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2. Seed-shattering phenology at soybean harvest of economically important weeds in multiple regions of the United States. Part 2: Grass species

Author

Schwartz-Lazaro, Lauren M., Shergill, Lovreet S., Evans, Jeffrey A., Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar V., Beam, Shawn C., Bish, Mandy D., Bond, Jason A., Bradley, Kevin W., Curran, William S., Davis, Adam S., Everman, Wesley J., Flessner, Michael L., Haring, Steven C., Jordan, Nicholas R., Korres, Nicholas E., Lindquist, John L., Norsworthy, Jason K., Sanders, Tameka L., Steckel, Larry E., VanGessel, Mark J., Young, Blake, and Mirsky, Steven B.

Published
2021

3. Seed-shattering phenology at soybean harvest of economically important weeds in multiple regions of the United States. Part 1 : Broadleaf species

Author

Schwartz-Lazaro, Lauren M., Shergill, Lovreet S., Evans, Jeffrey A., Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar V., Beam, Shawn C., Bish, Mandy D., Bond, Jason A., Bradley, Kevin W., Curran, William S., Davis, Adam S., Everman, Wesley J., Flessner, Michael L., Haring, Steven C., Jordan, Nicholas R., Korres, Nicholas E., Lindquist, John L., Norsworthy, Jason K., Sanders, Tameka L., Steckel, Larry E., VanGessel, Mark J., Young, Blake, and Mirsky, Steven B.

Published
2021

7. Seed-shattering phenology at soybean harvest of economically important weeds in multiple regions of the United States. Part 3: Drivers of seed shatter

Author

Schwartz-Lazaro, Lauren M., primary, Shergill, Lovreet S., additional, Evans, Jeffrey A., additional, Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar V., additional, Beam, Shawn C., additional, Bish, Mandy D., additional, Bond, Jason A., additional, Bradley, Kevin W., additional, Curran, William S., additional, Davis, Adam S., additional, Everman, Wesley J., additional, Flessner, Michael L., additional, Haring, Steven C., additional, Jordan, Nicholas R., additional, Korres, Nicholas E., additional, Lindquist, John L., additional, Norsworthy, Jason K., additional, Sanders, Tameka L., additional, Steckel, Larry E., additional, VanGessel, Mark J., additional, Young, Blake, additional, and Mirsky, Steven B., additional

Published
2021
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8. Seed-shattering phenology at soybean harvest of economically important weeds in multiple regions of the United States. Part 2: Grass species

Author

School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Schwartz-Lazaro, Lauren M., Shergill, Lovreet S., Evans, Jeffrey A., Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar V., Beam, Shawn C., Bish, Mandy D., Bond, Jason A., Bradley, Kevin W., Curran, William S., Davis, Adam S., Everman, Wesley J., Flessner, Michael L., Haring, Steven C., Jordan, Nicholas R., Korres, Nicholas E., Lindquist, John L., Norsworthy, Jason K., Sanders, Tameka L., Steckel, Larry E., VanGessel, Mark J., Young, Blake, Mirsky, Steven B., School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Schwartz-Lazaro, Lauren M., Shergill, Lovreet S., Evans, Jeffrey A., Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar V., Beam, Shawn C., Bish, Mandy D., Bond, Jason A., Bradley, Kevin W., Curran, William S., Davis, Adam S., Everman, Wesley J., Flessner, Michael L., Haring, Steven C., Jordan, Nicholas R., Korres, Nicholas E., Lindquist, John L., Norsworthy, Jason K., Sanders, Tameka L., Steckel, Larry E., VanGessel, Mark J., Young, Blake, and Mirsky, Steven B.

