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Vannamei shrimp is a high-value, economically important brackish water aquaculture commodity that is easy to cultivate. Optimal growth of Vannamei shrimp can be achieved by monitoring water quality parameters such as pH and turbidity. The pH levels can be measured using a pH sensor, with a pH meter as a reference. Turbidity levels are measured with a turbidity sensor in NTU units, with a turbidity stick serving as a reference. Testing of these sensors was conducted from morning to noon over three days in the brackish water ponds of IBAP Banjar Kemuning, Sidoarjo, recording 100 data samples. The performance of both sensors fluctuated due to disturbances around the pond, prompting the use of the Moving Average (MA) filter method to improve accuracy. Applying MA with varying window sizes (wz) resulted in a performance increase of 0.24% in the morning and 0.1% at noon. Additionally, turbidity sensor testing indicated that the pond conditions were consistent with the turbidity measurements obtained using the turbidity stick.

Amid the rising risks of fossil fuel prices and uncertainties about the global energy supply, countries worldwide have the opportunity to strengthen the development of clean energy investments. This study analyzes the impact of economic growth and other variables, such as fossil fuel consumption, renewable electricity generation, and low-carbon energy use, on carbon dioxide emissions in Indonesia over the past 58 years, from 1965 to 2022. The analysis compares the findings with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis using quadratic equations and cubic equations through the stepwise application of ordinary least square (OLS) methods. Projections suggest that this relationship could follow the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis with an inverted U-shape as GDP per capita increases, CO2 emissions per capita rise until reaching a turning point at $12,440 GDP per capita, after which CO2 emissions per capita potentially decrease with further GDP growth. The EKC is a theoretical framework that suggests that environmental degradation initially increases with economic growth, but it starts to decrease beyond a certain point. The analysis also shows that projections could follow an N-curve when variables such as fossil fuel consumption and low-carbon energy influence the NZE level. This indicates that Indonesia still needs to consider energy security in the short and medium term while advancing sustainable energy initiatives. There is also a need for support in research and development of environmentally friendly technologies to reduce emissions alongside national economic growth.

Sigma Metrics, as a quality indicator, have been widely applied in clinical laboratories to assess the performance of analytical methods. Described in the document Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) EP15- A3, the use of target values can be sourced from certified reference standards, survey materials from the Proficiency Testing (PT)/External Quality Assessment (EQA), materials used in inter-laboratory quality control programs and internal quality control materials with predetermined targets. This research aims to determine whether there is a difference in the sigma metrics between the bias derived from the manufacturer's target value and those from the peer group source in the External Quality Assurance Services (EQAS) program. The research methodology employed is descriptive comparative analysis, utilizing the results of material inspection data for 15 internal quality control parameters of Clinical Chemistry over a span of 2 years at the Pramita Laboratory in Bandung. The calculation of the sigma metrics commences with computing the coefficient of variation (CV), and the appropriate Total Error aalowable (Tea) sources for each parameter are determined beforehand using the TEa algorithm. The research findings indicate a difference between the sigma metrics derived from the manufacturer's target value and those from the EQAS-peer group target value, accounting for 33% or 10 parameters out of the total parameters with 2 levels of inspection are calculated on the sigma scale. However, in 67% or 20 parameters out of the total parameters, no such difference is observed. Bias associated with the target value from the manufacturer and the EQAS peer group shows no significant difference, suggesting that the laboratory can utilize pre-existing target values confidently.

