation in research, and contributing to the design of research strategies. Improvement, according to the findings, where in the end there are not only lessons learned for the sector, but also for the entire educational and professional community of the disciplinary area, which allow a positive impact on the environment, on this occasion of the selected sector.

Research on recycling has advanced across different disciplines, although the current knowledge about recycling behaviors at the corporate level remains elusive. While most studies on recycling are focused on households, there is no indication that people who recycle at home engage in similar behavior when at work. To understand how to facilitate recycling at work, this study investigates recycling behavior at work and its antecedents. The study adopts a sequential exploratory mixed method (MM) approach as its methodological framework, using semi-structured interviews and statistical analysis through structural equation modelling (SEM). According to the findings, factors such as types and volumes of waste, responsibility/accountability, personal control, recycling schemes, institutional supports, and group harmony contribute to recycling behavior in organizational settings. The study demonstrates contextual attributes' contribution, particularly organizational support and social context of recycling to employees' recycling behavior. For recycling to be normative at the corporate level, this MM study argues for the need to harmonize schemes within and across contexts. There is a need to install similar recycling schemes and facilities within and across waste generation contexts to reduce the recycling complexity and maintain consistency in recycling behavior. This study's findings could assist waste planners and policymakers in designing effective waste management schemes that would contribute to the circular economy initiatives. We further discussed the implication of the study.

The environment consists of natural elements (e.g., wildlife, air, and water) and social elements (e.g., humans and social institutions). While these two elements should be in a state of harmony, t...

This study is conducted to analyze the context of toxic relationships and find out the characteristics and negative impacts of toxic relationships in a story, After, written by Anna Todd, published in 2013. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method because the process of the results and discussion are accomplished descriptively. One of the significant theories used in this research is proposed by Glass (1995) who claims that toxic relationship is any relationship between people who do not support each other, there is conflict and one seeks to undermine the other, a competition, and disrespect and a lack of cohesiveness. The characteristics of toxic relationships which are analyzed are excessive romantic jealousy, egoism (selfishness) of the partner, and lack of honesty. The negative impacts which are analyzed are disrespect and abuse. The results of this study are that toxic relationships are dangerous and should be avoided by a couple to get a harmony.

Knowledge exchange is the key to help knowledge-intensive firms (KIFs) innovate and communicate with their clients. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many assumptions have been challenged, and as a consequence, this study aims to investigate the effect of the pandemic on knowledge exchange processes in KIFs and how firms responded to the pressing challenges that consequently emerged. This study illustrates how KIFs managed to navigate through the pandemic and exchanged knowledge with their clients in a new dynamic landscape despite the challenges that affected their client base and knowledge workers alike. Using multiple data sources, including 27 interviews, observation, informal conversations, and virtual guided tours, the article provides a three-phase framework with the assistance of a simplified process lens. The framework phases (disharmony, normalisation, and harmony) illustrate how KIFs responded to the challenges, developed capabilities, and provided support.

The research is focused on the styles of Javanese political leadership revealed in the novel Arok Dedes written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The Javanese leadership style is a cultural heritage and deserves to be maintained and revitalized and to be adjusted to the changing of times. Javanese people live side by side in harmony with cultural norms and values and lifestyle becomes an ethnic identity. The objectives are to find styles and how the styles of Javanese political leadership are revealed in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s novel Arok Dedes. A theory of Javanese leadership style, with its slogan of 5Ms is used a base and the whole research is conducted by means of descriptive qualitative method revealing the individual personality. The results show that the 5Ms of style are found in the novel: 1) melek/awas (awareness), 2) melik (sense of ownership), 3) muluk (poverty solution, 4) melok (aspiration realization), and 5) meluk (accomodation), all of which are performed by a leader of Tumapel district, named Ken Arok.