Abstract

Seed shatter is an important weediness trait on which the efficacy of harvest weed seed control (HWSC) depends. The level of seed shatter in a species is likely influenced by agroecological and environmental factors. In 2016 and 2017, we assessed seed shatter of eight economically important grass weed species in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] from crop physiological maturity to 4 wk after maturity at multiple sites spread across 11 states in the southern, northern, and mid-Atlantic United States. From soybean maturity to 4 wk after maturity, cumulative percent seed shatter was lowest in the southern U.S. regions and increased moving north through the states. At soybean maturity, the percent of seed shatter ranged from 1% to 70%. That range had shifted to 5% to 100% (mean: 42%) by 25 d after soybean maturity. There were considerable differences in seed-shatter onset and rate of progression between sites and years in some species that could impact their susceptibility to HWSC. Our results suggest that many summer annual grass species are likely not ideal candidates for HWSC, although HWSC could substantially reduce their seed output during certain years.

Published
2021

9. Seed-shattering phenology at soybean harvest of economically important weeds in multiple regions of the United States. Part 1: Broadleaf species

Author

School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Schwartz-Lazaro, Lauren M., Shergill, Lovreet S., Evans, Jeffrey A., Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar V., Beam, Shawn C., Bish, Mandy D., Bond, Jason A., Bradley, Kevin W., Curran, William S., Davis, Adam S., Everman, Wesley J., Flessner, Michael L., Haring, Steven C., Jordan, Nicholas R., Korres, Nicholas E., Lindquist, John L., Norsworthy, Jason K., Sanders, Tameka L., Steckel, Larry E., VanGessel, Mark J., Young, Blake, Mirsky, Steven B., School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Schwartz-Lazaro, Lauren M., Shergill, Lovreet S., Evans, Jeffrey A., Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar V., Beam, Shawn C., Bish, Mandy D., Bond, Jason A., Bradley, Kevin W., Curran, William S., Davis, Adam S., Everman, Wesley J., Flessner, Michael L., Haring, Steven C., Jordan, Nicholas R., Korres, Nicholas E., Lindquist, John L., Norsworthy, Jason K., Sanders, Tameka L., Steckel, Larry E., VanGessel, Mark J., Young, Blake, and Mirsky, Steven B.

Abstract

Potential effectiveness of harvest weed seed control (HWSC) systems depends upon seed shatter of the target weed species at crop maturity, enabling its collection and processing at crop harvest. However, seed retention likely is influenced by agroecological and environmental factors. In 2016 and 2017, we assessed seed-shatter phenology in 13 economically important broadleaf weed species in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] from crop physiological maturity to 4 wk after physiological maturity at multiple sites spread across 14 states in the southern, northern, and mid-Atlantic United States. Greater proportions of seeds were retained by weeds in southern latitudes and shatter rate increased at northern latitudes. Amaranthus spp. seed shatter was low (0% to 2%), whereas shatter varied widely in common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) (2% to 90%) over the weeks following soybean physiological maturity. Overall, the broadleaf species studied shattered less than 10% of their seeds by soybean harvest. Our results suggest that some of the broadleaf species with greater seed retention rates in the weeks following soybean physiological maturity may be good candidates for HWSC.

Published
2021

11. Seed-shattering phenology at soybean harvest of economically important weeds in multiple regions of the United States. Part 1: Broadleaf species

Author

Schwartz-Lazaro, Lauren M., primary, Shergill, Lovreet S., additional, Evans, Jeffrey A., additional, Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar V., additional, Beam, Shawn C., additional, Bish, Mandy D., additional, Bond, Jason A., additional, Bradley, Kevin W., additional, Curran, William S., additional, Davis, Adam S., additional, Everman, Wesley J., additional, Flessner, Michael L., additional, Haring, Steven C., additional, Jordan, Nicholas R., additional, Korres, Nicholas E., additional, Lindquist, John L., additional, Norsworthy, Jason K., additional, Sanders, Tameka L., additional, Steckel, Larry E., additional, VanGessel, Mark J., additional, Young, Blake, additional, and Mirsky, Steven B., additional

Published
2020
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12. Seed-shattering phenology at soybean harvest of economically important weeds in multiple regions of the United States. Part 2: Grass species

