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Background Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. However, the relationship between drinking patterns, such as the weekly frequency of alcohol consumption and the quantity per drinking day, and the incidence of type 2 diabetes has not been sufficiently addressed. Methods Study participants included 10 631 Japanese men aged 40e55 years without type 2 diabetes at entry. Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed if a fasting plasma glucose level was $7.0 mmol/l or if participants were taking diabetes medications. Data on alcohol consumption were obtained from questionnaires. Results During the 37 172 person-years of follow-up, we confirmed 878 cases of type 2 diabetes. Frequent alcohol consumption was associated with a low risk of type 2 diabetes. Compared to non-drinkers, the multiple-adjusted HR for those who drank 4e7 days weekly was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.63 to 0.92). To assess the association between drinking pattern and type 2 diabetes, we examined the joint association of the weekly frequency and the quantity per drinking day with type 2 diabetes. Men who consumed 0.1e2.0 or 2.1e4.0 US standard drinks per drinking day on 4e7 days weekly had a lower risk of type 2 diabetes (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.95; HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.91, respectively) compared to non-drinkers. Conclusions More frequent alcohol consumption lowered the risk of type 2 diabetes. Light to moderate alcohol consumption per drinking day on 4e7 days weekly lowered the risk of type 2 diabetes compared to non-drinkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Not known is whether smoking habit is associated with the risk of developing the metabolic syndrome among men. Study subjects consisted of 7355 Japanese men aged 40 to 55 years without the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome was defined using modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria using body mass index in place of waist circumference. Data on smoking habit was obtained from questionnaires. During the 4-year follow-up period, we confirmed 806 cases of the metabolic syndrome. After adjustment for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, alcohol daily consumption, and physical activity, the odds ratio (OR) of the metabolic syndrome among current smokers was 1.30 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.61) in comparison to never smokers. Men who smoked more than 30 cigarettes a day had a higher risk compared with never smokers (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.16-2.24) (Table 1). To evaluate the chronic effect of cigarettes smoking for the risk of the incidence of the metabolic syndrome, we assessed the relationship between pack-years and the risk of the metabolic syndrome. The value of pack-years is also associated with the increased risk of the metabolic syndrome in a dose-dependent manner. The multiple-adjusted OR for those whose pack-years value is more than 40 is 1.49 (95% CI 1.12-1.98). Furthermore, we assessed the association between cigarettes smoking and the incidence of the components of the metabolic syndrome. Cigarette smoking was associated with the risk of the incidence of hyperglycemia, high triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol but not high blood pressure or high body mass index. In conclusion, cigarette smoking habit is an independent risk factor for the development of the metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants, who have growth restriction, have higher perinatal morbidity and mortality. Excessive inflammatory reaction such as neutrophil activation has been observed in pregnant women whose offspring had restricted fetal growth, but the association between white blood cell (WBC) counts and SGA birth has not yet been assessed. We therefore examined the association of WBC count and its change with the risk of SGA birth., Study Design: We enrolled 2356 pregnant women who had full-term singleton delivery at a private maternity hospital in Hirakata, Japan. SGA was defined as under the 10th percentile of birthweight for gestational age, baby sex, and mother's parity according to the Japanese neonatal anthropometric charts renewed in 2010. Blood samples were measured in the first and third trimesters. We performed multiple logistic regression analysis to assess associations between total and differential WBC counts and SGA birth., Results: Women with SGA birth tended to have higher total WBC count in the third trimester compared with women who did not have SGA birth. This tendency was not observed for total WBC count in the first trimester. After adjustment for age, height, body mass index at entry, smoking habit, weekly gestational weight gain, and pregnancy-induced hypertension, higher total WBC count in the third trimester was associated with an increased risk of SGA birth. Total WBC count in the first trimester did not show any significant association with SGA birth. The ratio of total WBC count in the third trimester to that in the first trimester was associated with SGA birth; the odds ratio for 1 unit increase was 3.02 (95% CI: 1.54-5.92). Regarding differential WBC counts in the third trimester, neutrophil count but not lymphocyte count was associated positively with SGA birth., Conclusions: Higher total WBC and absolute neutrophil counts in the third trimester were associated with SGA birth. In addition, greater ratio of increase in total WBC counts during pregnancy showed a positive association with the incidence of SGA birth. These associations may reflect a vicious cycle of inflammation and placental dysfunction as a cause of fetal growth restriction., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)