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PURPOSE The current study tested the predictor roles of psychological hardiness, perceived stress, time passed through the traumatic event(s), and gender and age on posttraumatic growth in individuals who experienced traumatic events in different ways. METHOD A total of 1,132 participants were included in seven samples of individuals who had experienced trauma in different ways, such as those who experienced the trauma directly (n = 159); those who witnessed trauma (n = 50); those who have a relative who had experienced trauma (n = 172); those who were both directly traumatized, and witnessed trauma (n = 103); those who were both directly traumatized and had a relative who had experienced trauma (n = 261); those who both witnessed the trauma and have a relative who had experienced trauma (n = 131); and those who directly experienced, witnessed the trauma, and have a relative who had experienced trauma (n = 256). RESULTS Results have shown that an individual's commitment, which is one subfactor of hardiness and stress level experienced after traumatic events, predicted posttraumatic growth in those who have experienced trauma directly only. However, commitment was a single predictor in persons who have learned of the traumatic events experienced by their relative or close friend. Similarly, commitment and challenge predicted posttraumatic growth in individuals who experienced direct trauma and learned from their relative or close friend's traumatic experience and in persons who witnessed and learned about a relative or close friend. Additionally, these two factors were a significant predictor in a sample of those that experienced three ways of trauma simultaneously. CONCLUSION It seems that regardless of the ways of exposure, hardiness, specifically commitment, plays a crucial role in individual's transforming traumatic experiences into growth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The relevance of the study is determined by the role of the adaptation processes of first-year students to the university environment, which is the most important (preliminary) stage for: (a) their successful overcoming of various learning difficulties; (b) comfortable and constructive interaction with teachers and other students; and (c) search and application of adaptive behavior strategies due to new living conditions. The development of proactive coping is a key factor in the students efficient learning activity because it represents a platform for their personal growth. The aim of the study is to determine the possibilities of diagnostics and development of reactive and proactive coping behavior in first-year students. The study involved 272 first-year students at Pacific National University (including 136 students of an experimental group who sought help from the University Psychology Center in 2019 and 136 first-year volunteer students as a control group). The following methods were used for diagnostics: Proactive Coping Inventory (PCI) , adapted by E.P. Belinskaya et al., Ways of Coping Questionnaire by R. Lazarus, adapted by T.L. Kryukova et al., Hardiness Survey by Salvatore Maddi adapted by D.A. Leontyev and E.I. Rasskazova, Time Perspective Inventory (TPI) by Ph.Ge. Zimbardo, adapted by A. Syrtsova et al. and Reflexivity Diagnostics Method by A.V. Karpov. As a result, the first-year students showed low levels of developed reactive and proactive coping, high levels of social and emotional support as well as escape-avoidance, average levels of strategic planning and search for informational support, and a reduced level of reflective, predictive resource. It is shown that the search for social, emotional and informational support is the basis for constructing adaptive behavior strategies. It is confirmed that self-control and the category of the future are moderating for all types of proactive coping. The conducted cluster analysis made it possible to identify three profiles, which differ in the levels and content of reactive and proactive behavior (non-adaptive, reactive and active with a tendency to proactive). Repeated measurements show that individual and group forms of psychological intervention cause changes in the indicators of reactive-proactive coping behavior, which can be regarded as a positive dynamics in the development of behavior in students of the experimental group. Finally, a conclusion was formulated about the possibilities of using various forms of psychological support (individual counseling, trainings, and self-help groups) in optimizing the first-year students proactive coping behavior.

Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease that, without proper care, leads to a rise in blood sugar and, in the long term, disrupts the functions of various tissues and organs of the body. Therefore, self-care seems to be particularly important to reduce the injuries associated with this disease. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of coping strategies, self-efficacy, and hardiness in predicting self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of this study included all patients with type 2 diabetes referred to medical centers in Khomeini Shahr, Isfahan-Iran, among whom 200 subjects were selected by convenience sampling. For data collection, Niknami (2013) self-care, Kubasa (1976) hardiness, Scherer self-efficacy, and Lazarus and Folkman coping strategies questionnaires were used. Data analysis was performed using stepwise multiple regression using SPSS software version 26. Results: The mean (SD) age of the participants was 48.54 (7.62) years, and women constituted 72% of the participants. The results showed that self-efficacy (53%, p=0.001) and hardiness (31%, p=0.008) had the largest shares in explaining self-care behaviors of patients with type 2 diabetes. The results also showed that coping strategies did not significantly influence the self-care behaviors of patients with type 2 diabetes (p

