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Background: Through the age’s man sought for methods of binding wounds to promote healing. In olden days various things were used by surgeons but the secret to achieve a good wound healing lies in meticulous tissue dissection followed by selection of suture material, methods of wound closure and postoperative complications. Staplers were originally developed to address the perceived problem of patency i.e., security against leaks of blood or bowel contents in anastomosis in particular but now. It is widely accepted that both sutures and staples can achieve the basic goals of skin wound closure. Methods: Patients admitted under various surgical units from December 2020 to June 2022 at Mamata Medical College and Hospital, Khammam. A study was carried out with 50 patients undergoing laparotomy electively and emergency. Results: Skin approximation was much faster with staple as compared to sutures. Post-operative SSI was more common with skin suture group as compared with staples. Cosmetic appearance of the scar was found to be superior in staple group in comparison to conventional suturing group. Conclusions: The results of the study indicate that skin closure by stapler can be preferred over conventional skin suture.

L-DOPA, a precursor of dopamine, is the drug of choice for Parkinson's disease, which persists due to decreased levels of dopamine in the brain. Present study emphasis the microbial production of L-DOPA rather than the biotransformation of L-DOPA by L-tyrosine. The production of L-DOPA by bacterial isolates had gained more acceptance due to its more straightforward extraction and downstream processes. Pseudomonas fluorescens was used to produce the L-DOPA in a bioreactor system under submerged condition. The design of experiment-based Taguchi orthogonal array method was adopted for the optimization of production. L-9 orthogonal array using the analysis of mean approach was used to study the effect of different factors viz NaCl, lactose, tryptone, and inducer on the microbial production of L-DOPA. The method mentioned above is less time consuming and does not require any harsh chemicals, proving it to be an eco-friendly process. After optimizing selected factors, i.e., NaCl (1.2 g/l), lactose (1.5 g/l), tryptone (4 g/l), and inducer (0.1 g/l), 16.9 % of enhancement in L-DOPA production with 66.6% of process cost saving was observed. The production of L-DOPA was increased from 3.426 ± 0.08 g/l to 4.123 ± 0.05 g/l after optimization. Subsequently, unstructured kinetic models were adopted to simulate the fermentation kinetics and understand the metabolic process. Fisher' F test and determination coefficients (R2) confirmed that the Velhurst-Pearl logistic equation, Luedeking-Piret equation, and modified Luedeking-Piret equation was best fitted with the biomass production, product formation, and substrate utilization, respectively.

Several bacterial strains were isolated from soil and water in the current work and screened for glutaminase-free L-asparaginase activity. The selected strain was subjected to the production of glutaminase-free L-asparaginase and thereby purification. Before purification, pH scouting was performed, and 8.6 pH was the optimum working pH to carry out purification. The enzyme was purified using Sephadex G-200 gel filtration chromatography and up to 4.55-folds and its purity percentage was determined using UPLC. The purity of L-asparaginase was determined to be 99.2%. The enzyme was characterized using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, DLS, ZP, DSC, TGA. The loss of the enzyme was 65% after sublimation, indicating its purity compared to the standard drug. The results report a developed process for the purification of L-asparaginase and its characterization, which can prove instrumental in the purification process of naturally occurring enzymes because today, most developed processes deal with recombinant enzymes.

Bioflocculant-producing bacteria were isolated from various water reservoirs and sediments of the water treatment plant. Four promising strains were identified by standard biochemical methods and 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Bioflocculants were produced in a batch bioreactor of 3 L under optimized conditions. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to confirm the chemical and morphological nature of bioflocculants. Anionic and cationic textile dyes congo red (CR) and rhodamine-B (RB) decolourization efficiency by ethanol precipitated bioflocculants were accessed under different values of pH, temperature, dose of flocculant and presence of monovalent, divalent and trivalent cations. Bioflocculants of all the four isolates were found to be highly efficient in decolourization of dye from an aqueous medium with the removal rate up to 99.56%. The removal rate of CR and RB from aqueous medium was largely influenced by the physiochemical condition of the solution viz. pH, temperature, concentration of ions and dose of flocculants. The microbial bioflocculants are biodegradable and highly stable as well as possess abroad range of pH, temperature and ions tolerance range. So, they may be economical and can be greener substitutes for the present harsh chemical-based wastewater effluent treatment methods.