Because of the strong demand for English language teachers (ELTs) at different educational levels in Asian countries, many kindergartens are hiring ELTs to teach English courses as part of regular early childhood curricula. Collaboration between classroom early childhood teachers (ECTs) and ELTs significantly affects children’s English learning. Via observations and interviews, this study examined seven Taiwanese ECTs’ perspectives on and experiences of collaborative teaching with ELTs and analyzed the factors influencing this collaboration. The results showed that most participants collaborated minimally with ELTs and usually followed a “one teach, one assist” approach. Organizational, interpersonal, and personal factors affected collaboration. Specifically, this study’s findings suggest that traditional Chinese values, with their emphasis on harmony, may prevent ECTs from offering advice, co-planning curricula, or sharing their expertise with ELTs. Although most ECTs performed secondary roles and viewed English lessons as a break from their duties, they acknowledged their own contribution to children’s education. Finally, an individual case revealed that raising teachers’ pedagogical awareness led to greater engagement in English instruction. The implications of this study and future research directions are discussed.

This research article reports how rhetorical elements used in the speeches of Swami Vivekananda at World Parliament of Religions supports to construct the religious harmony in the world. This study is based on qualitative interpretative research design and employs the theoretical ideas based on Richard Andrews to interpret the various rhetorical devices in his selected speeches. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the use of arguments in his speeches by using the idea developed by Stephen Toulmin and his visual rhetoric is analyzed using the idea based on Tracey Owens Patton. Findings show that use of rhetorical elements in his speeches contributes to make his arguments stronger to construct the religious harmony among the world religions despite the apparent contradiction among them. He incorporated rhetorical devices in his speeches such as metaphors, similes, parallelism, appropriate dictions and repetitions to persuade the audience to establish his claim more effectively by making simple and understandable. His rhetoric of spiritualization of religions with the support of interpretation of Vedic philosophy contributes to integrate the world religions by stating that every human being has been created equally having the body and immortal spirit with them. His visual rhetoric including attractive bodily appearance, confidence and commanding voice helped him to attract the attention of the large mass of audience towards him. Findings of this article contribute to a better understanding that appropriate use of rhetorical elements supports to make effective communication and helps to persuade the audience to achieve the goal.

This article discusses the concept of the legal construction of notary candidate apprenticeship within the framework of rechtsidee (law ideals). This article demonstrates that the so called rechtidee has always focused on three ideals, namely legal certainty, legal justice, and legal benefit. With regards to apprenticeship, it is argued, however, that these three ideals are not sufficient. Most legal studies have forgotten another basic ideal, namely the education principal which is inevitable in establishing a professional and qualified notary. The article demonstrates how the apprenticeship should be addressed to reveal the concept of legal construction for prospective public notaries. It is believed that there is a legal but moral relationship between a notary candidate and a notary public apprentice under the supervision of the government or a designated official. The principles of education in apprenticeships would enable the notary candidates to have sufficient knowledge and wisdom, and other character buildings like dedication, harmony, mutual relationships, role model, as well as, but not limited to, honesty. Given its functions, apprenticeship legal construction has to be developed in regulations not only based on the principles of legal certainty, legal justice, and legal benefit, but also on the principles of education

Reconciliation is inevitable for restoring harmony among a society and making peaceful interaction between those who are at variance. The main objective of this study is to investigate the Abegar indigenous conflict resolution system based on community reconciliation in Haberu Woreda, North Wollo. This study has employs a qualitative research design and descriptive nature. The study collected primary data from different informants by employing such qualitative data collection techniques as an interview, focus group discussions and observation to achieve the research objectives. Accordingly, the finding of the study revealed that Abegars indigenous conflict resolution system aims at the restoration of order and harmony of the community. The types of conflicts presented and resolved in the community are inter-personal, homicide, inter-group in nature which stemmed from abduction of girls and women, violation of social values, theft, conflict over claims of a girl, competition over ownership of land, and drunkenness. The findings further show that family reconciliation, blood reconciliation (dem maderk) and compensation performance are the major community reconciliation procedures (methods) of conflict management used by the studied community depending on the nature and types of conflicts. Moreover, the ritual ceremony has symbolic and practical significance to established trust between conflicting parties that their relationship is restored. Based on the above findings, a strategy has to be developed to protect, develop, promote and disseminate indigenous knowledge so that they can be easily accessible and utilized for the development of local communities were forwarded as recommendations.