Objective Burnout is a costly problem, and it appears to be getting worse due to COVID-related stressors. It is thus important for organizations to find better tools to prevent and mitigate worker burnout. Methods Conditional PROCESS path analysis was used to assess the relation of hardiness to burnout in a representative sample of U.S. workers, with sex and age as potential moderators. Results Hardiness is associated with reduced burnout symptoms. Sex did not moderate this relation. A moderating effect for age was observed, with more burnout appearing in younger, less hardy workers. Conclusions Findings suggest hardiness operates similarly for men and women as a buffer against burnout, and that older workers are less vulnerable to burnout. Training programs to increase stress appraisals and coping skills used by more experienced, hardy workers may be beneficial in reducing burnout.

This study focuses on the mediating effects of problem-focused coping and happiness-increasing strategies on the relationship between psychological hardiness and posttraumatic growth in a sample of individuals (N = 1069) exposed to various traumatic events. The data in the study were analysed with the structural equation model. The nested models strategy and bootstrapping were used to test the mediation effects in the model. Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that the relationship between psychological hardiness and posttraumatic growth is mediated by happiness-increasing strategies and problem-focused coping. It was further observed that problem-focused coping has a mediating effect on the relationship between happiness-increasing strategies and posttraumatic growth and those happiness-increasing strategies have a mediating effect on the relationship between psychological hardiness and problem-focused coping. Thus, problem-solving and emotion-regulating skills may have an effect on the relationship between psychological hardiness and posttraumatic growth.

During the Covid 19 pandemic, distance learning (PJJ) was applied, this made parents face different situations than usual, mothers felt difficult, annoyed, dizzy, quick to anger, signs of stress symptoms. However, there are also mothers who live it with enthusiasm to overcome it, because they feel that their children's achievements are their responsibility, and are challenged to improve their ability to accompany children. This shows the characteristics of the hardiness personality. Hardiness is the individual's personality to turn stressful conditions into opportunities for growth and development. The purpose of the study was to determine how much influence hardiness has on stress in mothers. The research method uses a quantitative approach, with simple linear regression analysis. The research subjects were 240 people using a hardiness measuring instrument based on the theory of Kobasa and Maddi and a Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) stress measuring instrument. The results showed that there was an effect of hardiness on stress in mothers who helped their children in distance learning activities.

The study aimed to identify the psychological stress level among orphans in Aqaba governorate and its relationship with both psychological hardness and life quality. The sample of the study was consisted of ( 102 ) male and female Orphans students whom were selected using the simple random method of sample selecting. Three scales were developed: The Psychological Stress Scale, The Psychological Hardiness Scale and The Life Quality Scale, these scales were checked for reliability and consistency, results indicated that the psychological stress level among orphan students in Aqaba governorate was medium as the emotional dimension came first with a high level while the physiological dimension came second with a medium level. Results also indicated a significant statistical negative relationship at α≥ 0.05 between psychological stress and its dimensions from the one hand, and each of psychological hardiness with its dimensions and life quality with its dimensions in the other. In addition, results indicated no differences between the two genders in the psychological stress level as whole and it was cognitive and emotional dimensions, but indicated differences between male and female participants in the physiological dimension for psychological stress. Finally, the study included a number of recommendations including: further studies dealing with the relationship of psychological stress and other variables, the orphans of self-esteem and psychological adjustment.

This paper draws on the resiliency model of family stress, adjustment and adaptation and explores the use of family resources as a coping strategy to manage stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in a subset of Kuwaiti women. A mixed methods research design was used for collecting, analysing and integrating survey and interview data, The most common stressors were social isolation, quarantine and lockdown measures, fear of contagion, increased workload, and fear of shortage of basic needs. The results showed that the Kuwaiti women adopted strategies to cope with stress on three levels: macro-social, relationship, and personal. Quantitative results indicate a significant difference in coping styles between married and unmarried women, especially with regard to positive reframing and passive appraisal. The interviews yielded important new insights such as the important role of social relationships and social support, religious beliefs, personal attitude (active coping) negative emotions (passive coping), and family socialisation and togetherness. Findings also suggest that social support as well as family cohesion and hardiness contributed to increased stress resiliency. This study makes a significant contribution to literature as little research has examined the use of family resources to cope with stress during the pandemic. Key words: family stress, resilience, family resources, coping strategies, women and COVID-19, pandemic, family crisis oriented personal evaluation scale.