Microalgae belongs to morphologically and biochemically diverse group of microorganisms dwelling in freshwater and marine water ecosystem. The scientific community worldwide has explored the potential of microalgae to produce medically and commercially promising bioactive compounds. The bioactive compounds derived from microalgae include phycobiliprotein, proteins, peptides, fatty acids, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and vitamins having promising application in pharmaceutics, food additives, cosmetics, biofuels, etc. The proposed chapter emphasize on the diverse group of microalgae and the bioactives derived from them. The application of these bioactives along with their bioseparation process have been discussed. We have also discussed the metabolic pathways involved in synthesis of bioactives in microalgae. Microalgae-derived bioactives have promising market potential.

Camellia sinensis (green tea leaves) which acts as a reducing agent was used for the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Anionic surfactant SDS was used to enhance the stability of synthesized reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles. Characterized reduced graphene oxide nanoparticle grain size was calculated to be 3.92 nm from the X-ray diffraction method, whereas zeta potential was measured − 35.23 ± 5.45 mV at room temperature. Antioxidant and cell cytotoxicity against A-549 lung carcinoma cells were also studied. Phytochemical content of Camellia sinensis imparts feasible DPPH activity of 85.98 ± 2.49% against RGO, whereas ABTS scavenging activity was found to be 88.87 ± 1.74% followed by measurement of the total phenolic content of 842 ± 13.33 µg/gm. RGO at concentration 400 µg/ml showed an optimum level of hemolysis at pH 7.4 (4.92 ± 1.20%) than pH 5.6 (11.15 ± 0.03%). Cytotoxicity activity studied by MTT assay of RGO on A-549 lung carcinomas cells was compared with drug doxorubicin. The bandgap energy of RGO was calculated to be 3.97 eV from absorption data, hence reveals the generation of oxidative stress in the A-549 lung cancer cell line. Thus, the surfactant and phytochemicals found in Camellia sinensis enhanced the stability of RGO, thereby providing enough energy to destabilize the target cells without affecting healthy cells, hence suggests its role in therapeutics application.

Camellia sinensis (green tea leaves) which acts as a reducing agent was used for the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Anionic surfactant SDS was used to enhance the stability of synthesized reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles. Characterized reduced graphene oxide nanoparticle grain size was calculated to be 3.92 nm from the X-ray diffraction method, whereas zeta potential was measured − 35.23 ± 5.45 mV at room temperature. Antioxidant and cell cytotoxicity against A-549 lung carcinoma cells were also studied. Phytochemical content of Camellia sinensis imparts feasible DPPH activity of 85.98 ± 2.49% against RGO, whereas ABTS scavenging activity was found to be 88.87 ± 1.74% followed by measurement of the total phenolic content of 842 ± 13.33 µg/gm. RGO at concentration 400 µg/ml showed an optimum level of hemolysis at pH 7.4 (4.92 ± 1.20%) than pH 5.6 (11.15 ± 0.03%). Cytotoxicity activity studied by MTT assay of RGO on A-549 lung carcinomas cells was compared with drug doxorubicin. The bandgap energy of RGO was calculated to be 3.97 eV from absorption data, hence reveals the generation of oxidative stress in the A-549 lung cancer cell line. Thus, the surfactant and phytochemicals found in Camellia sinensis enhanced the stability of RGO, thereby providing enough energy to destabilize the target cells without affecting healthy cells, hence suggests its role in therapeutics application. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03015-z.

Nanotechnology is an important field of modern research dealing with the synthesis, strategy, and manipulation of a particle’s structure ranging from approximately 1–100 nm in size. Within this size range, all properties (chemical, physical, and biological) change in fundamental ways from individual atoms/molecules and their corresponding bulk formulations. The use of nanoparticles is considered very promising due to their immense antimicrobial properties due to their large surface area to volume ratio, which is growing into a huge expectation in the research field. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained great interest also because of their unique properties such as good conductivity, chemical stability, catalytic and most importantly antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal along with anti-inflammatory activities, which are harnessed in composite fibers, cryogenic superconducting materials, cosmetic products, electronics components, and food industries. Many studies have revealed the biomedical applications of AgNPs, which include topical creams, antiseptic sprays, wound dressings, and also project a wide biocidal effect against microorganisms by disrupting their unicellular membrane, thus disturbing their enzymatic activities. Nanoparticles are also being successfully used in cancer diagnosis and treatment. This chapter will emphasize the phytogenic synthesis of AgNPs along with the aforesaid aspects of AgNPs. The chapter will also summarize the pros and cons associated with use of AgNPs as well as the upcoming paradigm in AgNPs research. We will also try to summarize the market potential of AgNPs and associated products.