Este artículo estudia “La camisa del marido”, de Nélida Piñón. Se desea demostrar que en este texto se ofrece una representación suigéneris de la mujer, la cual ya no es más vista como un ser en minusvalía social (débil, pasivo, dependiente), sino que se presenta como alguien que posee agencia, es decir, que es capaz de problematizar su circunstancia y, además, hace algo para poder superarla. Asimismo, se desea probar que, en este cuento, se representa a la “mala madre”, entendida como el personaje femenino que no está dispuesto a seguir los mandatos sociales que la maternidad impone. Esta “mala madre” privilegia su condición individual antes que la referida a sus hijos. Finalmente, también se quiere demostrar que “La camisa del marido” es un cuento en el que se problematiza lo difícil de las relaciones familiares, las que no aseguran ni el afecto ni la armonía entre las personas que conforman una familia.

The protection of the rights to freedom of religion and belief in the constitution aims to create a community life based on morals based on divinity. As a country with a high level of plurality from the aspects of religion and belief, protection of religious harmony and belief is necessary to achieve this goal. Based on the above points of thought, several problems can be formulated, namely how is the current criminal policy in overcoming offenses against religious and belief harmony. And what will the future criminal policy be in overcoming offenses against religious harmony and belief. The method used in this research is a normative juridical approach, where the data used are secondary sources in the form of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials.This research is a descriptive analytical study, namely research to describe the problem, analyze the problem and classify the problem for research purposes which are presented descriptively. The results of this study indicate that the criminal acts formulated in the Criminal Code are very limited, including not protecting beliefs protected by the constitution and there is still a divergence by including religious offenses in the Chapter on Public Order. In the non-penal policy, the regulations governing religious harmony are still ineffective and the current government is not serious about creating harmony between religious and believers. Future penal efforts can be made by updating the Criminal Code. As an effort to improve, the concept of the Criminal Code can formulate the provisions of offenses by looking at the provisions of offenses contained in the Draft Law on Religious Harmony. In non-penal efforts, the approach is through the formulation and implementation of government programs. Among them are approaches to understanding theology, education, dialogue and conflict resolution.Perlindungan atas hak kebebasan beragama dan berkepercayaan dalam konstitusi bertujuan supaya tercipta kehidupan masyarakat yang berlandaskan moral atas dasar ketuhanan. Sebagai negara dengan tingkat pluralitas yang tinggi dari aspek agama dan kepercayaan, maka perlindungan terhadap kerukunan umat beragama dan berkepercayaan mutlak dibutuhkan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut. Berdasarkan pokok pemikiran di atas, maka dapat dirumuskan beberapa permasalahan, yaitu bagaimanakah kebijakan kriminal saat ini dalam menanggulangi delik-delik terhadap kerukunan umat beragama dan berkepercayaan. Dan bagaimanakah kebijakan kriminal yang akan datang dalam menanggulangi delik-delik terhadap kerukunan umat beragama dan berkepercayaan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan yuridis normatif, dimana data yang digunakan adalah sumber sekunder berupa bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder maupun bahan hukum tersier. Adapun penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitis, yaitu penelitian untuk mendeskripsikan masalah, menganalisis masalah dan mengklasifikasi masalah untuk kepentingan penelitian yang disajikan secara deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa tindak pidana yang dirumuskan dalam KUHP sangatlah terbatas, diantaranya belum melindungi kepercayaan yang dilindungi konstitusi serta masih terdapat divergensi dengan memasukan delik agama dalam Bab Ketertiban Umum. Dalam kebijakan non penal, regulasi yang mengatur tentang kerukunan umat beragama masih kurang efektif serta pemerintah saat ini tidak serius menciptakan harmonisasi antar umat beragama dan berkepercayaan. Upaya penal yang akan datang dapat dilakukan dengan pembaharuan KUHP. Sebagai upaya penyempurnaan, Konsep KUHP dapat memformulasikan ketentuan delik dengan melihat ketentuan delik yang terdapat dalam RUU Kerukunan Umat Beragama. Dalam upaya non penal, pendekatan melalui penyusunan dan pelaksanaan program pemerintah. Diantaranya dengan pendekatan pemahaman teologi, pendidikan, dialog dan resolusi konflik.