Many behaviors that indicate turnover intentions in the company become a serious problem such as laziness to work, high absences, many employees do not renew their contracts, employee dissatisfaction with the company policies, high-level work stress, etc. This study aimed to examine the influence of quality of work life, hardiness, and perceived of alternative job opportunities on turnover intentions. This study method used is a quantitative method with the type of associative research. Data collection with questionnaire scale and sample of 167 employees. Data analysis uses multiple linear regression using SPSS version 26 for Windows software. This study found that quality of work life, hardiness, and perceived of alternative job opportunities together influenced turnover intentions by 57.8%. This study also provides an overview for companies to consider the aspects that may affect turnover intentions. The company needs to consider the market situations before implementing the new policies, doing employee surveys to know their perceptions, and improve the company systems to create a good work environment.

Introduction. In order to improve the quality of psychological training, it is important to study and implement the experience of conducting psychological training for NATO. Systematic approach, flexibility of organization of training, complexity of practical training - all this distinguishes the armies of the leading countries of the world. The task of bringing the personnel training system to the requirements of NATO standards creates the conditions for the systematic transformation of the military's psychological training for combat. An important objective of approximation to NATO standards is the synchronization of methodological approaches and terminology. Purpose. The article discusses the results of empirical research of psychological conditions of development of psychological resilience in servicemen in the process of basic military training in the context of introduction of methodological approaches of NATO, competence approach (psychological fitness). Methods. Resilience as a manifestation of psychological stability at different levels of mental self-regulation of man is represented by various constructs, the main of which are resistance and hardiness. Hardiness is formed in a person during the life cycle as a personal quality that represents the existential viability of a person in difficult life circumstances. Hardiness is associated with resilience, is a representation of resilience on a personal level. The relationship between resistance and resilience is reminiscent of the lifelong confrontation of affect and intelligence, regress and development, adaptive response and self-regulation. Originality. Analysis of the experience of psychological training of servicemen in combat in the armies of other countries shows the leading role of the development of psychological resilience in the conduct of psychological training for combat (Pre-Deployment). Analysis of scientific sources allows us to define resilience as a mental property that affects the formation of the ability to quickly restore mental function due to the effects of life's troubles and extreme situations. The definition of resilience as a property suggests that the process of emergence and development of resilience in humans occurs and manifests itself at different levels of mental development - biological, physiological, psychological. Conclusion. Hardiness is a complex personality characteristic that determines a person's ability to counteract stressful circumstances and prevent the development of symptoms of physical and psychological desadaptation. Hardiness is a system of attitudes, a stable characteristic of the personality, which can be purposefully developed with the consolidation of the achieved positive changes.Resilience refers to behavioral reactions, is a possible consequence of vitality as a personality disposition. That is, resilience is a problem, hardiness is a specific solution to the problem, the mechanism of resilience

Background: Sport has been shown to be effective both in treating symptoms of major depression and raising hardiness but it is still underutilized in clinical practice. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the relation between, psychological hardiness and depression among the athlete students versus non-athletes. Design: It was a causative comparative and correlational study in terms of descriptive designs. Setting: It was carried out at faculty of Nursing and faculty of Physical Education at Assiut University. Subjects: Simple random sample composed of 218 non-athlete university female students and 218 athlete university female students. Tools: The study’s questionnaire consisted of three parts; involving demographic data, Beck depression inventory (BDI) to measure the degree of depression, and Kobasa hardiness questionnaire (KHQ) to measure hardiness. Results: The result conveyed that non-athlete females under study had lower depression scores than athlete females with no statistical significant differences. Also, there were significant differences between athletic and non-athletic females as regard to total psychological hardiness all subscale except for commitment subscale. Conclusion: Athlete female students under study had higher psychological hardiness mean scores than non-athletes with higher statistical significant differences & depression mean score with no statistical significant difference. Recommendations: The important of practicing sport to improve psychological hardiness and mental health wellbeing