Data mining, a technique to understand and change over unrefined data into supportive information, is dynamically being used in an arrangement of fields like publicizing, business information, intelligent revelations, biotechnology, Internet look, and blended media. Data mining is an interdisciplinary field merging considerations from bits of knowledge, AI, and standard language getting ready. High utility itemsets mining (HUIM) is an intriguing subject with regards to datamining which may be important in a numeral of vocations, for instance, in online disclosure of sold items giving high compensation, low rate, etc. Before long, High utility itemsets mining just examinations utility estimations of itemsets/things that may be inadequate to watch mentioning behavior of customers. To address this issue, here we present an Algorithm to incorporate consistency basic into high utility itemsets mining. Grounded on these lines, sets of co-occasion things with high utility characteristics and standard occasion, named high utility-uncommon itemsets (HURIs), are viewed as fascinating itemsets. We have so many algorithms available for deferent purposes, but The Sh_Ku algorithm is intended to propose customer interesting from different itemsets.

Polymer science offers a great insight and a new research dimension for biomedical applications. The synthesis of polymeric materials by the physical ways provides several advantages over the conventional chemical methods. It is though expansive but less toxic, stable, and efficiently reproducible. In the present report, electrospinning was used for bio-composite preparation. The bio-composite was developed using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and curcumin. The electrospun fiber bio-composite were analyzed for antibacterial activity, bacterial filtration capability, and endotoxin elimination. The bio-composite was analyzed for physical structure and properties using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FT-IR). PVA solely was not able to exhibit any of the antibacterial or endotoxin removal properties. However, the curcumin-based bio-composite was found to be bactericidal and endotoxin eliminator. The bio-composite was able to remove 100% of endotoxin and nearly 100% of the bacterial cells. The endotoxin removal properties of bio-composite were found to be excellent fit under Langmuir curve with a R2 value of 0.98. Additionally, the effect of bio-composite was also studied over protein content in the sample and L-asparaginase activity. However, the effect observed was negligible.

Several soil isolates from 1 g of soil sample were isolated and screened for the production of L-asparaginase. Primary screening was performed using rapid plate assay; dye indicator studies were conducted, and phenol red with 0.005% concentration was found to be optimum. The secondary screening was carried out using the Nesslerization method. The bacteria screened for L-asparaginase production with no glutaminase activity was identified as

One of the materials used in the manufacture of solar panels is a semiconductor that is sensitive to the radiation falling on it. Semiconductor materials begin to heat up and lose efficiency over a certain limit, which causes the power output to decrease too low to be practical. The high temperature problem is overcome utilising a variety of cooling approach. It is widely acknowledged that all of humanity's energy needs, both direct and indirect, are met by the Sun and other renewable energy sources. The industrial revolution, which brought about a number of changes and resulted in the widespread adoption of a new energy source, was launched by the invention of the steam engine [3]. The initial error of using fossil fuels—oil and natural gas—was used by biofuels, oil, and natural gas after the development of combustion engines, and electricity was decentralized.

Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) impregnated biocomposites (Cu/chit-NBC) were prepared and characterized by the state-of-the-art analytical techniques. The CuNPs were in the average size ranges of 45.6–63.7 nm and 86.4 nm as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, respectively. To decolorize the crystal violet from the aqueous medium, fabricated Cu/chit-NBC was applied as an adsorbent. Box–Behnken design using three independent variables was adopted to optimize the Crystal Violet (CV) decolorization process. Under the optimum conditions of temperature 42.7 °C, pH 9.5, and 149.9 mg L−1 dose of adsorbent, 99.7 ± 0.2% decolorization was observed. Cu/chit-NBC also showed a very high dye removal capacity in simulated industrial textile effluents of around 99.7 ± 0.2%. The CV decolorization was consistent with pseudo-second-order kinetics and best fitted with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The nature and the potential processes involved in interactions between the CV and the nano-bioadsorbents during discoloration have been discussed in this paper.

