Search

Understanding the composition and structure of forest edges enables us to comprehend how edge effects influence carbon storage. These aspects were evaluated on two edges of an Altitudinal Seasonal Semideciduous Forest with natural and anthropogenic surroundings, where 36 plots (10 × 10 m) were systematically distributed along an edge-interior gradient ranging from 10 to 50 m. Species richness and diversity, forest structure, and aboveground carbon stock were considered. The anthropogenically influenced edge exhibited twice the carbon stock compared to the natural area edge. The response of carbon stock in both edges was related to the type of pressure acting on the community structure of the anthropogenic edge and the species composition of the natural edge. This implies that, depending on the neighborhood pressure, edge effects lead to different carbon stock situations, thus emphasizing the importance of composition-structure-function characteristics in carbon storage estimates in forest edges. Resumo: Compreender a composição e a estrutura de bordas florestais permite entender como o efeito de borda influi no armazenamento do carbono. Esses aspectos foram avaliados em duas bordas de Floresta Estacional Semidecídua de Altitude com vizinhança natural e antrópica, onde foram sistematicamente distribuídas 36 parcelas (10 × 10 m) em um gradiente borda-interior com intervalo entre 10-50 m. Foram considerados resultados de riqueza e diversidade de espécies, estrutura florestal e analisado o estoque de carbono acima do solo. A borda sob influência antrópica possui o dobro de estoque de carbono da borda da área natural. A resposta ao estoque de carbono das duas bordas esteve relacionada ao tipo de pressão atuando na estrutura da comunidade da borda antrópica e na composição de espécies da borda natural. Isso presumi que, dependendo da pressão de vizinhança, os efeitos de borda acarretam situações diferentes de estoque de carbono, logo, características de composição-estrutura-função não podem ser negligenciadas em estimativas de armazenamento de carbono em bordas florestais. Resumen: Comprender la composición y estructura de los bordes forestales permite entender cómo el efecto de borde influye en el almacenamiento de carbono. Estos aspectos fueron evaluados en dos bordes de un Bosque Estacional Semideciduo de Altitud con vecindarios naturales y antrópicos, donde se distribuyeron sistemáticamente 36 parcelas (10 × 10 m) en un gradiente de borde-interior con intervalos de 10-50 m. Se consideraron los resultados de la riqueza y diversidad de especies, la estructura forestal y se analizó el stock de carbono sobre el suelo. El borde bajo influencia antrópica tiene el doble de stock de carbono que el borde del área natural. La respuesta al stock de carbono en ambos bordes estuvo relacionada con el tipo de presión que actúa sobre la estructura de la comunidad del borde antrópico y la composición de especies del borde natural. Esto presupone que, dependiendo de la presión del entorno, los efectos de borde generan diferentes situaciones de almacenamiento de carbono, por lo tanto, las características de composición-estructura-función no pueden ser descuidadas en las estimaciones de almacenamiento de carbono en los bordes forestales., In: Saberes e práticas em conservação [livro eletrônico] : do material ao imaterial / Maxwell Luiz da Ponte, Eliza Caminatti Wenceslau, (organizadores). -- São José do Rio Preto, SP : Reconecta - Soluções Educacionais, 2022. Vários autores. Bibliografia. ISBN 978-65-994536-7-0 1. Meio ambiente - Aspectos econômicos 2. Meio ambiente - Aspectos sociais 3. Meio ambiente - Conservação 4. Patrimônio cultural - Preservação 5. Patrimônio histórico - Conservação e restauração 6. Recursos naturais - Conservação I. Ponte, Maxwell Luiz da. II. Wenceslau, Eliza Caminatti.

Arthropogon villosus Nees Figure 17G Identification. Perennial tussock grass, 40–90 cm height. Leaf–blades linear, glabrous or hirsute, 12–20 cm long, 0.6–0.8 cm wide, ligulate. Distinguished by its open panicle, 7–10 cm long, containing hairy spikelets with apical awn 3.5–5.0 mm long. Remarks. An unusual species on the native grassland, occurring mainly over the shallow and rocky soil. Brazilian range. Midwest, North (PA state), Northeast (BA and CE states), South (PR state) and Southeast (except ES and RJ states) regions. Material examined. BRAZIL – São Paulo • Franco da Rocha, Parque Estadual do Juquery; 23°20′17″S, 046° 41′40″W; 21 Oct. 2017; collection number vck110; HUFABC1981., Published as part of Camargo Keller, Victor, Lopes Pereira-Silva, Erico Fernando & Hardt, Elisa, 2021, High richness, new occurrences, and threatened species in a savanna grassland remnant in the largest Brazilian metropolis, pp. 507-549 in Check List 17 (2) on page 523, DOI: 10.15560/17.2.507