Tujuan penelitian ini: (1) mengetahui hubungan dukungan sosial dan ketabahan (hardiness); (2) memberikan gambaran dukungan sosial ayah yang memiliki anak dengan gangguan spektrum autisme; dan (3) memberikan gambaran ketabahan (hardiness) pada ayah yang memiliki anak dengan gangguan spektrum autisme. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi populasi yaitu seluruh anggota populasi yang berjumlah 60 orang dijadikan subjek penelitian. Instrumen yang digunakan ialah skala dukungan sosial dan skala ketabahan (hardiness scale). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif dan signifikan dukungan sosial dan ketabahan pada ayah yang memiliki anak dengan gangguan spektrum autisme (Rxy = 0,824; P0,01).This study aims to (1) find out the correlation between social support and hardiness; (2) A description of the social support in the father who has children with autism spectrum disorder; and (3) A description of the hardiness in the father who has children with autism spectrum disorder. The study used population studies that amounted to 60 people as the subject of research. The instruments used are the social support and the hardiness scale. The results showed that there was a positive and significant between social support and a hardiness in a father who had children with autism spectrum disorder (rxy = 0,824; p0,01).

Due to the rapid changes in global economic environments, enterprises have to continually enhance their business competitiveness. To improve business, planning educational training has been regarded as a channel to educate outstanding employees. Recently, most of the companies in the securities industry in Taiwan have adopted web-based educational training as a form of employee training. However, low e-learning acceptance on the part of employees is the essential obstacle when enterprises attempt to promote web-based continuing learning. Previous studies have shown that hardiness and Internet self-efficacy may be important factors that influence whether an individual will continue with web-based learning when facing pressure. Securities practitioners are required to deal with high pressure and persist in enhancing their professional knowledge in their working environment; therefore, continuing learning is crucial to maintaining the quality of professional service. The present study recruited securities practitioners as the research participants, and examined the effects of hardiness and Internet self-efficacy on their attitudes towards web-based learning when they were participating in web-based learning. The findings revealed that securities practitioners’ hardiness and Internet self-efficacy both had direct positive effects on their attitudes towards web-based continuing learning. Meanwhile, their Internet self-efficacy had a mediating effect on the relationships between hardiness and attitudes towards web-based continuing learning.

Military service members are at high risk for problematic substance use compared to the general population; deployment and combat exposure further increases this risk. It is thus critical to identify resiliency factors that can buffer the negative effects of military experiences and potentially prevent problematic alcohol use. The current research examines the extent to which psychological hardiness predicts lower risk of problematic alcohol use, and explores potential sex differences in this association. Data are from Operation: SAFETY, an ongoing study of US Army Reserve/National Guard soldiers. Negative binomial regression models examined the relation between baseline hardiness, assessed by the 15-item Dispositional Resiliency Scale, and problematic alcohol use at the 1-year follow-up, assessed by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (N = 260), controlling for baseline combat exposure (Combat Exposure subscale, DRRI-2) and baseline quantity and frequency of alcohol use. To examine the impact of hardiness on men and women, models were stratified by sex. In final, adjusted models, hardiness predicted lower risk of problematic alcohol use (Adjusted risk ratio [ARR] = 0.98; p < 0.05) for male soldiers, and was unrelated to alcohol use for female soldiers (ARR = 1.01; p > 0.05). Post-hoc analyses explored the impact of each dimension of hardiness (i.e., commitment, control, and challenge) on problematic alcohol use. Hardiness assessment may complement existing screening tools to identify high-risk populations; interventions to promote hardiness may help in preventing problematic alcohol use, particularly among male soldiers.

Conscription is an exceptionally stressful life event for young adults. During service, some conscripts manage to cope with service challenges and demands, stay engaged and motivated. Others develop serious adjustment problems, which prevents them from continuing the service. The personality characteristic of psychological hardiness has been recognized as a protective factor against adversity and stressful events. The aim of this study is (1) compare levels of psychological hardiness between mandatory service volunteers and draftees (personal choice); (2) examine the direct and indirect effects of the relationship between psychological hardiness, basic psychological need satisfaction (Self-determination theory; Deci & Ryan, 2000) and engagement; (3) explore the potential moderating role of personal choice (i.e. volunteer service status) in the direct and indirect links between hardiness, need fulfilment, and engagement. The results among a sample of Lithuanian Armed Forces conscripts (N = 601) showed that conscripts who joined military service voluntarily scored significantly higher on hardiness compared to draftees. In addition, results of the structural equation analyses showed that the effect of psychological hardiness on conscripts’ engagement is at least partially mediated by psychological need satisfaction; this relationship is moderated by volunteer service status. This study is among the first to explore the role of personal choice (i.e. volunteer service status) for predicting conscripts’ engagement.

