Search

This study used the systematic literature review to explore articles related to human resource management and physical education teachers who work with students with special needs in inclusive schools. Data were obtained from articles searched through Google Scholar. The keywords used were ("Human Resource Management" OR "HR Management") AND ("Physical Education Teacher" OR "PE Teacher") AND ("Special Needs Students" OR "Students with Disabilities" OR "SEN Students") AND ("Inclusive Schools" OR "Inclusive Education"). The search focused on articles published in Scopus-indexed journals between 2019 and 2024. During the search, inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The initial search generated 17,400 articles. Furthermore, the articles were screened again in several stages, and 16 articles that fit the theme and met the inclusion requirements were yielded. During the article selection, this study followed the PRISMA guidelines. The results of this study showed that inclusive education presents significant challenges in human resource management, especially regarding the readiness and competence of physical education teachers. For example, the teachers did not receive sufficient training in inclusive methodologies, leading them to feel underprepared for the diverse needs of students. Thus, comprehensive training that covers theory and hands-on practice was identified as a solution. Teachers with more in-depth training and experience showed more positive attitudes and abilities. In addition, adjustments to teaching methods and effective use of technology, with school support and collaboration between teachers, staff, and parents, were key to success. Furthermore, policy changes and adequate resource allocation were also crucial. Periodic evaluation of inclusive practices was necessary to ensure continuous development. Thus, increased training, supportive policies, and ongoing support from the government and schools were necessary to achieve effective, inclusive physical education.

This study used the systematic literature review to investigate legal policies governing inclusive schools in Physical Education (PE). Particularly, it focused on identifying challenges related to human resources and infrastructure in supporting students with special needs. Data were obtained from articles searched through Google Scholar. The search was conducted in September 2024 using keywords: "Legal policy OR policy analysis AND implementation OR application AND inclusive schools OR inclusive education AND Physical Education OR PE AND challenges OR obstacles AND human resources OR HR AND facilities OR infrastructure AND students with special needs OR special needs students". During the search, inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. For example, the search focused on articles published in Scopus-indexed journals between 2019 and 2024. From this initial search, 17,300 articles were found. Furthermore, they were screened again in several stages, and 16 articles that fit the theme and met the inclusion requirements were yielded. During the article selection, this study followed the PRISMA guidelines. The results showed that the main challenges in governing inclusive schools in PE lie in human resources and infrastructure. In addition, the readiness and competence of teachers were greatly affected by the lack of adequate training in dealing with students with special needs. Thus, comprehensive ongoing training is needed to enhance teachers’ pedagogical skills, curriculum adaptation, and Universal Design for Learning (UDL). Although there were policies that support inclusion, their implementation in PE is still suboptimal, requiring strengthening of the curriculum and resources. Another challenge was the lack of supportive infrastructure, especially in terms of physical accessibility and specialized facilities. In conclusion, a combination of strong policies, teacher training, infrastructure improvements, adaptive teaching strategies, and stakeholder collaboration is needed to create effective, inclusive learning environments.

