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In this study, a protocol to induce indirect somatic embryogenesis from the basal leaf segments of Vanda tricolor Lindl. var. Pallida has been developed. The experiments consisted of two stages، i.e. induction of SEs from calli and regeneration of plantlet from SEs. Embryogenic calli obtained from previous experiment (0.05 mg L–1 NAA + 0.01 mg L–1 BAP) were used to induce somatic embryos (SEs) on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with (0.05 mg L–1 to 0.20 mg L–1) 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) alone or in combination with 0.01 mg L–1 α-naphtalene acetic acid (NAA). Embryogenic calli, those cultured on 0.05 mg L–1 BAP and 0.01 mg L–1 NAA resulted in 90 % induction of SE structures at 30 d of culture period. Histological observation exhibited development of pro-embryo to form completed embryo. The pattern of SEs development started from embryogenic callus to form pro-embryo, followed by globular phase at 10 d of culture. Globular embryo elongated to form suspensor at 20 d of incubation period, and completed embryo. Regeneration of SEs into complete plantlets was attained on the half-strength MS medium without addition of any plant growth regulator (PGR). Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that half-strength MS medium supplemented with NAA 0.01 mg L–1 and BAP 0.05 mg L–1 is the best medium for induction of SEs from embryogenic calli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study of regeneration from different tissues or organs of plants is important as it gives information on how a piece of a plant can transform into its whole form. This process is even substantial when we talk about genetic engineering in plants, since no genetic engineering is valuable without knowing first the standard protocol for regenerating the transformed tissue or organs to become a whole plant. This experiment used hypocotyl and cotyledon of tomato cv. Tymoti as the explants was used to study how different concentrations (1.5-3 ppm) of cytokinins (Kinetin (Kin), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), thidiazuron (TDZ) and Zeatin (Zn)) affect its growth. As many as 16 explants were used for each treatment. The growth of both explants in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) media + vitamins showed that Zn and TDZ were superior among the other treatments in inducing calli and primordia organ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]