La planificación financiera en las diferentes empresas, permite llevar un control adecuado de las organizaciones en relación a sus recursos financieros, para alcanzar sus objetivos comerciales, evitando que se cometan errores a futuro en la toma de decisiones empresariales, sin embargo, a pesar de la posibilidad de visiones que podría alcanzar esta herramienta en la organización de los recursos financieros, en la práctica no existe una armonía entre la teoría frente a lo evidenciado en el ámbito empresarial. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo determinar la situación financiera, mediante el análisis de los estados financieros, a través de herramientas de planificación, para medir el grado de rentabilidad de la empresa Dekautopartes S.A de la Ciudad de Machala. Se realiza un estudio mixto, con enfoque contemporáneo que realiza una mezcla entre el método cualitativo y cuantitativo, a partir de técnicas como entrevista, guía de observación e interpretación. Se llega a la conclusión que la planificación financiera ayuda a mejorar el manejo de los activos empresariales, permitiendo de esta manera no cometer errores que perjudiquen la liquidez de la empresa a corto y largo plazo.

To create harmony and peace in society, every form of radicalism and terrorism must be abolished. Preventing radicalism and terrorism is not easy, because it requires a systematic and massive strategy. The role of the community is very necessary for preventing and overcoming radicalism and terrorism, for that it is important to provide understanding to the community, especially youth organizations. The activity, which was held in Batu Putuk, Teluk Betung Barat, Bandar Lampung, aims to educate and encourage the youth of Karang Taruna, Batu Putuk Village, to play an active role in preventing and overcoming radicalism and terrorism. This activity is carried out with a comprehensive method in the form of socialization, discussion, and clinical services. In line with the aim of the activity, namely educating and encouraging the youth of Karang Taruna in Batu Putuk Village to participate in efforts to prevent radicalism and terrorism, the benefits of this activity include increasing the ability of partners to recognize activities that lead to radicalism and terrorism, increasing the ability of partners to counteract the influence of radicalism and terrorism, as well as encourage the active role of partners in countering radicalism and terrorism.

This paper introduces an analytic study on the occurrence of the mamluk style on religious monuments of the Muhammad Ali dynasty while covering the reasons for this phenomenon. The research also analyzes the most focal and obvious mamluk artistic as well as architectural features that were employed on religious establishments of the Muhammad Ali dynasty. The study found out that the location of these monuments played a vital role in the appearance of mamluk features as the architect tried to maintain harmony in the area without changing its style. Another reason was the founder’s tendency to apply the traditional style of the mamluks rather than borrow foreign features, in spite of the great European renaissance at the time of Muhammad Ali and his successors. The study also revealed that the founder also played a great role in the mamlukisation of the religious buildings in the time of Muhammad Ali's dynasty.

Diabetes is one of the four major non-communicable diseases, and appointed by the world health organization as the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. The scientists have turned over every rock in the corners of medical sciences in order to come up with better understanding and hence more effective treatments of diabetes. The continuous research on the subject has elucidated the role of immune disorders and inflammation as definitive factors in the trajectory of diabetes, assuring that blood glucose adjustments would result in a relief in the systemic stress leading to minimizing inflammation. On a parallel basis, microbial infections usually take advantage of immunity disorders and propagate creating a pro-inflammatory environment, all of which can be reversed by antimicrobial treatment. Standing at the crossroads between diabetes, immunity and infection, we aim in this review at projecting the interplay between immunity and diabetes, shedding the light on the overlapping playgrounds for the activity of some antimicrobial and anti-diabetic agents. Furthermore, we focused on the anti-diabetic drugs that can confer antimicrobial or anti-virulence activities.