This study aimed to investigate whether Physical Education (PE) in schools can strengthen the character of the Pancasila student profile of Indonesian citizens. In addition, it tried to find out the roles, strategies, gaps, and challenges encountered to achieve the objectives. Using a systematic literature review, this study collected data from articles searched through Google Scholar. The search focused on those published in Scopus-indexed journals between 2019 and 2024. During the search, inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The keywords used were; "Character Building And Students And Pancasila And Through And Physical Education And School". The initial search generated 5.790 articles. These articles were then screened again in several stages, and 16 articles that fit the theme and met the inclusion requirements were yielded. During the article selection, this study followed the PRISMA guidelines. The findings of this study confirmed that the integration of Pancasila values in PE at school plays a strategic role in creating student character that is in line with the state ideology of Indonesia. PE not only improves physical abilities but also becomes an effective means to internalize social values such as gotong royong (community cooperation), tolerance, honesty, and integrity, which are the core of Pancasila. Nonetheless, this study found a significant gap between Pancasila-based character education policy and practice on the ground. This gap was mainly due to teachers' lack of preparedness, limited professional training, and resource disparities. These challenges were compounded by academic pressures that reduce the focus on character development, as well as social norms that inhibit inclusivity, such as discrimination against students with disabilities. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach that includes the development of a more integrative curriculum, improved training and professional development for teachers, and the use of innovative and inclusive teaching methods. The implications of these findings highlight the importance of collaboration between government, schools and communities to create supportive learning environments, as well as greater investment in PE infrastructure. This study aimed to investigate whether Physical Education (PE) in schools can strengthen the character of the Pancasila student profile of Indonesian citizens. In addition, it tried to find out the roles, strategies, gaps, and challenges encountered to achieve the objectives. Using a systematic literature review, this study collected data from articles searched through Google Scholar. The search focused on those published in Scopus-indexed journals between 2019 and 2024. During the search, inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The keywords used were; "Character Building And Students And Pancasila And Through And Physical Education And School". The initial search generated 5.790 articles. These articles were then screened again in several stages, and 16 articles that fit the theme and met the inclusion requirements were yielded. During the article selection, this study followed the PRISMA guidelines. The findings of this study confirmed that the integration of Pancasila values in PE at school plays a strategic role in creating student character that is in line with the state ideology of Indonesia. PE not only improves physical abilities but also becomes an effective means to internalize social values such as gotong royong (community cooperation), tolerance, honesty, and integrity, which are the core of Pancasila. Nonetheless, this study found a significant gap between Pancasila-based character education policy and practice on the ground. This gap was mainly due to teachers' lack of preparedness, limited professional training, and resource disparities. These challenges were compounded by academic pressures that reduce the focus on character development, as well as social norms that inhibit inclusivity, such as discrimination against students with disabilities. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach that includes the development of a more integrative curriculum, improved training and professional development for teachers, and the use of innovative and inclusive teaching methods. The implications of these findings highlight the importance of collaboration between government, schools and communities to create supportive learning environments, as well as greater investment in PE infrastructure.

This study used the systematic literature review to explore the role of motor skills training on critical reading skills in elementary school students. Data were obtained from articles searched through Google Scholar. The search focused on those published in Scopus-indexed journals between 2019 and 2024. As a result, 17,400 articles were found. These articles were screened again in several stages. Some criteria were applied to determine whether the articles should be included or excluded. In addition, the study employed specific keywords, such as "Role and Practice AND Motor Skills AND Critical Reading Ability AND Elementary School Students". These stages then generated 20 articles that fit the theme and met the inclusion requirements. During the article selection, this study followed the PRISMA guidelines. The key findings of this study confirmed that the development of gross and fine motor skills has a significant role in supporting the development of cognitive and academic abilities, especially in improving critical reading skills in elementary school students. This study revealed the positive relationship between motor skills and academic achievement, supported by stimulating physical environments and play-based learning approaches. This finding emphasizes the importance of integrating physical activity into the primary education curriculum. In addition, the findings highlighted the roles of support from various parties, including teachers, parents, and communities. Such supports are needed to ensure a conducive environment for developing students' motor and cognitive skills. Despite these findings, challenges such as lack of sports facilities, gender differences, and an unbalanced curriculum must be overcome to achieve optimal results. These findings imply the need for a holistic approach to education, emphasizing not only focuses on academics but also motor development to support critical reading skills for students' future academic success. Keywords: Role, Practice, Motor Skills, Critical Reading Ability, Elementary School Students

This study aims to review the types of strategies that football coaches employ to prevent aggressive behavior in adolescents. Using the systematic literature review, data were obtained from articles searched through Google Scholar. The search focused on those published in Scopus-indexed journals published between 2019 and 2024. The keywords involved "Strategy And Soccer Coaches And Prevention And Aggressive Behavior And Teenagers". The search generated 15,400 articles as initial results. To be included in the review, inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The articles were screened again using these criteria, and 19 articles that fit the theme and met the inclusion requirements were yielded. The process of the article selection in this study followed the PRISMA guidelines. The main findings of this study emphasized several factors that play a key role in creating a supportive environment for young athletes. The first factor was emotional education. Teaching athletes to recognize and manage their emotions helped football coaches reduce athletes’ aggressive reactions, especially during the pressure of competition. In addition, open and consistent communication between soccer coaches and athletes was reported to reinforce positive interpersonal relationships, which in turn lowered levels of aggressiveness on the field. Finally, building a team culture that emphasizes the values of cooperation and mutual respect has also been proven effective in preventing aggressive behavior. Therefore, soccer coaches have a great responsibility not only to develop athletes' technical skills but also to shape their character through an integrative and sustainable approach.