This study analyzes how self-guided cultural exploration and reflection (SCER) tasks affect the development of intercultural competency (ICC) of students participating in a study abroad program. The Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES) was used to measure students' ICC development before and after a 6-week faculty-led study abroad program in Japan. The SCER tasks encouraged students to examine Japanese history, cuisine, politics, architecture, economy, communication style, and behaviors, and gain a sophisticated understanding of the Japanese culture through the lens of unique Japanese perspectives. The results reveal significant gains in overall IES scales, in particular, student's continuous learning and interpersonal engagement saw the most change. Analysis of student reflections further demonstrates the positive impact of culturally bridging experiences on self-awareness and cultural exploration. We argue that the impact of perspective-shifting practices, combined with students' first-hand intercultural experience improves student's level of hardiness. Finally, student reflections reveal the important role that the SCER tasks have on initiating a meaningful dialogue with their host families.

rapy in the formation of hardiness and to delve deeper into the relationship between hardiness and actual capabilities of the person. Data were collected from 380 people from Ukraine, aged between 19 and 62. The respondents completed the Wiesbaden Inventory for Positive Psychotherapy and Family Therapy (WIPPF 2.0), which was developed by N. Peseschkian in collaboration with H. Deidenbach and the Maddi Hardiness Scale. We used Pearson’s correlation coefficient to measure the statistical relationship between hardiness and personal capabilities. Also, we used regression analysis to determine the prognostic indicators for hardiness. As a result of our research, we found that the capabilities of contact, trust, hope, love, achievement, and reliability have the greatest influence on hardiness

Drawing on psychological research on language learning from the perspective of complex dynamic systems and following a mixed-methods approach, the study evaluated the MA TEFL programme in Iran’s state universities. 24 male and 10 female professors’ as well as 25 male and 42 female students’ ideas were solicited in terms of the Values-In-Action (VIA) Institute on Character’s (2014) 24 character strengths. The ages ranged from 24 to 31 and 40 to 51 for students and professors, respectively. Students and professors were asked to fill in a questionnaire evaluating the MA TEFL programme in light of the 24 character strengths. Quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed differences between male and female students’ and professors’ attitudes towards and the strategies for the current and the recommended programme. In particular, males were found to be more inclined towards hardiness while females paid more attention to emotional issues. However, triangulation proved the current programme is ineffective in light of the wellbeing theory. Detailed findings with discussions and implications are presented in the paper.

This study aims to examine the role of hardiness in moderating the effect of job insecurity on job stress. The research method used is quantitative causality. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling. The total respondents in this study were 142 honorary teachers at public elementary schools in Cileunyi District, Bandung Regency. The data collection technique used a questionnaire consisting of three measuring scales, namely The Job Insecurity scale, The Job Stress Scale (JSS), and The Occupational Hardiness Questionnaire (OHQ). The data analysis technique uses the MRA (Moderated Regression Analysis) test. The results showed that job insecurity had a significant effect on job stress and hardiness could not moderate the effect of job insecurity on job stress. This shows that hardiness does not significantly affect in reducing the effect in the relation of job insecurity toward job stress.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji hubungan antara hardiness dan daily spiritual experience terhadap kesejahteraan psikologis pada mahasiswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan survei online . Jumlah partisipan 457 mahasiswa aktif Universitas Airlangga yang diperoleh melalui metode accidental sampling . Alat ukur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah a short hardiness scale , the daily spiritual experience scale (DSES) , dan psychological well being scale . Analisis data yang dilakukan adalah uji korelasi spearman’s rank dengan bantuan SPSS versi 25. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan hardiness dan daily spiritual experience secara simultan dengan kesejahteraan psikologis (p = 0,000 atau p