Creative thinking has many methods that deal with problem solving in the design processes and transforming ideas into creativity. These methods include brainstorming, reverse brainstorming, 6 thinking hats, critical thinking, and the SCAMPER technique, and many other techniques. The research discusses the SCAMPER technique which is the most effective technique of creative thinking trends. It is a methodology that believes the idea of what is new is actually a modification of old things around us. It is a flexible technique that encourages different perspectives to solve a problem in a creative way. It can also help in finding solutions and alternatives in an easy way even if restrictions were found. These restrictions limit the creativity of the designer. The research clarifies the role of surrealism art and its philosophy in supporting unlimited ideas that defy logic. Surrealism is basically the origin of the term creative thinking. The design process depends on innovation and uncommon ideas, especially in the field of art. In the research, the SCAMPER technique will be chosen to create new artistic design units that are similar to the surrealist art approach. Creative thinking is a mental process that the designer engaged in different ways to produce original and new ideas, totally far from the ordinary ones. These ideas are not limited to logical rules, and in harmony environment. Also, the ideas have the ability to solve problems, perceive flaws in things, and provide unique solutions to them. The creative thinking process requires a set of preparations that the designer has to know and it uses high levels of thinking, decision-making, and conceptualization. One of the most effective techniques of creative thinking which connect to surrealism art methodology, as the research assumed, is the SCAMPER technique. It reorganizes and collects information to create different ideas according to a problem or situation. It is an imaginative activity that helps to produce many ideas and consists of a series of questions that motivate the designer to produce creative ideas. The questions of SCAMPER were taken from the Checklist of Ideas developed by Osborn in 1953 (Alex Osborn 1963). Each letter of the word SCAMPER in Osborn's list represents a different method of use as explained in the paper. As for the surrealism philosophy, the second part of the research, it calls for imaginative perceptions, keeping away from the truth and the control of dreams. The pioneers of the surrealism school followed theories developed by the pioneer of psychoanalysis Freud, and focused on everything mysterious, ambiguous, and unconscious. This school was based on what is behind the apparent visual truth, and made clear that the external appearance that preoccupies artists does not represent the whole truth as it hides the internal psychological state. The Surrealism movement in Egypt has radically changed the way artists make, display and distribute art. The movement gave rise to the art collections we know today. It is possible to imagine the great link between the unique goals of surrealism and modern creative thinking techniques that enable the designer to easily present modern creative processes. Statement of the problem:The research problem is summarized in the difficulty of creating innovative ideas, thinking out of the box, differently, unconventionally or from a new perspective in art fields to enrich the artworks with new ideas and methodology similar to surrealist art. Objectives:The research aims to create new elements in artistic trends that could be closer to surrealism which is the nearest trend to unlimited creativity. That would be achieved by SCAMPER technique which is a method of brainstorming and generating new ideas. Methodology:The research approaches the analytical descriptive methodology in presenting the SCAMPER technique and its role in helping the designer create new units similar to surrealist art and the experimental methodology to apply this technique in designing new units for artistic work. Results: Creative thinking is one of the most magnificent elements which helps the designer to fluently organize his ideas and solve design problems.Studying SCAMPER strategy and applying it to the design units helps to arise new unexpected solutions in the design process.Sometimes the designer needs to be fearless and has an extraordinary thought to come up with a new creative design, but because of the considerations and rules that guide the implementation, it may block the creative process; however, the ordinary thought gives results and solutions as well but in a logical way. They were programmed previously by the designer.Surrealism art has a special psychological character that can be imaginary and sometimes shocking in artworks. The SCAMPER technique and its applications for design are the most similar to the fantasy ideas of surrealism philosophy.

This study aims to provide a concept for the formation of civic Disposition through the Antar Pakatan culture that grows in the Sambas Malay community. Activities that have become a habit in this tradition are the basis for applying the values that shape character. In a qualitative approach to research, the method used is ethnography. Data collection through participatory observation and interviews with 11 community leaders, religious leaders, communities, and village heads. This data analysis technique consists of three paths: data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. Based on the findings of Antar Pakatan, some values shape citizenship attitudes, namely an increase in the sense of unity, social care, a system of cooperation values in the economic field that can become a harmonious character by strengthening the values of Pancasila. The attitude of citizenship through Antar Pakatan as an effort to implement meanings such as adaptation, prioritizing peace, namely the formation of democratic attitudes and social care and integration. It is to unify perceptions of the benefits of togetherness to form a sense of unity that creates social attitudes and harmonizes harmony between communities.