This study aims to examine badminton training management strategies with circuit training methods to improve athlete performance among students. The study was conducted using the systematic literature review method by obtaining data from Google Scholar. The data were selected based on certain inclusion criteria. For example, the study focused on journal articles indexed in the Scopus database. In addition, they must be published between 2019 and 2024. The keywords used were "Badminton Training AND Management Strategy AND Circuit Training Method AND Student Achievement" . For article selection, this study followed the PRISMA method. Based on the initial search, this study found 15,800 articles from various sources. Furthermore, they went through several stages of the screening process. These processes generated 17 articles that fit the theme and met the inclusion requirements. The results of this study showed that circuit training has significant benefits in improving physical fitness and athletic performance in various age groups and sports. Circuit training was shown to improve aerobic endurance, strength, and VO2 max capacity, which are crucial for athletic performance in sports such as badminton. Varied training methods, such as Gobak Sodor games and drilling exercises, were also found effective in improving agility and balance, thus emphasizing the importance of training variety for optimal athlete performance. Circuit training was also effective in lowering BMI, improving cardiometabolic health, reducing regional fat, and increasing oxygen supply to muscles, as well as incorporating various important elements such as muscular strength, endurance, flexibility, agility, balance, and cardiovascular endurance. Furthermore, HIIT showed great potential in efficiently improving physical fitness, with additional benefits in hormone regulation and improved aerobic capacity. A holistic approach to physical education and training, including monitoring technologies such as HRV and neurofeedback, can provide comprehensive benefits in managing the physical and psychological aspects of athlete performance. Keywords: Badminton Training, Management Strategy, Circuit Training, Method, Student Achievement.

This study proposes the comprehensive implementation of civic and moral education programs and the impact of promoting sustainable democracy. This study uses qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The subjects in this study focused on educators, high school students, and young people who were strategically selected through purposive sampling. Primary data sources were obtained through interviews, while secondary data sources were literature studies related to curriculum and school policies. The data collection technique uses in-depth interviews with a semi-structured format through open questions. The data obtained was translated and analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study show that comprehensive civic and moral education programs contribute to promoting democratic values and attitudes among youth. Instilling democratic values to increase youth participation and awareness in Cambodia requires steps including teacher training, curriculum changes, interactive learning, open political workings, and involving the community. Teaching better civic and moral education can help in maintaining democracy and the involvement of young people.

Abstract. The objective of the study is to analyze sports ethics within the legal framework in order to guarantee fairness and transparency. The objective was achieved by employing a systematic literature review methodology. The data was collected by searching Google Scholar, specifically focusing on articles indexed in the Scopus databases between 2019 and 2024. The study employed certain keywords, such as "Sports Ethics AND Legal Framework AND Guarantee OR Assurance AND Fairness AND Openness". The search generated a total of 27,500 articles. After undertaking multiple phases of the screening process, the study finally identified 9 articles that aligned with the chosen themes and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In addition, this study complied with the PRISMA technique during the article selection process. The study revealed that the absence of clear definitions and coordination across governmental agencies has led to significant problems with implementing and enforcing ethical standards in sports. To enhance ethical discipline, it is imperative to implement improved training, establish explicit norms, ensure transparency, and enforce accountability. It is crucial to establish a framework for evaluating sports technology that takes into account ethical considerations in order to maintain fairness and honesty in the face of technological progress. The principle of equity, which advocates for equal and unbiased possibilities in the categorization of paralympic sports, emphasizes the importance of a fair classification system to maintain the integrity of competition. Similarly, the ethical dilemmas in eSports reflect those found in traditional sports. Placing a strong focus on ethical principles in sports research, which includes providing clear rules for research methods and addressing clinical obstacles that may arise in specific situations, can reinfornce the importance of maintaining integrity and credibility in sports science. Keywords: Sports Ethics, Legal Framework, Guarantee, Fairness, Openness