While negative psychological effects of COVID-19 pandemic are actively studied, little is known about the eventual positive reactions to the pandemic including the capacity to see positive opportunities in this situation and about personality resources that may help to cope and to maintain well-being despite lifestyle restrictions. The aim of our study was to reveal positive personality resources that contribute to buffering the negative effects and its consequences on individual lives. 474 adults 18-81 years old from Siberia (Russia) participated in May 2020 in a survey about the impact of the pandemic and self-isolation and also filled out psychometric measures of well-being and psychological resources (PANAS, PWI, Value of Life Scale, MHC, MSTAT-I, LOT, GSE, Hardiness Survey, SOC, Personal Life Position inventory). One in three respondents reported worsening emotional condition through the previous two weeks and poor adherence to governmental self-isolation recommendations, and 43.6% reported increased financial difficulties. Taking into account not only the negative but also positive subjective effect of the pandemic enabled the improved accuracy in prediction of both well-being and adherence to the governmental measures. The less a person mentioned the positive side of the pandemic, the more strongly their adherence to the governmental measures depended on perceived negative effects (worries and threats). Tolerance for ambiguity, the challenge component of hardiness, harmony with life predicted perceived positive effects after adjusting for negative effects. Psychological resources could play a buffering role as regards the vulnerability to negative psychological effects of the pandemic and help to find positive opportunities.

Stress has become a matter of concern in the present post-globalization world which has brought in enormous changes in the ways organizations work, the professionals’ work-style and pattern, extended working hours, meeting deadlines, added roles and responsibilities, role overload and ambiguities; and cultural and technological changes. Researchers have demonstrated a gender variation with respect to coping with role stressors or stressful life events. Golpelwar [1] finds that Indian women professionals suffer from a role stress typically termed as “Role boundedness”, a result of wanting “to be everything for everybody”. The present descriptive research work, probably one of the first on the issue, highlights the importance of “hardiness” - a stress resilient personality disposition [2] - in coping with “role boundedness” and shows a relationship between role boundedness and hardiness in women professionals indicative of the protective mechanism of hardiness in coping with role boundedness. Methodology: The research problem of this study was to investigate the protective mechanism of hardiness on reducing the adverse effects of role boundedness on female professionals from a sample of corporate professionals belonging to IT and banking sectors. The main objective of the study therefore was to assess the importance of hardiness in coping with role boundedness of selected Indian women corporate professionals. Conclusion: “The majority employees are satisfied with the training provided to them and think that training improves their skills and makes them more efficient compared to the employees who have not received training. Thus, training and development organized by the hotel is effective and gives the firm competitive advantage over its competitors. The four elements of training and development programs that are studied in this research are learning, behavior, outcome and efficacy. All these elements lead to firm’s competitiveness. Thus, the training and development programs organized by The Imperial makes employees more skillful which leads to customer satisfaction and thus gives the hotel a competitive edge in the market. Also, both the male and female employees have taken the training experience positively and both the genders believe that training has brought a favorable change in the learning, behavior and outcome of the employees

The article presents a systematic theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of «hardiness». The main components of hardiness and their relationship are described. Features of formation of successful activity in the course of students, hardiness are defined. The influence of the components of hardiness on the formation of successful activity is characterized. The results of an empirical study of the level of hardiness of future teachers – psychologists are presented. On the basis of empirical data and literature analysis, the model «Dynamics of the development of hardiness in future teachers – psychologist» is built. Attempts are made to concretize the accumulated theoretical experience about the phenomenon of hardiness and its connection with successful activity. The results of measuring the dynamics of the development of hardiness in future teachers – psychologists and the impact on the formation of their successful activities are presented.

The background of the research is the importance of increasing competence for the younger generation as the nation's successor. This competence is related to the ability to face challenges, carry out commitments, and proper control in the midst of globalization which has positive and negative impacts. This capacity development can be developed through guidance interventions based on Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT). The purpose of this study was to analyzed the description of academic hardiness possessed by high school students in Aceh, and measured the effectiveness of guidance based on Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) in developing academic hardiness of high school students in Aceh. This study used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method (non-equivalent control group design). Data were collected using the modified Academic Hardiness Scale (AHS) from Benishek & Lopez based on three aspects of academic hardiness, specifically commitment, challenge, and control. The population of this research is 154 the MAS Imam Syafii students. The research sample consisted of 60 students who were divided into experimental and control groups. Based on the results of the paired samplet-test, there is a significant difference between the pre and post test results of students after being given SFBT-based guidance, but the results of the N-Gain analysis show that SFBT has a low effect in increasing the academic hardiness of MAS Imam Syafii students. To get a significant increase in academic hardiness, SFBT can also be given individually/group.