Anthaenantia lanata (Kunth) Benth. Figure 17E Identification. Perennial tussock grass, 0.15–1.1 m height. Characterized by its leaf-blades glabrous, or sometimes hairy, plane and convolute, 7–60 cm long and 0.1–0.5 cm wide, with a clear and conspicuous central vein. Spikelets in a typical panicle, 8–20 cm long, with scattered hairs., Published as part of Camargo Keller, Victor, Lopes Pereira-Silva, Erico Fernando & Hardt, Elisa, 2021, High richness, new occurrences, and threatened species in a savanna grassland remnant in the largest Brazilian metropolis, pp. 507-549 in Check List 17 (2) on page 523, DOI: 10.15560/17.2.507

Paspalum erianthum Nees ex Trin. Figure 19D Identification. Perennial tussock grass, 39–56 cm height. Leaf-blades lanceolate, hairy on both sides, 9–20 cm long, 0.4–0.5 cm wide, ligulate. It is identified by its inflorescence with 3–6 alternate branches, 1.5–4.4 cm long, with short trichomes and its elliptical and hairy spikelets. Remarks. Species observed scarcely on the native grassland. Considered Endangered in São Paulo state. Brazilian range. Midwest, North (PA and TO states), Northeast (BA and CE states), South (PR state) and Southeast (except ES state) regions. Material examined. BRAZIL – São Paulo • Franco da Rocha, Parque Estadual do Juquery; 23°20′56″S, 046°42′11″W; 4 Nov. 2016; collection number vck5; HUFABC1884., Published as part of Camargo Keller, Victor, Lopes Pereira-Silva, Erico Fernando & Hardt, Elisa, 2021, High richness, new occurrences, and threatened species in a savanna grassland remnant in the largest Brazilian metropolis, pp. 507-549 in Check List 17 (2) on page 535, DOI: 10.15560/17.2.507

Axonopus pressus (Nees ex Steud.) Parodi Figure 18D Identification. Perennial tussock grass with conspicuous rhizomes, 0.7–1.5 m height. Identified by its leaf-blades linear-lanceolate, plain or conduplicate, obtuse apex, glabrous to densely covered with hairs, 20–35 cm long, 0.5– 1.0 cm wide, sometimes presenting a bluish coloration. Inflorescence with 9–25 alternate branches, 5–25 cm long. Remarks. A common species on the native grassland, occurring isolated or in small clusters. Brazilian range. Midwest, North (PA and TO states), Northeast (BA, MA and RN states), South (except SC state) and Southeast (except RJ state) regions. Materials examined. BRAZIL – São Paulo • Franco da Rocha, Parque Estadual do Juquery; 23°20′33″S, 046°40′42″W; 6 Mar. 2018; collection number vck250; HUFABC2094 • same collection as for preceding; collection number vck251; HUFABC 2095., Published as part of Camargo Keller, Victor, Lopes Pereira-Silva, Erico Fernando & Hardt, Elisa, 2021, High richness, new occurrences, and threatened species in a savanna grassland remnant in the largest Brazilian metropolis, pp. 507-549 in Check List 17 (2) on page 527, DOI: 10.15560/17.2.507

Paspalum polyphyllum Nees in Trin. Figure 19H Identification. Perennial tussock grass, 30–66 cm height, with rhizomes and a bambusoid aspect. Leaf blades lanceolate, plane, apex acute, 2.5–11.7 cm long, 0.2–0.6 cm wide, glabrous or densely covered with hairs on both sides, ligulate. Distinguished by its inflorescence with 1–4 alternate branches, 2.5–7.8 cm long, and its spikelets with white hairs on the margins. Remarks. Relatively common species, occurring on native grassland and roadsides. Brazilian range. Midwest, Northeast (BA and MA states), South and Southeast (except ES state) regions. Material examined. BRAZIL – São Paulo • Franco da Rocha, Parque Estadual do Juquery; 23°20′52″S, 046°42′24″W; 11 Apr. 2018; collection number vck284; HUFABC2149., Published as part of Camargo Keller, Victor, Lopes Pereira-Silva, Erico Fernando & Hardt, Elisa, 2021, High richness, new occurrences, and threatened species in a savanna grassland remnant in the largest Brazilian metropolis, pp. 507-549 in Check List 17 (2) on page 539, DOI: 10.15560/17.2.507