Struktur tata kelola yang baik berperan penting dalam meningkatkan pemberdayaan sosial ekonomi masyarakat desa termasuk produsen kopi, serta menguatkan rantai nilai kopi secara keseluruhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis terhadap struktur tata kelola rantai nilai kopi robusta. Penelitian dilakukan di tiga kecamatan di Pagar Alam, Sumatera Selatan pada tahun 2022 dengan menggunakan data primer yang diperoleh dari 98 aktor yang terlibat dalam rantai nilai kopi. Data yang telah dikumpulkan dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan pendekatan Gereffi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa aktor rantai nilai kopi robusta terdiri dari petani, pedagang pengumpul, koperasi, industri kecil menengah, dan konsumen akhir. Kopi bubuk yang diproduksi industri kopi Pagar Alam berasal dari biji kopi petik merah. Tata kelola rantai nilai kopi robusta di Pagar Alam diklasifikasikan sebagai tipe modular yang ditandai dengan tingkat kompleksitas informasi transaksi yang tinggi, kemampuan aktor rantai yang tinggi dalam kodifikasi informasi, dan kemampuan yang tinggi dalam menyediakan bahan baku. Untuk membangun tata kelola rantai nilai kopi robusta yang lebih baik, diperlukan kerjasama dan kemitraan antara petani produsen hingga industri pengolahan dalam rangka memperkuat koordinasi antara aktor rantai nilai. Kemudian pemerintah lokal perlu meningkatkan perannya sebagai fasilitator untuk peningkatan mutu kopi. Dengan tata kelola yang lebih efisien diharapkan akan mengembangkan rantai nilai yang memberikan manfaat bagi seluruh aktor rantai nilai kopi robusta.

PT XYZ is an agribusiness company. Currently, its potential is still not optimized. To support sustainable and competitive agricultural development and the sustainability of the industry in running a business, professional and efficient business plans and strategies are needed to achieve the business targets that have been set. This study aims to 1) analyze the business model run by PT XYZ, 2) analyze the internal and external conditions of PT XYZ, and 3) formulate an improvement plan for the business model of PT XYZ. The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through field observations, in-depth interviews with informants (purposive sampling), and distributing questionnaires. In contrast, secondary data came from various kinds of literature, both from books and the internet, regarding the results of data publications from relevant institutions and agencies relevant to the research. The method of analysis with research objectives are Business Model Canvas (BMC), SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) analysis, and qualitative and quantitative descriptive. The results of the Business Model (BMC) mapping at PT XYZ show that there is still a need for changes in business strategy because there are still potential customer segments to be developed. After using the SWOT analysis, there are several formulations of strategy development, namely a new alternative strategy focusing on several operational support components to reach broader consumers, integration between products and services, and a sound marketing management system.

Most Indonesians rely on liquefied petroleum gas as one of their primary sources of energy. Liquefied petroleum gas is classified into subsidized and non-subsidized. Subsidized liquefied petroleum gas is primarily used by low-income households, small businesses, as well as poor fishermen and farmers for cooking. However, no exit strategy has been established to overcome the increase in government spending on subsidized kerosene introduced in 2008. The problem is that macro variables may influence liquefied petroleum gas economic prices. The research aimed to identify the relationship between macro variables that might affect liquefied petroleum gas economic prices. It applied a quantitative method with Vector Auto Regression (VAR) and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The results demonstrate that inflation rate have a significant impact on the economic price of liquefied petroleum gas. Then, gross domestic product, inflation rate, and world gas price have positive correlations to the economic prices in liquefied petroleum gas. Meanwhile, currency exchange and world oil price have negative coefficients. The regression model indicates that a rise in inflation increases market prices in liquefied petroleum gas. Furthermore, the increased subsidized fuel means more poor people cannot afford liquefied petroleum gas. It is because high inflation reduces purchasing and potentially increases the number of poor people.

AbstractBeing the main food commodity, the dynamics of rice prices is one of the most important issues for Indonesian economy. The prices at the retail level and at the farm level are influenced not only by the demand and supply in each of these markets but also by price behavior at the wholesale market. This study aims to analyse the dynamics of the relationship and behaviour of the prices of various varieties and qualities of rice in the wholesale market. The dynamics of rice prices are investigated by employing multivariate vector error correction model (VECM) and using daily price series at wholesale level during the period of 1 October 2014 until 12 February 2018. The results show a strong price relationship between premium-quality rice and medium-quality rice and between medium-quality rice and low-quality rice. Changes in the price of premium-quality rice and changes in the price of low-quality rice will have a large influence on the price of medium quality rice, but not vice versa. Furthermore, regarding the price stabilization policy, the results suggested that the policies aimed at regulating medium-quality rice prices are estimated to have relatively weak effects on the prices of premium-quality rice and low-quality rice.