Lansia adalah individu yang berada pada tahap akhir rentang hidup manusia yang diharapkan dapat mencapai successful aging , termasuk lansia yang tinggal di panti wreda. Terdapat berbagai faktor yang memengaruhi successful aging . Dua prediktor penting yang diduga berhubungan dengan successful aging adalah resiliensi dan hardiness . Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuktikan apakah resiliensi dan hardiness secara simultan dapat menjadi prediktor succesful aging lansia yang tinggal di panti wreda. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan Skala Successful Aging , Skala CD-RISC , dan Skala Short Hardiness . Partisipan dipilih secara purposive sampling dengan jumlah 26 lansia yang tinggal di Panti Wreda Salatiga. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan menggunakan regresi berganda. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa successful aging pada lansia dapat diprediksi oleh resiliensi (b=0,498; p

The present study aimed to identify the contributions of sociodemographic factors, psychological hardiness, and pandemic‐related stressors to the development of peritraumatic distress and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) during the peak of the COVID‐19 pandemic. We also examined the mediating contribution of peritraumatic distress with respect to the associations between PTSS and (a) individual characteristics and (b) pandemic‐related stressors. A total of 1,238 participants (82.1% women, 17.9% men) aged 18–75 years were included in the study. Participants completed the Dispositional Resilience Scale, Peritraumatic Distress Inventory, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist. The results showed that 11.5% of participants scored above the clinical cutoff for peritraumatic distress, and 12.8% of participants scored above the clinical cutoff for PTSS. Regression models showed that higher levels of peritraumatic distress were statistically predicted by female gender, β = ‐.12, p < .001; exposure to more than one stressor, β = .21, p < .001; lower levels of commitment to people and activities, β = –.12, p = .002; and resistance to challenges, β = –.17, p < .001. Additionally, male gender, β = .05, p = .007; younger age, β = –.05, p = .005; lower levels of commitment to people and activities, β = –.11, p < .001; lower ratings of hardiness with regard to challenge, β = –.04, p = .043; and more severe peritraumatic distress, β = .75, p < .001, predicted more severe PTSS during the pandemic. Peritraumatic distress mediated the associations between PTSS and both the number of experienced stressors and psychological hardiness.

In times past, researchers have studied different variables that predict work engagement of employees but few of such studies have looked at the influence of hardiness and supervisor support on employees’ work engagement especially in Ogun State, Nigeria. This study therefore, examined the extent to which hardiness and supervisor support influence the work engagement of employees in public and private tertiary institutions in Ogun State, Nigeria. A sample of 476 employees selected through stratified random sampling technique was used. Hardiness, supervisor support and work engagement of employees were measured with standardized scales while three hypotheses postulated were analyzed with multiple regression and correlation analysis at .05 level of significance. Findings reveal that 43% of the variance in work engagement were accounted for by hardiness and supervisor support showing that hardiness and supervisor support jointly contributed to employees’ work engagement (F(2, 473) = 181.496, p .05) which had no significant contribution. Finally, there was a significant positive relationship between supervisor support and work engagement ((r = .659, p .05), and hardiness and supervisor support (r = .037, p > .05) These findings stress the important role of hardiness and supervisor support on the work engagement of employees. Implications of these findings is that managers need to create and boost needed managerial support at the various levels of employment to enhance employee engagement to meet organisational goals. Although hardiness is found to have no significant influence on work engagement, yet it is noted that individuals who are high in hardiness may be more likely to build and maintain a social network compared to those who are low in hardiness, hence the result of this research may be significant to employers on manpower development for better work commitment and engagement. It would therefore, be beneficial to provide hardiness trainings to new hires in the work place since previous researches has established that hardiness training may increase levels of hardiness in workers improving their job performance while leading to a reduction in attrition rate.

Background:Recovery from trauma can be naturally occurring or facilitated through psychotherapy. Few brief measures exist to provide clinicians with dispositional, empirical assessments of patient’s sentiments during psychotherapy.Aims:This manuscript presents the Dispositional Recovery and Dysfunction Inventory (DRDI), a measure created to assist clinicians in evaluating patient’s treatment progress during psychotherapy, as well as evaluate its factor structure, reliability estimates, measurement invariance, and correlates.Method:The DRDI was created based on feedback from experts with experience treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and was structurally validated in two distinct populations. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted in sample 1 consisting of (n=401) university students. Confirmatory factor analysis, measure validity and structure validation were then conducted in sample 2 (n=249) composed of 49% individuals with clinically significant PTSD symptoms.Results:Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the DRDI was best represented by a two-factor correlated traits model representing sentiments related to dispositional recovery and dysfunctional cognitions. The recovery subscale exhibited relationships with convergent measures including authenticity and psychological hardiness (r values of .30 to .60). The dysfunctional beliefs subscale exhibited relationships with convergent measures: PTSD, depression, suicidality and stress (r values of .55 to 80). Measurement invariance across gender and PTSD status was observed.Conclusion:Initial findings indicate that the DRDI has the potential to be a useful tool to assess individuals’ beliefs about their propensity to recover from and thrive through adversity.