This research focused on the Nyangahatn ritual in Dayak Kanayatn indigenous people in West Kalimantan. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach with an emphasis on literature study. This paper uses the cultural theory, human ecology, and Disaster Mitigation and shows that there is a connection between those theories in Nyangahatn people’s rituals. Nyangahatn ritual related to the cultivation practices carried out based on the rice planting cycle. The results showed that the Nyangahatn ritual is a pearl of local wisdom, which is an effort in mitigating and adapting to disasters, especially regarding the planting and harvesting seasons. Forests or land cleared for cultivation are very calculated to avoid degradation and air sources. The Kanayatn Dayak indigenous people are very understanding about natural signs. In the process of land clearing for agriculture, it is essential to consider the ​​​​land area is to be planted so that it does not disturb the forest ecosystem. Meanwhile, the culture of balale' or gotong royong as a form of solidarity and harmony between community members is still maintained.

Purpose This study aims to investigate an underexplored behavioral factor, knowledge hiding, that connects employees’ perceptions of organizational politics (POP) with their diminished promotability, while also considering the moderating role of employees’ harmony motives in this process. Design/methodology/approach The research hypotheses are tested with multisource, three-round data collected among employees and their supervisors. Findings Employees’ beliefs about self-serving organizational decision-making increase their propensity to hide knowledge, which, in turn, diminishes their promotability. This intermediate role of knowledge hiding is more prominent when their disintegration avoidance motive is strong but less prominent when their harmony enhancement motive is strong. Practical implications A refusal to share knowledge with organizational colleagues, as a covert response to POP, can create a negative cycle for employees. They are frustrated with decision-making practices that are predicated on favoritism, but by choosing seemingly subtle ways to respond, they compromise their own promotion prospects. To avoid this escalation, employees should adopt an active instead of passive approach toward maintaining harmony in their work relationships. Originality/value This research contributes to extant research by detailing a hitherto overlooked reason that employees’ frustrations with dysfunctional politics may escalate into an enhanced probability to miss out on promotion opportunities. They respond to this situation by engaging in knowledge hiding. As an additional contribution, this study details how the likelihood of this response depends on employees’ harmony motives.

The antecedents and implications of shopping are relevant to impulsive and compulsive buying behaviour, because both tendencies can be harmful to an individual’s well-being, ill-being, and for society as regards overconsumption and sustainability. Most studies investigating either impulsive or compulsive buying have used different definitions and operationalisations of the two constructs. It is unclear whether impulsive buying and compulsive buying are both parts of shopping ill-being. This study defines and measures impulsive buying tendency (IBT) and compulsive buying tendency (CBT) in terms of distinctive core features: impulse versus urge or addiction. It compares their antecedents and consequences in one integrated empirical study, with self-esteem (SE) an antecedent, and satisfaction with life (SWL) a consequence of these two shopping tendencies. To our knowledge it is also the first study to investigate how harmony in life (HIL) is associated with the relationship between SE and IBT/CBT. A survey of 384 consumers indicates that online IBT and CBT differ from a bottom-up consumer well-being perspective. IBT contributes to life satisfaction, but CBT does not. Positive and negative SE have opposite effects on online IBT and CBT, confirming that both can act as self-regulation mechanisms. HIL moderates the relationship between SE and IBT/CBT.

A ciência forense inclui um conjunto de área de disciplina cientificas que atua em sintonia, unindo seus conhecimentos, visando auxiliar a justiça na resolução de casos de domínio médico-legal. Segundo o Ministério da Mulher, da Família e dos Direitos Humanos no ano de 2021, 64,75% de abuso sexual acomete o sexo feminino, na maioria das vezes, sendo exercidas por pessoas conhecidas. As mulheres vítimas de violência sexual causam uma certa repercussão, que se não forem identificadas e tratadas precocemente, pode causar sérios problemas e até mesmo levar a morte. O enfermeiro pode realizar um atendimento humanizado e integral para seus pacientes, identificando, coletando e preservando vestígios indicativo de violência, assim contribuindo para punição do agressor. Analisar e conhecer o desenvolvimento da área forense, dando a importância de informações sobre a atuação do enfermeiro forense e suas atribuições em casos de violências sexuais. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, com análise qualitativa, com a intenção de avaliar conhecimento sobre a temática. A coleta de dados ocorrera entre agosto, setembro e outubro de 2021, sendo a mesma realizadas no sistema eletrônico, por meios de consulta em artigos científicos, SCIELO (Scientific Eletronic Library Online), e LILAC (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências em Saúde), google acadêmico. A contribuição da atuação do enfermeiro forense no contexto social, jurídico e de saúde trará benefícios na assistência prestada, com intuito de promover e combater a violência sexual no país. Desse modo, atender a relevância da sua intervenção no cuidado às vítimas, sendo fundamental que os enfermeiros tenham conhecimentos sobre os princípios das ciências forenses, podendo aplicá-los na sua pratica clínica. Concluímos então que existe uma necessidade de realizar uma qualificação aos profissionais de saúde sobre este assunto, é importante abordar, não só o tema do enquadramento legal dos crimes sexuais, mais também os tipos de sinais, marcas e objetos que podem ser utilizados como vestígios, de modo a identificar, recolher e preservar o mesmo, para a descoberta de possíveis vítimas.