Most of Indonesia's rice farming households are small-scale, with farming income equivalent to below the poverty line. Sources of income from outside the farm can be a complement to the low income obtained from farming. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of off-farm income on the technical efficiency of rice farming. This study employed secondary data and analyzed using the stochastic production frontier model, with corrections for the bias associated with the observed and unobserved variables first. This study showed that the education level of the head of the household had a significant positive effect on the opportunity to obtain off-farm income. Land area and fertilizer have a significant effect on increasing rice farming production. Rice farming in the household group without off-farm income has a relatively higher level of technical efficiency than the household group with off-farm income. Therefore, government policies regarding farmers' access to land and fertilizers are needed to increase rice production. Opportunities for farm households to obtain off-farm income will be even greater if policies enable them to obtain a better education.

The outdoor culture system is an extensive larval rearing system used to produce fingerlings using a large volume of facilities in outdoor conditions. This study was aimed at investigating the embryogenesis and early-stage development of larval golden rabbitfish reared in outdoor concrete tanks. Selected broodstocks were spawned in a tank equipped with a substrate for egg attachment. The larvae were reared in a 64 m3 concrete tank with sand substrate at the bottom, at a density of 5 individuals per liter for 25 days. The larvae were fed with rotifers and commercial powder feed during the experimental rearing. The results showed that female broodstock weighing 712 – 755 g had a fecundity of 413,400 – 585,000 eggs. Embryo development from the 2-cell stage to hatching took 20 hours and 10 minutes. The hatching rate was 44 – 66% at an egg diameter of 450 – 661 µm. D-1 larvae had a total length of 2.4 mm, and mouth opening occurred at late D-2. At the end of the experimental period, larval growth achieved a total length of 21.0 mm.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the costs borne by farming households due to peatland fires. The research location was Air Sugihan District, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, and 3 villages were selected representing the district i.e., Rengas Abang Village, Nusa Karta Village, and Jadi Mulya Village. Twenty samples of farmer households were taken as respondents. Data collection activities were carried out in August‒September 2021. Data analysis methods used Cost of Illness, Loss of Earnings, Equivalency Analysis, and Loss on Farming. Economic losses due to forest and peatland fires in Air Sugihan District, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency amounted to IDR773.338.080 with 1.91% of medical expenses, 0.27% of additional cost of drinking water, 41.91% of increase in farming costs, and losses of farmer income by 55.91%, or IDR557,160/week/farmer household with a total of 1,388 households. The costs paid by farming households in Air Sugihan District, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency due to peatland fires, increased substantially compared to the cost paid before the fire was occurred. It is concluded that in minimizing the impact of forest and peatland fires it is necessary to carry out interventions so that similar incidents do not recur in the future. Keywords: cost, farmers, impact of fire, peatland fires

Tulisan ini mengkaji tentang letar belakang munculnya DI/TII dan bagaimana sikap pemerintah terhadap kelompok separatis ini, utamanya DI/TII pada wilayah Sulawesi Selatan yang di nahkodai oleh Qahar Muzakkar, dari hasil kekecewaan terhadap pemerintah hingga masuk dalam kelompok Darul Islam. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Kualitatif deskriptif dengan menggunakan perspektif sejarah, dengan melihat bagaimana dan apa terbentuknya DI/TII setrta bagaimana perspektif politik keamanan melihat peristiwa ini. Hasil pembahasan terbagi atas dua bagian, yang pertama membahas tentang klaim historis pejuang gerilya. Klaim historis oleh para pejuang gerilya yang di pimpin oleh Qahar Muzakkar dimana ingin mendapatkan akomodasi yang layak dari pemerintah atas perjuangannya dalm perang revolusi. Bagian kedua, membahas tentang sikap negara terhadap DI/TII, ini melihat bagaimana negara melakukan penumpasan terhadap DI/TII di Sulawesi Selatan. Dengan cara Perundingan hingga perang pemerintah lakukan untuk meredam pemberontakan ini. Dan pada kesimpulan membahas kedua bagian dari pembahasan tersebut.

This study aims to analyze the production cost structure and to measure the profitability of three types of smallholder pig farming, namely farrow-to-finish, pig-finishing, and pig-nursery in Indonesia. This study employed the data from the Statistics Indonesia-Livestock Business Household Survey (ST2013-STU). The measurement of profitability was carried out by calculating the profitability of three types of pig farming business using the adapted enterprise budgeting method. Based on the production cost structure, the percentage of pig feed costs accounted for more than 70% of the total cash of the three types of pig farming. The percentage of unpaid labor costs is more than 50% of the total non-cash. Based on the measurement results of the profitability indicators, it can be shown that the pig-finishing type has the highest profitability among the three types of smallholder pig farming. Government policies are needed to increase pig farmers' access to financing and better pig farming technology.

