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In oil palm plantations, Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease has been acknowledged by many researchers worldwide to be a core and consistent danger. Given this problem, the early evaluation of the disease...

Satellite images have been used for the last 35 years to monitor the erosion rates of the coastline, which has further altered the morphology of the coastline and its biodiversity. In order to make educated judgments about the protection of our coastline biodiversity, shoreline accretion trends over time are crucial for a wide range of coastal challenges and projects. As a result, the goal of this study was to use Landsat 8 OLI to monitor the coastline mangrove forest in Tanjung Piai to distinguish changes in the coastline, as well as to generate land use land cover in 2013 and 2020, detect changes in land use land cover in 2013 until 2020, and identify changes in the coastline mangrove forest in 2013 and 2020. The results showed that the shoreline of Tanjung Piai altered by an average value of accretion per year of 296.14 ha and an average value of reduction per year of 46.87 ha using the End Point Rate (EPR) and Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE) tools from the Digital Shoreline Analyst System (DSAS). The coastal zone must be safeguarded to ensure the safety of those who live close, as well as the ecosystem and habitat’s protection from the effects of rising sea levels.

The main concern for this research is slope estimation and the beach profiling with verification sensor-based remotely data (high spatial resolution). Thus, surveying and satellite extraction data need to be accurat. It had been proven to support the relationship between coastal erosion with beach slope changes along Kuantan, Pahang. Therefore, the actual coastline can be mapped from last vegetation features and determine physical condition of beach on coastal habitable land where the baseline has been changes due to sea-level rise event. Hence, the aim of this study is to monitor beach profile using high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery and GIS techniques to distinguish slope estimation from different sources in Kuantan, Pahang Site-verification are done to identify beach slope profiling along Kuantan coastline, Pahang. The objectives of this research are i) to generate coastal slope estimation and beach profile in year 2006 and 2014, ii) to quantify the estimated and observed beach slope from IFSAR data and slope site surveying (by NAHRIM) and iii) to visualise in 3-D view of coastal slope profile derived using IFSAR data. The accuracy values provided for the measurements made in open area, undisturbed area with slopes less than 10 %. From early reconnaissance of Kuantan beach, most of the area are flat and sandy profile to which are suitable for this application. Besides, we found out this method are reliable to produce appropriate slope profile along identified areas in selected Pahang coastline. The findings may indicated a better strategy for monitoring coastline changes is needed especially for vulnerable coastal erosion areas for future sustainable coastal management.

Oil palm is one of the cultivation that synonyms in Malaysia. Malaysia become one of the biggest palm oil producer globally after Indonesia. In order to achieve successful yield per year, oil palm need constant effort and labor to monitor them accordingly. Manual method in monitoring the palm oil consumes large amount of time and energy. Palm oil comes from the fleshy fruit of oil palms. Unrefined palm oil is sometimes referred to as red palm oil because of its reddish-orange color. Remote sensing technique utilizes usage of satellite imageries to analyzes healthiness and canopy features of palm oil plantation. There are several advantage in determining palm oil condition through multispectral and texture analysis in ERDAS Imagine and Envi. Utilizing Landsat-8 imagery, monitoring palm oil cultivation and yield can be effectively implemented in Malaysia. In this study, we will use three vegetation indices which are Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI). This study will demonstrate that selected satellite-derived vegetation indices can be used to estimate oil palm yields with reliable accuracy. In this work, the ability of selected vegetation indices, derived from a single-date archived high resolution satellite imagery, to estimate oil palm yields at the management block scale was demonstrated. This technique applied to determine the condition of the palm oil tree. Using remote sensing technique, the value of the vegetation indices will be determined and analyzed. Result from this process, palm oil condition can be evaluated. This study provides an important benchmark for applying remote sensing technology in the management of plantation-scale oil palm. Oil palm yield estimation based on empirical models, as described in this work, can be computerized using a simple spreadsheet interface so as to facilitate optimal agronomic intervention, particularly with regard to crop harvesting, crop stress alleviation and input application. However, it’s important to note that palm oil should not be confused with palm kernel oil. While both originate from the same plant, palm kernel oil is extracted from the seed of the fruit. It provides different health benefits.

The social and economic development from the coastal area benefits human life. However, growing human and environmental pressures at coastal areas also bring significant impacts on coastal erosion and coastline changes. Nowadays, geospatial technology which utilized remote sensing and GIS techniques has been widely used to detect coastal erosion for controlling the development and coastal region sustainability. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the coastal erosion and accretion for the potential risk zone based on the characteristics of the landscape and land use land cover (LULC) at the Kelantan Coast using land use classification and GIS spatial interpolation techniques. In this study, the vulnerability level of the coastal profile at the Kelantan coast was determined from the beach profile survey and the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation method. Then, the Land Use Land Cover (LULC) along a 1 km buffer zone were classified by performing a supervised classification method on Sentinel 2 satellite images year 2020. The effect of these parameters on coastal erosion was determined from separated five management units (MU 1, MU 2, MU 3, MU 4, MU 5) along the Kelantan Coast based on the Malaysian Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID). It is found that MU 3 (0.8%) and MU 5 (0.6%) were the area with the lowest average slope profile percentages which is located at Pantai Sabak and Pantai Kemayang respectively. Thus, the infrastructure, LULC and coastal communities in Pantai Sabak and Pantai Kemayang were potentially vulnerable to erosion. This finding supports the significant use of geospatial techniques of important decision-making to protect and mitigate steps toward sustainable coastal management along the coastline.

Malaysia has a long coastline stretching over 4,809 km where more than 1,300 km of beaches are experiencing erosion. Coastal erosion is defined as the permanent loss of land and habitats along the coastline resulting in changes to the coast. Thus, it is important to detect and monitor coastline changes especially in Pahang, Malaysia. This study used temporal data and high spatial resolution imagery of SPOT 5. It also explored remote sensing and GIS techniques to monitor coastline changes along 10 identified locations, from Cherating to Pekan of the Pahang coast. Ten significant coastline locations namely Pantai Cherating, Pantai Air Balok, Sungai Ular, Pantai Batu Hitam, Pantai Beserah, Swiss Garden Kuantan, Taman Gelora, Pantai Sepat, Pantai Cherok Palok, and Pantai Tanjung Agas were identified to be vulnerable to coastline erosion. Two temporal remote sensed date of SPOT 5 for the year of 2006 and 2014 were used to quantify erosion or accretion rate using National Coastal Erosion Study (NCES) guidelines. The research found that eight area out of 196 or 39.7% locations were eroded and categorized into acceptable erosion category (K3), while 64 area or 32.7 % had significant erosion category (K2) where the coastline retreated more than one meter per year and the most critical eroded area was K1 at 54 or 27.6% sites. Cherating, Swiss Garden Resort, and Cherok Paloh were among the sites with the highest erosion rate between −5.692 and −6.919 m/yr. Meanwhile, the highest rate of accretion or sedimentation was indicated in Tanjung Agas at 7.391 m/yr. A qualitative relationship between the erosion rate and slope percentage for the entire Kuantan coast that stretch from Pantai Cherating to Tanjung Agas, Pekan indicated that the coastal slope percentage, the beach width, and the beach material that deposited on the sites were interrelated and had significant impacts on the erosion rate on several particular zones of the Kuantan coastlines. The findings from monitoring coastline changes and identifying vulnerable erosion areas might be useful in the policy and decision making for sustainable coastal management.