Abstract. This study examines differences in learning outcomes in Physical Education (PE) high school students based on their gender and learning frequency. The samples were high school students in Yogyakarta selected using a Simple Random Sampling system. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential factorial two-way ANOVA. In the low learning frequency category, the mean achievement of PE learning outcomes for male students was 85.67. Meanwhile, the mean achievement for female students was slightly lower by 82.33. Furthermore, if we look at the high learning frequency category, the mean achievement of PE learning outcomes of male students was 84.00. On the other hand, the mean achievement of PE learning outcomes of female students was 84.08. The result of the ANOVA test on the learning frequency factor was significant, with a value of 0.943, which was greater than 0.05. This figure indicates no significant difference in the achievement of PE learning outcomes of students based on low learning frequency and high learning frequency. In the gender factor variable, the ANOVA result showed a significance of 0.007, smaller than 0.05. It means that gender does not have a significant difference in the achievement of learning outcomes. Furthermore, in the learning frequency and gender factors, the significance value was 0.005, smaller than 0.05. It means that the combination of learning frequency and gender influences the students’ achievement of PE learning outcomes. In conclusion, academic achievement results from a complex interaction between various factors such as motivation, learning style, curriculum design, and technological intervention. An in-depth understanding of these factors is critical for educators and policymakers to improve student success in physical education and other academic subjects. These findings demonstrate the importance of an evidence-based holistic approach in education to achieve optimal academic outcomes. Keywords: Learning Achievement, PE, Students, Adolescents, Gender, Frequency of Study

Abstract. This study examined the disparities in Physical Education (PE) learning Outcomes among high school pupils by considering their gender and intellectual aptitude. The study involved participants from a high school in Yogyakarta, selected using the Simple Random Sampling method. The data were then analysed using descriptive statistics and a two-way factorial inferential analysis of variance (ANOVA). The study divided the results into two groups based on their intellectual intelligence: low and high. In the low intellectual category, the average learning outcome for male students was 83.60. Meanwhile, the average for female students was 84.10. In the high intellectual intelligence category, the average results for male students were 85.30, while the average achievement for female students was 83.70. The ANOVA test for the intellectual intelligence variable yielded a p-value (Sig.) of 0.303, which is greater than the significance level of 0.05. This figure suggests that there is no statistically significant difference in students’ learning outcomes based on their level of intelligence, whether low or high. Similarly, the p-value of 0.383 for the gender variable was also greater than the significance level of 0.05, indicating no statistically significant variations in learning results. Additionally, the interaction effect between IQ and gender yielded a significance value of 0.100, which is greater than 0.05. It indicates no significant interaction between these two variables on the learning performance of high school students. The finding means that cognitive intelligence does not have a substantial impact on the performance of physical education (PE) among high school students. Moreover, there is no notable disparity in PE performance between male and female students, suggesting gender equality in both the opportunities and abilities in PE. Finally, the study found no notable correlation between gender and IQ levels in performance on intelligence tasks. These results diminish the importance of considering other criteria, such as physical aptitude, in evaluating PE performance and emphasize the need for comprehensive and inclusive physical education programs. Keywords: Learning Achievement, PE, Students, Adolescents, Gender, Intellectual Intelligence

Abstract. This study examines the legal and social perspectives of supporter violence in sports. The study employed a systematic literature review, gathering articles from Google Scholar based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. For example, the search focused on articles published in journals indexed by Scopus databases. In addition, the articles must be published between 2019 and 2024. The keywords used were; "Legal AND Social AND Supporter Violence AND Sport". The search then obtained 61.700 articles. Furthermore, these articles were screened in several stages, yielding 10 articles that met the theme and fulfilled the inclusion requirements. During the article selection, this research followed the PRISMA method. The results revealed that the prevention of supporter violence requires a holistic and integrated approach. Controlling supporters' violent behavior needs not only strict legal frameworks and consistent law enforcement but also organizational culture changes and structural arrangements within sports organizations to instill a culture of anti-violence. Cultural norms and supportive group dynamics also play a role in mitigating violence, showing the need for a community-based approach involving supporters as a part of prevention strategies. This study also found psychological factors such as personality characteristics, empathy, and materialism to be significant factors determining supporters' aggressive behavior. Thus, an effective approach needs to integrate various aspects, including legal, social, psychological, and organizational. Additionally, collaborative governance should be expanded to increase the effectiveness of interventions. In designing comprehensive policies, it is important to integrate perspectives from different disciplines and involve supporters while paying attention to accountability and the deep psychological impact to create a safe environment and significantly reduce supporter violence. Keywords: perspective, law, social, violence, supporter, sport