This article presents an acoustic phonetic study of contemporary Diné Bizaad (Navajo) sibilant harmony, with a focus on the realization of /s/ and /ʃ/ in two verbal prefixes and one nominal prefix. Data come from wordlists and connected speech recorded in interviews with 50 Diné Bizaad–English bilinguals, aged 18–75 years. The frequency of harmony in each prefix is calculated for speakers of different ages, then acoustic measurements of spectral center of gravity are measured and statistically compared to those in sibilants occurring in harmony-triggering and non-harmony triggering conditions. Results show no significant intergenerational differences in the phonetic or phonological realization of sibilant harmony; speakers consistently and categorically harmonize the two verbal prefixes analyzed here, but rarely harmonize the nominal prefix. This study contributes new phonetic documentation of a typologically rare phonological process and suggests that, in contrast to findings from other studies on endangered languages, sibilant harmony is not undergoing attrition or contact-induced change.

In general, the evolution of values in crisis conditions ensures the development of the person himself with all his needs, which leads to an understanding of the common good and the humanistic dimension of being. The article considers the value crisis, especially among the younger generation. The article, in particular, presents the results of a number of sociological studies conducted by the staff of ISPR of the National Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences during the pandemic, they relate to the provision of political, democratic values in society, socio-cultural dynamics. The value and ideological consideration of national security problems and their further solution is also associated with the value content of sociality and statehood, such as: ensuring internal value unity, social stability, interethnic harmony, religious tolerance, as well as counteracting information and cultural expansion that destroys traditional value systems. Opinion polls were conducted directly by the author of the publication on a representative sample, with related age and sex parameters. The number of respondents varied in the order of 600-800 and more people. The answers to the questions reflect the sentiments of Russians (including in the context of the pandemic crisis). The last survey was conducted among the population of Moscow in April-May 2020, during the pandemic (online).

Book 1 of Plato’s Laws, and particularly the image of the puppet introduced near its end, has been traditionally interpreted as presenting the moral psychology model that underlies the educational system delineated by the Athenian Stranger, which construes virtue as consonance between the non–rational and the rational elements of the soul. But a different and competing conception of virtue looms large in Laws 1, virtue as victory of the best part of the soul in psychic conflict. This paper argues that the Athenian’s conception of education as the correct conformation of originally conflicting psychic forces requires the simultaneous presence of the harmony and the conflict models of virtue in Laws 1. Education is in turn defined by calculation, the rational activity which persuasively leads the conflicting non–rational forces towards a consonant reciprocal rapport. By strategically developing his understanding of education and calculation in Laws 1, the Athenian shows how the harmony model of virtue overcomes the conflict model, while at the same time recognising that there is some truth to the conflict model after all and integrating it within the harmony model.

An emoji is a form of a symbol in communication available on almost all social media platforms. Its convenience brings potential implications for its usage in digital communication. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of emojis in WhatsApp communication and the influence of culture on emoji usage among undergraduates in Malaysia. The study employed a qualitative approach in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight undergraduates of Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA). The data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Overall, the findings revealed that emojis increase communication efficiency. The participants have positive attitudes towards emoji usage. They describe emojis as viable symbols that help them to maintain social relations and express feelings. Additionally, the findings showed that Malaysian culture influences emoji communication by promoting harmony and relationships as well as instilling high context values in emoji usage. This research concludes that emojis can influence WhatsApp Communication positively if utilized correctly.