Allergy is still a health problem in Indonesia. One of the manifestations of allergies is allergic rhinitis. Many factors can trigger the recurrence of rhinitis, including exposure to house dust mites. This study aims to identify the population of house dust mites in the classrooms and student residences. This study was participated by 74 FK UNRI students with allergic rhinitis. The samples included dust collected from residences and classrooms consisting of four large classrooms, three small classrooms, four laboratories, two examination rooms, 12 skills lab rooms, and 15 tutorial rooms. Detection of dust was performed using the direct method. The results showed that no classroom (0%) was found with house dust mites. However, there were 37.8% of residences were positive. Based on the result, it can be concluded that the high population of house dust mites in the students’ residences becomes an essential factor as a chronic stressor for allergic rhinitis.

Civil and military relations in Indonesia actually have their own rules. If we examine history, we will find phenomena about the relationship between civilian and military power towards the process of social and political change in Indonesia. This paper aims to identify the rules of civil and military play in Indonesia in particular wanting to track civil and military power relations. This study tries to illustrate how the rules of the game between civilians and the military in Indonesia. This paper uses descriptive qualitative methods with data collection techniques by interview and literature study. This paper shows that civilians and the military have their respective duties in carrying out the mandate of the state, these two positions should not interfere with each other. After the reform of civil and military relations, it looks good. One of the agendas is against the Indonesian Armed Forces Dual Function (ABRI) but today, the issue of ABRI's Dual Function has been transformed into a Military Dual Function, ahead of the 2019 General Election (Election) this issue re-emerges so that it is considered political and becomes part of the project's representation of political interests.

The agricultural sector is strategic and the third-largest contributor to the GRDP of West Java Province, but its growth has slowed during the 2016–2019 period. The slow growth rate can be caused by the determinants of the growth of the agricultural sector itself and is very likely to be affected by the spatial interaction between regions in the province. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the spatial effect between regions on the growth of the agricultural sector in West Java and identify the factors that influence the growth of the agricultural sector within the province by using spatial analysis of panel data. The results reveal that the appropriate model is a fixed effect spatial error model, which shows an effect of spatial interaction between regions on the growth of the agricultural sector in West Java Province. The factors that affect the growth of the agricultural sector are agricultural credit, agricultural road infrastructure, and diversification of economic activities. Keywords: agricultural sector growth, spatial autoregressive, spatial error model, spatial panel data

Desentralisasi merupakan penyerahan kekuasaan pemerintahan oleh pemerintah pusat kepada daerah otonom berdasar asas otonomi yang secara umum hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa desentralisasi telah berdampak positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di daerah. Terjadinya krisis perekonomian global, mengakibatkan terjadinya perlambatan pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional dan Kalsel dimana perlambatan ini terjadi sejak tahun 2012 dan terus berlanjut sampai dengan tahun 2015 yang kemudian hanya tumbuh sebesar 3,84%. Realisasi pajak kendaraan bermotor pada tahun 2015-2019 masih berfluktuasi, sehingga perlu diketahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penerimaan pajak kendaraan bermotor tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penerimaan pajak kendaraan bermotor di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis data primer dan data sekunder. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi data panel. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa jumlah kendaraan memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan sedangkan jumlah penduduk, PDRB perkapita, inflasi dan sistem pajak tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penerimaan pajak kendaraan bermotor di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Kata Kunci :Analisis Regresi Data Panel, Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor.