Author

Schwartz-Lazaro, Lauren M., primary, Shergill, Lovreet S., additional, Evans, Jeffrey A., additional, Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar V., additional, Beam, Shawn C., additional, Bish, Mandy D., additional, Bond, Jason A., additional, Bradley, Kevin W., additional, Curran, William S., additional, Davis, Adam S., additional, Everman, Wesley J., additional, Flessner, Michael L., additional, Haring, Steven C., additional, Jordan, Nicholas R., additional, Korres, Nicholas E., additional, Lindquist, John L., additional, Norsworthy, Jason K., additional, Sanders, Tameka L., additional, Steckel, Larry E., additional, VanGessel, Mark J., additional, Young, Blake, additional, and Mirsky, Steven B., additional

Published
2020
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13. Narrow-windrow burning to control seeds of Italian ryegrass (Lolium perennessp. multiflorum) in wheat and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in soybean

Author

Spoth, Matthew P., Haring, Steven C., Everman, Wesley, Reberg-Horton, Chris, Greene, Wykle C., and Flessner, Michael L.

Abstract

AbstractNarrow-windrow burning (NWB) is a form of harvest weed seed control in which crop residues and weed seeds collected by the combine are concentrated into windrows and subsequently burned. The objectives of this study were to determine how NWB will 1) affect seed survival of Italian ryegrass in wheat and Palmer amaranth in soybean and 2) determine whether a relationship exists between NWB heat index (HI; the sum of temperatures above ambient) or effective burn time (EBT; the cumulative number of seconds temperatures exceed 200 C) and the post-NWB seed survival of both species. Average soybean and wheat windrow HI totaled 140,725 ± 14,370 and 66,196 ± 6224 C, and 259 ± 27 and 116 ± 12 s of EBT, respectively. Pre-NWB versus post-NWB germinability testing revealed an estimated seed kill rate of 79.7% for Italian ryegrass, and 86.3% for Palmer amaranth. Non-linear two-parameter exponential regressions between seed kill and HI or EBT indicated NWB at an HI of 146,000 C and 277 s of EBT potentially kills 99% of Palmer amaranth seed. Seventy-six percent of soybean windrow burning events resulted in estimated Palmer amaranth seed kill rates greater than 85%. Predicted Italian ryegrass seed kill was greater than 97% in all but two wheat NWB events; therefore, relationships were not calculated. These results validate the effectiveness of the ability of NWB to reduce seed survival, thereby improving weed management and combating herbicide resistance.

Published
2022
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14. Harvest Weed Seed Control: An Integrated Weed Management Strategy for Organic and Conventional Production Systems

Author

Haring, Steven C., Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Flessner, Michael L., Cahoon, Charles W., and Everman, Wesley J.

Subjects
harvest weed seed control, Integrated weed management, seed shattering
Abstract

Harvest weed seed controls (HWSC) destroy weed seeds that are retained by the plant at crop harvest, which would typically be spread by the harvester along with other field residues. HWSC exploits coincidental maturity between crops and weeds, so an experiment was designed to collect weed seeds as they shatter throughout the growing season and through a simulated harvest delay. This experiment monitored four economically important broadleaf species and two grass species in a soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) field. Results indicated that broadleaf species shattered seed at rates accelerating through the growing season, while grass species shattered more seed early in the growing season. Field experiments in organic and conventional winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields infested with Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot) compared two HWSC techniques to grower-standard weed management programs in each system, including both no-till and full-till standard treatments in the conventional system. Italian ryegrass populations were monitored, and wheat yield was measured both before and after HWSC application. In both organic and conventional cropping systems, HWSC treatments did not provide better Italian ryegrass control than the grower-standard treatments. The conventional program including tillage boosted Italian ryegrass populations. These results suggest that HWSC treatments did not enhance Italian ryegrass control compared to grower-standard practices in either the organic or conventional systems. Additionally, broadleaf weeds may retain enough seeds to be viable targets for HWSC. Incorporating best practices, such as a timely crop harvest, is key for understanding and optimizing HWSC. Master of Science

Published
2017

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