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest omówienie roli uczuć estetycznych (specyficznych dla doświadczenia estetycznego) w poznaniu integralnej z punktu widzenia pragmatyzmu Johna Deweya. Zaproponowana koncepcja poznania integralnego wymaga zjednoczenia intelektu ze zmysłami, uczuciami, cielesnością oraz wyobraźnią i intuicją, czyli sferą estetyczną. Praktykowanie tego rodzaju poznania prowadzi do zdobywania informacji i holistycznego rozwoju człowieka, osiągnięcia przezeń wewnętrznej harmonii i satysfakcji. Pierwsza część artykułu dotyczy związku doświadczenia estetycznego z poznaniem integralnym. Druga część przedstawia znaczenie uczuć w postawie pragmatycznej Deweya. Trzecia część analizuje specyfikę uczuć estetycznych. Ostatnia część ma na celu rozważenie, w jaki sposób i dlaczego uczucia estetyczne przyczyniają się do poznania integralnego.

PurposeThe paper aims to contribute to the current research on China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) from a historical point of view. The paper investigates why the history of the Silk Roads is important to the BRI, what is in the guiding thought underpinning China's Silk Roads narrative and how this narrative is presented transnationally, through an insightful analysis of the Communist Party of China's (CPC) view of the Silk Roads history, as well as its perception of the connections between the Silk Roads history and the BRI.Design/methodology/approachThe paper sits in the interface between history, heritage and state power. The argument is framed in concepts of historical constructionism and soft power. It is based on the discourse analysis of China's official narrative of Silk Roads and a case study of the planning for the World Heritage nomination of the Maritime Silk Routes (MSR) (China section). The case study is conducted through a qualitative analysis of academic publications, media reports and programs, official speeches and documents that are available to the public in hardcopy or on the Internet.FindingsThe paper reveals the relationship between the state-endorsed Silk Roads narrative and the BRI. The paper argues that the state-backed Silk Roads narrative as well as the planning for the World Heritage nomination of the MSR (China section) is guided by the Chinese Communist Party's perception of the BRI. In this respect, the Silk Roads-associated history, heritage and memory are shaped and deployed to serve as a convenient platform for the promotion of the BRI. The Party leaders' perception of the BRI is in large part about the revival of China's past glory, its national rejuvenation and the demonstration of China's soft power.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the existing literature on the BRI through its enquiries into how the CPC reconcile nationalist ambitions with notions of peace, harmony and cosmopolitanism and how CPC's view of the Silk Roads history shapes its vision of the BRI. The paper examines the role of the state in the construction and articulation of the Silk Roads-associated history, heritage and memory. It investigates how China's official interpretation of the Silk Road heritage serves China's BRI.

Nghiên cứu này xem xét cách quản lý lớp học của giảng viên và cảm nhận của sinh viên đối với phong cách giảng dạy của giảng viên ảnh hưởng đến thành quả học tập của sinh viên. Khảo sát so sánh, miêu tả được sử dụng để phân tích bốn phong cách quản lý lớp học của giảng viên đó là cách quản lý quyền lực, độc đoán, dân chủ, và trao quyền. Kết quả của nghiên cứu dựa trên bảng câu hỏi do người nghiên cứu xây dựng với 141 giảng viên và 365 sinh viên được lựa chọn theo công thức Slovin tại một cơ sở giáo dục đại học trong kỳ 2 năm học 2020-2021. Kết quả đã chỉ ra rằng giảng viên và sinh viên có chung quan điểm đánh giá thấp về cách quản lý lớp học quyền lực, đánh giá cao về quản lý độc đoán, và dân chủ. Tuy vậy, họ có sự đối lập quan điểm về cách quản lý trao quyền, đó là giảng viên rất thích trao quyền cho sinh viên, ngược lại sinh viên lại đánh giá thấp và không muốn được giảng viên trao quyền. Nghiên cứu này là nguồn dữ liệu tham khảo hữu ích cho nhà giáo dục để xây dựng môi trường học năng động nhằm nâng cao kết quả học tập cho sinh viên.