Large-scale companies carry out forestry industry export activities. PT SLJ Global Tbk is one of the actors in this activity. The research’s objectives are to analyze the factors that affect the company's plywood exports and to identify the managerial policies of the company's plywood exports. This research uses secondary data in the form of monthly time series data form January 2014 to December 2020. The Error Correction Model (ECM) is used to analyze the factors that affect the company’s plywood export volume. The factors that have a positive and significant effect in the long-term model are the production volume and the previous period's production volume. The factors that have a positive and significant effect on the short-term model are production volume, export prices, international prices, and production volumes for the previous period. The managerial implications are increasing productivity, maintaining production stability, increasing plywood quality, and increasing export marketing. Suggestions for company are to maintain the stability of raw materials, innovate products, increase investment, require new markets, and analyze and evaluate marketing and its correlation with the company's production aspects. Keywords: ECM, export, forestry, managerial, plywood

This study aimed to analyze changes in household consumption patterns in rural and urban areas due to price changes in the rice commodity. The data sources used were the 2016 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS). Household food consumption data were grouped into ten food groups, while respondent households were grouped into four household groups, i.e., rich urban, poor urban, rich rural, and poor rural groups. The research methodology used was QUAIDS and Elasticity. The results showed that the characteristics of the four household groups on the variable number of household members and the age of the household head had almost the same average. However, the household heads were different in the variable of education length. The longest education was in the rich urban group, while the least was in the poor rural group. Likewise, the highest average income was the rich urban group, and the lowest was the poor rural group. As for commodities, the poor areas share that were greater than the rich ones are rice, other carbohydrates, fat, fruits, spices, and other ingredients. In contrast, the larger commodities in rich areas than in poor areas were meat, eggs-milk-and beans, vegetables, cigarettes, and prepared foods. Of the four commodity groups, the highest share was cigarettes and prepared foods, greater in rich areas than in poor areas, both for urban and rural areas. For the rice commodity, the household group with the highest share was the poor rural group of 0.23, while the smallest was the rich urban group of 0.1033

The productivity of white pepper plants and the low quality of yields are the main problems that should be corrected in the management of smallholder plantations in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province. This study aims to determine the factors affecting farmer participation in implementing GAP, as well as how the GAP was implemented. The study was conducted in 3 districts namely West Bangka, Central Bangka, and South Bangka as a center of white pepper production. The respondents consisting of 142 farmers who applied GAP and 82 non-GAP farmers. By using the logit model, it is found that older farmers, more educated, have more family members, have larger planting areas and farmers who are more active in participating in GAP socialization will have more chances of deciding to implement GAP. The implementation of white pepper GAP for each component, on average ranged from 67 to 95 percent.

Persaingan dalam menarik minat orang tua siswa untuk menyekolahkan anak mereka ke sekolah swasta memang sangat tinggi. Sekolah swasta harus bekerja keras dalam hal mendapatkan siswa yang akan melanjutkan pendidikannya ke tingkat selanjutnya. Sekolah hendaknya harus memiliki nilai tambah yang lebih di mata orang tua siswa. Dari ketiga algoritma yang digunakan, terdapat nilai accuracy tertinggi sebesar 86,50% dihasilkan dari algoritma Naïve Bayes. Dalam artian, tingkat prediksi untuk sekolah SMP Cenderawasih mendapatkan jumlah siswa yang didapatkan dari kuesioner sangat memungkinkan orang tua mendaftarkan anaknya kesekolah ini. Dapat dilihat dari beberapa faktor yang dijadikan sebagai atribut dalam daftar kuesioner. Dengan algoritma Naïve Bayes, atribut yang paling tinggi sebagai faktor penentu orang tua mendaftarkan anaknya adalah atribut umur, yaitu yang berumur 31 sampai 50 tahun, kemudian atribut faktor karena tidak masuk negeri, atribut transport menggunakan motor, kemudian atribut jarak, serta atribut informasi yang didapat dari teman atau saudara. Dari faktor tersebut terlihat apa saja yang harus dilakukan untuk menaikkan jumlah siswa

This study aims to analyze the impact of the tariff and non-tariff policies implementation of the importing countries on the export performance of Indonesian processed tuna. A cross-sectional gravity model analysis was conducted to find out the impact of these policies on exports. The variables used include GDP per capita of the importing countries, population, economic distance, export prices, actual exchange rates, tariff policies, and non-tariff policies in the form of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBT). The estimation shows that the variables of GDP per capita of the importing countries, population, exchange rates, export prices, and SPS give a positive and significant effect on the trade of Indonesian processed tuna commodities. On the other hand, economic distance and TBT policy give a negative and significant impact on the volume of this particular commodity. Meanwhile, the tariff policy implementation also give a negative effect on the export volume, but it is not significant. Keywords: cross sectional gravity, export performance, non-tariffs, tariffs