The study seeks to examine the incorporation of citizenship education into Physical Education (PE) classes in Indonesia to mitigate character degradation. Employing the systematic literature review methodology, the study collected data by searching from Google Scholar, specifically focusing on journal articles indexed in the Scopus databases. In addition, the articles must be published between 2019 and 2024. The keywords were specified as the following: "Integration AND Civic Education AND Character AND Physical Education AND Junior High School AND Indonesia". The PRISMA technique was used during the article identification process. The study found 13 articles that aligned with the theme and met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that incorporating civic education into physical education (PE) at Junior High School (SMP) in Indonesia successfully mitigated student character degradation. Some principles that contribute to this mitigation and helped students cultivate stronger characters were tolerance, collaboration, and responsibility. This integration facilitates the construction of a comprehensive educational curriculum that encompasses not only physical components but also the cultivation of character and civic values. As a result, it contributes to the building of a morally upright and ethically conscious generation of students. Keywords: Integration, Civic Education, Character, Physical Education, Junior High School

Abstract. This research analyses the urgency of Implementation of Physical Fitness Education Program Management for Drug Rehabilitation Patients at the Bidayatussalikin Islamic Boarding School (BIBS) Drug Addict Therapy House in Indonesia. This research was a mixed-method research. The quantitative sample consisted of 65 BIBS drug rehabilitation students. The qualitative sample included 6 expert informants. The conclusion is the implementation of physical fitness education programme management as a means of accelerating non-medical rehabilitation for students as former drug addicts needs to be implemented. This programme can be used as a means of accelerating the non-medical healing process through; strengthening physical fitness components, repairing the body's nerve cells, encouraging the release of the hormones dopamine and endorphins that trigger happiness, reducing stress, managing emotions, stabilising mood, channeling positive energy, avoiding empty thoughts, helping restore damaged memory, and entertaining the students as former drug addicts. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of implementing a structured physical fitness education pro-gram in drug rehabilitation centers. The findings confirm that such programs not only provide significant physical health benefits, but also support psychological recovery and encourage positive routines for patients. Physical fitness programs, integrated in drug rehabilitation strategies, should be considered a crucial and indispensable component, due to their contribution to physical and mental well-being during the recovery process. Research has also shown the integral role of rehabilitation in helping individuals suffering from substance use disorders to achieve recovery and pre-vent relapse. By incorporating approaches that cover physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects, rehabilitation programs can effectively support the holistic well-being and successful recovery of individuals undergoing rehabili-tation from substance dependence. Keywords: Urgency; Management of Physical Fitness Education Programs; The Drug Rehabilitation Patients

One of the important factors in the success of True Seed of Shallot (TSS)-based shallot production is the right seeding technology. The study aimed to obtain appropriate nursery techniques for producing high-quality seedlings to increase shallot productivity. The experiment was conducted in Cirebon Regency, West Java, Indonesia, from May to October 2021, using a factorial randomized block design with three treatment factors and three replications. They consisted of shallot varieties (V) (Trisula, Bima, Lokananta, and Maserati); seedlings age (U) (45 and 60 days); and seedling population density (P) (5, 7.5, and 10 g m−2 of TSS). The results revealed that seedling performance was negatively correlated to the bulb yield and revenue cost ratio (R/C). The use of young seedlings enhanced bulb production and R/C ratio in all varieties but had varied effects on cluster alterations in Maserati, Bima, and Trisula varieties. Young Lokananta seedlings prepared in the nursery at a seed density of 7.5 g m−2 proved to be the best treatment to generate the highest bulb production (39.92 t ha−1) and the highest R/C (3.62). Farmers are expected to implement seedling preparation techniques using young seedlings and managing seed populations in diverse varieties to maximize bulb production and R/C.