Axonopus aureus P. Beauv. Figure 18A Identification. Perennial tussock grass with short rhizomes, 30–70 cm height. Leaf-blades linear, apex acute, 6–15 cm long and 0.2–0.3 cm wide. It is recognized by its inflorescence with 2–7 sub-digitate racemes, 5–9 cm long, covered with golden trichomes. Remarks. Species with individuals in small clusters scattered across the native grassland, mainly over the shallow and rocky soils. Brazilian range. Midwest, North, Northeast (except AL, CE, PI and RN states), South, and Southeast regions. Material examined. BRAZIL – São Paulo • Franco da Rocha, Parque Estadual do Juquery; 23°20′33″S, 046° 40′42″W; 6 Mar. 2018; collection number vck248; HUFABC2092., Published as part of Camargo Keller, Victor, Lopes Pereira-Silva, Erico Fernando & Hardt, Elisa, 2021, High richness, new occurrences, and threatened species in a savanna grassland remnant in the largest Brazilian metropolis, pp. 507-549 in Check List 17 (2) on page 523, DOI: 10.15560/17.2.507

Sporobolus cubensis Hitchc. Identification. Perennial tussock grass, 50–70 cm height. Leaf-blades lanceolate with trichomes on the margin, 10–23 cm long, 0.3–0.4 cm wide, ligulate. Distinguished by its open panicle, 8–15 cm long with verticillate branches. Remarks. Relatively common species on the native grassland, occurring mainly over shallow soils., Published as part of Camargo Keller, Victor, Lopes Pereira-Silva, Erico Fernando & Hardt, Elisa, 2021, High richness, new occurrences, and threatened species in a savanna grassland remnant in the largest Brazilian metropolis, pp. 507-549 in Check List 17 (2) on page 543, DOI: 10.15560/17.2.507

Paspalum cordatum Hack. Identification. Perennial tussock grass, short rhizomes, 1.00– 1.65 m height. Leaf-blades linear, 6.5–40.0 cm long, 0.4–0.7 cm wide, acuminate, glabrous to densely hairy on both sides, ligulate. It is characterized by its inflorescence with 3–10 alternate branches, with solitary and cordiform spikelets. Remarks. Occurs on the native grassland, mainly over humid soils. Brazilian range. Midwest (except DF state), North (AM state), South (PR state), Southeast (except ES and RJ states) regions. Materials examined. BRAZIL – São Paulo • Franco da Rocha, Parque Estadual do Juquery; 23°20′56″S, 046°40′55″W; 16 Jan. 2018; collection number vck163; HUFABC2175 • same collection data as for preceding; collection number vck164; HUFABC2176., Published as part of Camargo Keller, Victor, Lopes Pereira-Silva, Erico Fernando & Hardt, Elisa, 2021, High richness, new occurrences, and threatened species in a savanna grassland remnant in the largest Brazilian metropolis, pp. 507-549 in Check List 17 (2) on page 535, DOI: 10.15560/17.2.507

Axonopus marginatus (Trin.) Chase Figure 18C Identification. Perennial tussock grass, 30–60 cm height. Leaf-blades linear, apex sub-acute, densely covered with hairs, 6–30 cm long, 0.2–0.8 cm wide. Characterized by its inflorescence with 2–11 sub-digitate branches, 4–11 cm long, concentrated on the apex and covered with silvery, yellowish, or brown trichomes. Remarks. A unusual species in the native grassland. Brazilian range. Midwest, North (except AC and AP states), Northeast, South (except RS state) and Southeast regions. Material examined. BRAZIL – São Paulo • Franco da Rocha, Parque Estadual do Juquery; 23°20′17″S, 046°41′40″W; 4 Nov. 2016; collection number vck11; HUFABC1877., Published as part of Camargo Keller, Victor, Lopes Pereira-Silva, Erico Fernando & Hardt, Elisa, 2021, High richness, new occurrences, and threatened species in a savanna grassland remnant in the largest Brazilian metropolis, pp. 507-549 in Check List 17 (2) on page 527, DOI: 10.15560/17.2.507

Andropogon lateralis Nees Figure 17C Identification. Perennial tussock grass, 0.40–1.75 m height. Leaf-blades linear, glabrous or hairy, 7–35 cm long and 0.2–0.4 cm wide, ligulate. It is identified by its inflorescence with 2–10 flower branches conjugated or sub-digitate, 3.5–6.0 cm long, pilose, with aristulate spikelets. Remarks. Unusual grass, occurring mainly on sites with high moisture. Brazilian range. Midwest, North (AM state), Northeast (MA state), South and Southeast (except ES state) regions. Material examined. BRAZIL – São Paulo • Franco da Rocha, Parque Estadual do Juquery; 23°20′17″S, 046°41′40″W; 10 Jan. 2018; collection number vck158; HUFABC2134., Published as part of Camargo Keller, Victor, Lopes Pereira-Silva, Erico Fernando & Hardt, Elisa, 2021, High richness, new occurrences, and threatened species in a savanna grassland remnant in the largest Brazilian metropolis, pp. 507-549 in Check List 17 (2) on pages 519-523, DOI: 10.15560/17.2.507

Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf Identification. Perennial tussock grass, 1–2 m height. Leaf-blades linear, scabrous, 35–50 cm long, 0.4–0.6 cm wide, ligulate. Distinguished by its open panicle, 25–35 cm long, with hairy spikelets containing a 15–26 mm long awn. Common name. Capim-jaraguá Remarks. African grass with invasive potential. Widespread on some disturbed sites, not occurring on the native grassland. Brazilian range. Midwest, North (except AC and AP states), Northeast (except AL and RN states), South and Southeast regions. Material examined. BRAZIL – São Paulo • Franco da Rocha, Parque Estadual do Juquery; 23°20′17″S, 046°42′19″W; 15 Jun. 2018; collection number vck308; HUFABC2170., Published as part of Camargo Keller, Victor, Lopes Pereira-Silva, Erico Fernando & Hardt, Elisa, 2021, High richness, new occurrences, and threatened species in a savanna grassland remnant in the largest Brazilian metropolis, pp. 507-549 in Check List 17 (2) on page 531, DOI: 10.15560/17.2.507

The clearing of native vegetation in water source areas and its effects on water supply availability have become a major concern in large metropolises. This study examined the spatial and temporal changes in land use and cover and their effects on the conservation of Atlantic Forest in a water source area in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo that is the second most densely populated territory in Brazil, the municipality of Diadema. Historical maps and trend scenarios were developed by applying the Markov chain in association with cellular automata. Forest conservation was assessed based on a set of landscape metrics of resource availability, fragment isolation, and trends of forest fragmentation. Our findings revealed an increase in urban growth of 37% in the last five decades directly associated to the clearing of 50% of forests in intermediate/advanced stages and 40% in early stages. The main drivers of landscape change were human-modified fields (41%) and net roads (54%). Optimal resource availability was drastically reduced (75%) while isolation increased (361.5%) among existing forest fragments. Therefore, future trends indicate that, without changes in the management of the area, deforestation may occur rapidly and continuously until 10% of forest remains, leading to potential adverse effects on water availability and quality of the Billings Reservoir and the local biodiversity. RESUMO A supressão da cobertura vegetal em áreas de mananciais e seus efeitos sobre a disponibilidade de água para o abastecimento público têm se tornado cada vez mais uma preocupação das grandes metrópoles. Este estudo avaliou as mudanças espaço-temporais de uso e cobertura da terra e seus efeitos na conservação de florestas de Mata Atlântica em uma área de manancial de restrição hídrica para o abastecimento da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, inserida na segunda maior densidade demográfica do Brasil, no município de Diadema. Foram elaborados mapas históricos e cenários de tendência futura por meio da aplicação da cadeia de Markov em associação com autômatos celulares. A conservação de florestas foi avaliada a partir de um conjunto de métricas da paisagem embasadas na disponibilidade de recursos, no isolamento e na tendência de fragmentação florestal. Os resultados confirmaram que houve incremento do uso urbano de 37% nas últimas cinco décadas, que está diretamente relacionado com o desmatamento de 50% de floresta em estágio médio/avançado e 40% em estágio inicial, sendo os campos antrópicos (41%) e as vias de acesso (54%) as principais forças motrizes de mudança da paisagem. Houve uma drástica redução na disponibilidade de recurso ótimo (75%) e no aumento do isolamento (361,5%) dos fragmentos florestais atuais. Como consequência, as tendências indicam que, se não houver mudanças na gestão da área, o desmatamento pode acontecer de forma acelerada e ininterrupta, restando apenas 10% de floresta o que pode, potencialmente, prejudicar a disponibilidade e qualidade hídrica do reservatório e a biodiversidade local.

We evaluated the structure and growth stocks in an area of “cerradão” (arboreal savanna) absent from anthropogenic interference for four decades. The phytosociological stratification used was: canopy (h>3,0m e DLB>6,0cm), inferior (h1.0cm at the base), medium (1.0 3.0m and DLB 3,0m e DAS> 6,0cm), inferior (h < 1,0m e DAS >1,0cm), média (1,0 < h < 3,0m) e superior(h > 3,0m e DAS < 6,0cm). Foi evidenciadauma heterogeneidade na estrutura verticalda comunidade, destacando-se um elevadonúmero de indivíduos, nos estratos superiore médio, que indicam a estabilidade dessavegetação, principalmente em função daausência de degradação que tem permitido amanutenção dos processos de estabelecimento,sobrevivência e crescimento das espécies.