Demand for food products is inevitable, this condition is related to food products as a staple food for the sustainability of human life. In Indonesia, the demand for food depends very much on the needs of the people. The purpose of this study is to analyze food demand in Indonesia which is divided into 4 categories of regions: rich cities, poor cities, rich villages, and poor villages need through research that can be obtained about getting assistance in accordance with the consumption demand of people in Indonesia. The research method used secondary data with panel data types obtained from SUSENAS data. The analytical method used to estimate the demand system was through econometrics demand, namely the QUAIDS model and then the data were processed using the SAS program. The results showed a comparison of the total number of households allocated specifically for food if sorted out, namely poor villages were higher then followed by poor cities, rich cities, and rich villages. When there is a change in income, poor rural households and poor cities when the public still responds by allocating a large part of their budgets to very basic trade such as other food and tobacco, rice, other oils, and household fats in rich villages and rich cities provide more responses to allocating their incomes to the trade in meat, fruits, vegetables, fish, eggs, milk, and processed foods. Keywords: Quadaric Almost Ideal System, income elasticity, consumption, demand food

As part of strengthening food security and increasing farmers’ income, the government established a program to improve farmers' access to working capital. However, the absorption of subsidized credits is still much lower than the allocation of credits provided by the government. This study aims to analyze the factors that are likely to affect farmers' opportunities to access subsidized credit, and how the impact of access to credit affects the performance of paddy farming. The propensity score matching (PSM) method is employed in this research. The data in this study is from a farm household level survey. The results of the study showed that collateral, interest rate, farmer access experience to credit, farmer group quality, and financial literacy level have a significant effect on farmer accessibility to subsidized credit. Farmers' access to subsidized credit significantly not only improved the productivity and profitability of paddy farming in the research area but household non-farm income as well.Keywords: credit accessibility, working capital, inputs allocation, productivity JEL Classifications: D240, G210, H25DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.8388

Proses pasteurisasi berfungsi untuk membunuh bakteri patogen yang dapat mengganggu kesehatan. Selain itu proses pasteurisasi juga bermanfaat untuk memperpanjang masa susu tidak rusak sehingga kualitas susu dapat dipertahankan sampai jangka waktu tertentu. Pada penelitian pengabdian masyarakat ini proses pasteurisasi susu dengan model low temperature long time (LTLT) dibangun dengan menggunakan pengendali PID dan pengendali Fuzzy. Model LTLT dipilih karena adanya kebutuhan masyarakat untuk dapat mencampur susu dengan berbagai perasa selama proses pasteurisasi berlangsung. Tujuan akhir dari penambahan perasa pada susu adalah untuk meningkatkan daya jual dari susu pasteurisasi. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian didapatkan bahwa sistem pengendali PID dengan nilai K_P=31,8; K_I=117,8; K_D=4,3 memberikan respon lebih cepat daripada sistem pengendali Fuzzy berdasarkan pengukuran indikator waktu tunda, waktu naik, waktu puncak dan waktu penetapan. Sebaliknya sistem pengendali Fuzzy menghasilkan nilai MSE lebih kecil daripada sistem pengendali PID yang menunjukkan bahwa sistem pengendali Fuzzy lebih akurat daripada sistem pengendali PID dalam proses pasteurisasi susu. Hasil pengujian laboratorium terhadap susu hasil proses pasteurisasi menunjukkan bahwa jumlah cemaran mikroba telah turun pada jumlah sesuai dengan standar SNI pada saat yang sama kualitas susu hasil proses pasteurisasi tetap terjaga. Abstrack Milk pasteurization process has benefit for reducing pathogenic bacteria that may harm people’s health. At the same time, this process can be used to maintain the milk quality for long period of time. In this research, a milk pasteurization process that based on the low temperature long time (LTLT) was built utilizing the Proportional-Integral-Derivative and the Fuzzy system methods. The LTLT method was chosen in this project due to the need to blend the pasteurized milk with several type of food flavoring to increase the selling power of the pasteurized milk. Therefore, it needs longer pasteurization time. Based on the 30 trials of examination, it showed that the PID controller with values of was able to provide a faster system response time compared to the Fuzzy controller. The measurement was done utilizing several indicators including delay time, rise time, peak time as well as settling time. In contrast, the Fuzzy controller produced a smaller mean squared error (MSE) compared to the PID controller showing that the Fuzzy controller produced smaller error fluctuation in the milk pasteurization process. Nevertheless, the results showed that both controllers exhibited MSE lower than , it indicates that both controllers could maintain milk temperature at the range of the standardized milk pasteurization process. Moreover, laboratory examination showed that using both pasteurization methods the number of coliform bacteria have been decreased to meet with the SNI standard and at the same time it was able to maintain the quality of the milk.