This study aimed to reveal the concept of Tumbuk in Javanese gamelan tuning, namely gamêlan agêng with Sléndro and Pélog. This study used a qualitative method with an ethical emic perspective. The data collection was done by conducting literature review, observation, interviews, and studio work, then processed with data analysis. The data analysis then was followed up through data interaction by interpreting the relationship reactions of the three elements of analysis consisting of data collection, data reduction, and data presentation. The interpretation of the data was done inductively, so that the conclusion was drawn entirely from the development of the data according to the realities of the field. The results showed that tumbuk was not only limited to a note that has the same high and low, but it is a musical concept that integrates the Sléndro and Pélog scales in the tuning of a set of gamelans. There are basically only two types of tumbuk: nêm tumbuk and lima tumbuk. Other than those, it means that they are the strut. The thing is,tumbuk has a central tone that serves as a benchmark and a supporting tone whose position strengthens the integration of each type of tumbuk. As a concept, it was found that tumbuk plays several important roles including equalizing the highs and lows of certain notes, equalizing the range of certain notes, and conditioning the range of notes or the addition of the tune.

This research identifies and explores Social Science (IPS) learning at the Elementary School level (SD) delivered by utilizing digital technology during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. This study explores the use of the internet and how social knowledge learning is in dialogue with digital literacy that occurs in it. This research is a qualitative study of digital literacy in social studies learning in elementary schools. The data sources were elementary school teachers using random sampling, with spatial boundaries in Surabaya and Sidoarjo, East Java. The temporal limitation of this research is data taken from April 2020 to January 2021. The collected data is then analyzed with Kathleen Tyner's perspective regarding literacy in the digital world and June Chapin about social studies learning in primary education. The results showed that contextuality and connectivity through digital literacy in elementary social studies raise constructive aspects through collective memory about experiencing something and using previous knowledge through digital literacy. The constructive and cognitive aspects present two essential dimensions that explain the occurrence of elementary social knowledge learning. First, relating to information processing; in terms of receiving, storing, and then remembering information when it has needed. Second, related to meaningful learning about social life in society, how children shape and organize existing and new information that comes to mind. Therefore, this model can teach and study any subject matter related to social studies at the elementary school level.

Pelatihan Penilaian Otentik dan Penulisan Rapor SD Kurikulum 2013 diberikan bagi guru-guru SD UPTD Pendidikan Kecamatan Gayamsari karena guru-guru belum pernah diberikan pelatihan penilaian otentik dan penulisan rapor. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini meliputi identifikasi peserta, pengorganisasian yaitu negosiasi dengan pihak terkait, penjelasan konsep penilaian, praktik pembuatan rubrik untuk kompetensi sikap dan keterampilan, penulisan soal kompetensi pengetahuan dan simulasi penulisan rapor. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan guru-guru SD UPTD Pendidikan Kecamatan Gayamsari mendapatkan pengetahuan pemahaman konsep penilaian otentik untuk mencapai kompetensi sikap spiritual, sikap sosial, pengetahuan dan keterampilan sesuai konsep penilaian dan penulisan rapor. Guru-guru telah mempratikkan membuat rubrik untuk menilai KD 1 (sikap spiritual), KD2 ( sikap sosial), soal-soal untuk menilai aspek pengetahuan dalam KD3 dan membuat rubrik untuk mencapai kompetensi keterampilan pada KD4. Melalui simulasi guru-guru telah terampil membuat kisi-kisi soal UTS (Ujian Tengah Semester), membuat soal, menganalisis dan menarasikan dalam bnetuk rapor UTS.Kata kunci: Penilaian otentik, penulisan rapor, Kurikulum 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of understanding of media literacy Unnes PGSD students , particularly on understanding the character -based literacy education and the impact of literacy for students . This study was conducted di PGSD Unnes Semarang in the second half of the school year 2013/2014 on subjects Indonesian Language Skills and compose SD . The results showed an increased understanding of literacy and its impact on students. It can facts with productivity generated by the students during the lectures. Understanding students on media literacy shown by the average scores obtained in the early stages 64 with both categories . The increase in scores occurred after the implementation of the action with an average score of 84 was very good category . The conclusions of this research is the understanding of media literacy can affect the development of the character of the students in the lecture .

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)