The creation of new legally protected areas brings many conflicts that distance the real landscape from the expected according to environmental law or conservation researchers. In this study, we mapped and compared the changes in Serra da Japi (São Paulo State, Brazil) throughout 40 years with scenarios of legal protection and scientific expectation on forest conservation, to evaluate the distance between them. This may allow us to infer the direction of historical changes and assist in the debate among decision makers. The results showed that most legal requirements on forest protection in the current landscape have been met. The 1960s was the period when the forest cover was closest to the desirable conservation stage. Although the Serra do Japi has maintained large areas of forests during the entire study period, human interference increased with the expansion of reforestation and urban areas, and access roads were identified as a primary potential driving forces of change. In addition, habitat loss was observed in the landscape, which can represent the first phase of a sequence of modifications detrimental to the environmental conservation of this protected area, including decision changes to land use. In conclusion, the changes evolved toward conservation expectations, but not toward the forest configuration of scientific expectation. La creación de nuevas áreas legalmente protegidas trae muchos conflictos que alejan el paisaje real del que se espera por la legislación ambiental o por los investigadores en conservación. En este estudio se cartografiaron y compararon los cambios ocurridos en Serra do Japi (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil) a lo largo de 40 años con escenarios de protección legal y de expectativa científica sobre la conservación de bosques, buscando evaluar la distancia entre ellos. Este estudio nos permite inferir acerca de la dirección de cambios históricos y contribuye al debate entre tomadores de decisión. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de las exigencias legales de protección forestal fueron cumplidas en el paisaje. La década de 1960 fue el periodo con cobertura forestal más próxima a la deseada para la conservación. Aunque Serra do Japi ha mantenido grandes áreas de bosques en todo el periodo estudiado, la influencia humana se incrementó con la expansión de plantaciones forestales, de áreas urbanas y principalmente de las carreteras de acceso, identificadas como potenciales fuerzas conductoras de cambio. Además, se observó pérdida de hábitat en el paisaje que puede representar una primera fase de una secuencia de cambios perjudiciales para la conservación ambiental de esa área protegida. Esto incluye cambios en la decisión del uso del suelo. En conclusión, los cambios evolucionaron en dirección a las expectativas de la conservación, pero no hacia la configuración de bosques bajo una expectativa científica.

Considering the premise that the land use and human occupation can contribute to variations in water quality, this study was developed in three watersheds (Mb1, Mb2 and Mb3) associated with different land uses in the Middle Mogi Guaçu River, Estação Ecológica de Jataí (EEJ), Luiz Antônio, São Paulo state. During 20 months of monitoring were done eight physical and chemical parameters of water (pH, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, suspended solid and organic and inorganic matters) in the upstream and downstream of the main stream of each watershed. The result of statistical analysis showed the condensed the set of values and complexity of the relationship between parameters and between watershed, resulting in the ordering of water quality (Mb3, Partindo da premissa de que o uso e a ocupação da terra podem contribuir para as variações na qualidade da água, este trabalho analisou três microbacias hidrográficas (Mb1, Mb2 e Mb3) associadas à diferentes usos em seu entorno, no Médio Mogi Guaçu, Estação Ecológica de Jataí (EEJ), Luiz Antônio, SP. Durante 20 meses, foi feito o monitoramento de oito parâmetros físicos e químicos da água (pH, temperatura, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez, sólido suspenso e matérias orgânica e inorgânica) a montante e a jusante do córrego principal das microbacias. A análise estatística permitiu condensar o conjunto de valores obtidos e expressar a complexidade das relações existentes entre os parâmetros e entre as áreas, resultando na ordenação da qualidade da água (Mb3 < Mb1 < Mb2) e possibilitando a sua comparação com a classificação realizada por outros trabalhos nas mesmas microbacias a partir de diferentes parâmetros de qualidade da água, como a análise de macro invertebrados bentônicos. Os resultados mostraram que a microbacia considerada de maior tamponamento pela vegetação natural da EEJ (Mb2), também foi a de a de maior qualidade de água, segundo os parâmetros desse e dos outros trabalhos comparados. As outras microbacias Mb1 e Mb3, parcialmente inseridas na EEJ, apresentaram qualidade de água estatisticamente inferior, principalmente em relação aos sólidos suspensos. Isso parece estar relacionado com a ausência de vegetação ciliar nas margens e a presença de usos antrópicos e reforça a importância dos critérios utilizados na definição dos limites de uma Unidade de Conservação.