Maize is a strategic commodity for Indonesia, besides being used as community consumption, it is also used as input for industries such as animal feed and food processing industries as well as inputs for independent farmers. Industrial maize is obtained from two sources, namely domestic and imported. This study aims to determine the impact of government policies on the welfare of farmers and maize processing industries in Indonesia. The welfare of farmers is measured by producer surplus and consumer surplus. Using the econometric approach with a simultaneous equation system model, the estimation technique used is two stages least squares (2SLS), a range of data series from 1985 to 2017. The analysis shows that the corn harvest area is negatively related to farm labor wages, urea fertilizer prices, working capital interest rates and significant statistically. The level of maize productivity is positively related to the amount of use of urea and hybrid seeds, while the number of composite seed uses actually decreases maize productivity. The scenario of subsidizing urea fertilizer prices and subsidizing hybrid seed prices, can increase farmers' maize production, but does not improve the welfare of farmers, because the additional production produced by farmers is not able to be absorbed by the market and prices drop dramatically, but the policy scenario is economically efficient. While the scenario of increasing import tariffs can actually increase farmers' welfare even though the overall policy is not efficient. The role of the government is very necessary especially in maintaining price stability when overproduction, this can be implemented by procuring maize by the government when overproduction, so prices remain stable. Keywords: hybrid seed, import tariff, maize production, urea fertilizer, welfareJEL Classification: Q17DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.7910

Coconut farmers are always faced with risks, including the risk of production and price risk. This production risk causes the productivity of the head to decline. In addition, the price risk faced by farmers will also have an impact on the income received so that in the end it will affect the farmer household decision making in allocating existing resources. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of changes in the level of production risk and price on farmer household behavior in coconut farming production decisions. This research was conducted in Seruyan District, Central Borneo Province with 200 farmers as respondents. The results showed that there was a risk that production would increase the use of herbicides, reduce the allocation of time to use male labor in the family on family farms and increase the use of male labor from outside the family and reduce spending on health, education and household savings. Meanwhile, the price risk will result in reduced use of female labor from outside the family, reduced non-food, education expenditure and reduced business investment. Keywords: Coconut farmer household economic behavior, production risk, price risk. JEL Classifications: D10, D13, D14, Q12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.11340

This research discusses how the empty box won in the 2018 Makassar Regional Head Election. This phenomenon became the elections’ history where a single candidate failed to win the election. Ten political parties consisting of Functional Groups Party (Golkar), National Democratic Party (NasDem), Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), United Development Party (PPP), Crescent Star Party (PBB), Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra), Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), People’s Conscience Party (Hanura), National Mandate Party (PAN), and Indonesian Justice and Unity Party (PKPI), promoted a single candidate pair. This study aims to describe how the movement of empty box volunteers in the Makassar Regional Head Election. This research uses a qualitative method. Selection of informants using a snowball sampling technique, and using social movement theory. There are three parts to this theory: 1) Complaint theory. Public disappointment over a candidate pair’s disqualification and consider the election organizer unfair; 2) Mobilizing structures theory. Analyze the voluntary movement of empty boxes to gather mass support and sympathizers during the election; and 3) Framing theory. Analyze the use of issues and methods of spreading the issue. This research found that the empty box phenomenon in Makassar Regional Head Election, unlike in the elections in other areas where the single candidate did not have an opponent, in Makassar, one of the candidate pairs was disqualified due to violation. It made the community, supporters, and the success team feels disappointed with the General Elections Commission’s decision. This disappointment also resulted in the emergence of the empty box volunteer movement. Movements of empty box volunteers to gather mass support and sympathizers through door-to-door socializing, leaflets, flyers, and banners call to action to win empty box and use social media and online media as campaign tools.