Anti-leukemic enzyme L-asparaginase despite having significant applicability in medicine, holds side effects attributed to glutaminase activity and endotoxin content. Glutaminase activity proves to be toxic to non-tumor cells as glutamine is an essential amino acid. Endotoxin illicit the production of vasoactive amines and induce septic shock. Hence there is a need for glutaminase free L-asparaginase with minimum endotoxin level. The report aims at the development of a downstream process for purification of glutaminase free L-asparaginase and subsequent endotoxin removal. Producing bacteria were isolated from various soil samples and screened initially for asparaginase and glutaminase activity. The glutaminase free L-asparaginase producing bacteria were identified as

Dietary fibers include cellulose, noncellulosic polysaccharides, and a noncarbohydrate component lignin in the diet, which are resistant to enzymatic digestion. This chapter presents an overview of the nutritional and positive health impact of dietary fiber, and illustrates the physical, chemical, and biological impact of diets rich in fibers, such as cereals, nuts, fruits, and vegetables on human health. The detail chemical classification and physiological effect of dietary fibers are incorporated with suitable experimental justifications. The importance of fibers in our diet, their immunomodulatory effect, their role in water retention, and as an absorber of organic materials is outlined in this chapter. In this chapter, we discuss the dietary necessities and functioning of fibers as a bowel regulator, inhibitor of fat accumulation, absorber of minerals, and we discuss how its regular intake decreases the incidence of chronic diseases. The daily dietary fiber intake recommendations of various international authorities, namely USDA and USFDA, Federation of American Society of Experimental Biology, British National Advisory, UK Department of Health, German RDA are discussed in the chapter.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one among the hard-treating cancer with a high mortality rate and there is an urgent demand of more effective therapeutics for it. So many complications and side effects are associated with present available treatment modalities. There is a scarcity of drug molecules for HCC and most of them are (viz. Sorafenib) under clinical trials. Few proteins are reported which are linked with hepatocellular carcinoma. The HCC-linked protein Poly[ADP-ribose]polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is identified as a druggable target. We have used a computational method to find novel inhibitor as potential drug candidate molecule to treat HCC. Ninety-one conformations of PARP-1 inhibitors were designed for standard precision in silico docking. The different physical parameter scores, viz. docking score and glide score, were used to identify the suitable inhibitors. The best-docked inhibitors were further characterized by ADMET analysis, including Lipinski’s rule of five, Jorgensen’s rule of three, blood–brain barrier penetration index, skin permeability index, human intestinal absorption index and oral absorption index. C15H19N3O2 + (PJ3410) was identified as the best inhibitor of PARP-1 among all the selected 91 inhibitors conformers with best ADMET properties. PJ3410 may be a better drug molecule for the inhibition of HCC-linked PARP-1 protein. Present investigation reveals the importance of structure-based computational drug design methodology which is time and cost-effective.

Endotoxins are major components of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria. Endotoxin mainly includes lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which consist of O-antigen region, a core oligosaccharide and lipid A. LPS causes various side effects such as septic shock, hyperthermia, hepatic shock, etc. Exposure to endotoxin causes histological variations in inflammatory cells. Research at molecular level has revealed that ATPase activity is inhibited by endotoxin. LPS plays a crucial role in inhibition of mitochondrial functions and cellular transport system. Various attempts are being made for the treatment of deteriorating effects of endotoxins on immune system. These include use of anti-endotoxin antibodies and receptor molecules to block the endotoxin receptors. This work discusses over the aspects of removal of endotoxin by the ways of development of purification techniques and also highlights the research conducted to alter the release and/or affect the structure of endotoxin which may lead to reducing the ill-effects. Taking the molecular approach the effect of endotoxin could be reduced thereby inducing the reaction between small subunits of endotoxin and LPS inhibitors preventing the formation of large stable complexes thereby reducing its effect. Downstream approach is followed in order to remove the endotoxins as contaminant in the biological preparations. This can be achieved by improving the separation system of the biological molecules. Use of active biomolecules in place of synthetic chemicals may prove effective. This paper discusses the molecular and processing aspects to counter endotoxin.