The purpose of this service is to increase the capacity and organizational development of Kindergartens and playgroups principals in Gresik Regency. The methods used are lectures, self-reports, and assignments. This activity was attended by 74 school principals from 45 Kindergartens and 39 playgroups. The materials given were the strategic functions and roles of leaders in organizational development, the introduction of leadership behavior that is oriented towards organizational development, the process of organizational development: theory and practice, the development of a hardiness personality to support the effectiveness of organizational development. The result of this workshop was that the principal increasingly understood his/her strategic role as a leader in school organizations.

The present study was conducted to investigate the structural model of the relationship between self-compassion and psychological hardiness with family cohesion about the mediating role of self-worth among women with war-affected spouses. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population comprised all women with war-affected spouses in Mashhad city (Iran) in 2019. Out of 1250 war-affected spouses, 294 were selected as the sample through voluntary and convenience sampling based on Morgan’s table. To measure the variables, Olson’s Family Cohesion Scale (1999), Neff’s Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, Self and Identity 2:223–250, 2003), Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale by Crocker et al. (Crocker et al., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85:894–908, 2003) and Kobasa’s Psychological Hardiness Questionnaire-Short Form (Kobasa, Sander (ed), Social psychology of health and illness, Erbium, Hillsdale, 1982) were used. For data analysis, Pearson correlation tests and path analysis were used. The results demonstrated that self-compassion and psychological hardiness were directly related to family cohesion, and self-compassion and psychological hardiness indirectly affected family cohesion through self-worth and each of the components of self-compassion and psychological hardiness had a significant positive relationship with family cohesion. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the relationship between self-compassion and psychological hardiness with family cohesion is not simple and linear, and self-worth may mediate this relationship.

Marine network protocols are domain-specific network protocols that aim to incorporate particular features within the specialized marine context that devices are implemented in. Devices implemented in such vessels involve critical equipment; however, limited research exists for marine network protocol security. In this paper, we provide an analysis of several marine network protocols used in today’s vessels and provide a classification of attack risks. Several protocols involve known security limitations, such as Automated Identification System (AIS) and National Marine Electronic Association (NMEA) 0183, while newer protocols, such as OneNet provide more security hardiness. We further identify several challenges and opportunities for future implementations of such protocols.

Objectives An increasing number of findings indicate associations between mindfulness and affect as well as mindfulness and stress. Most studies have conceptualized and measured these variables on a trait level, often in student samples or clinical contexts. Methods We adopted an experience-sampling approach to measure mindfulness, affect, and stress repeatedly as states in naturalistic environments. In assessing mindfulness, we factorized items from the trait questionnaire CHIME to conceptualize state mindfulness, finding two mindfulness facets labeled Awareness and Acceptance. Affect was measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and perceived stress was rated by a single item. Data was gathered by a smartphone app that prompted participants six times a day for 10 consecutive days. Using hierarchical regression, we examined associations at the same time-point as well as with time lags, in order to also elucidate Granger causal relationships. Fifty-six practicing meditators participated in this study. Results Concerning the associations of state mindfulness facets with affectivity at the same time, both Awareness and Acceptance were linked with positive affect and negatively with stress. Negative affect was associated negatively with Acceptance. The lagged analyses suggested the Granger causal interpretation that Acceptance reduced negative affect. We also found reversed lagged effects, in that positive affect attenuated subsequent Awareness and negative affect subsequent Acceptance. Conclusions The bidirectional Granger causal effects between mindfulness and affect challenged a one-sided interpretation of mindfulness-affect associations. One implication for psychotherapy may be to clarify why mindfulness and resilience (i.e., therapists’ hardiness with respect to adversity) are properties of efficient therapists.

The present study was conducted for developing and validating the Hardiness Based Parenting Behaviors Questionnaire (HBPBQ) for parents of children aged between 7 and 12. Based on a mixed-method approach, the research was carried out through the course of multiple stages. In the item development stage, items were generated by applying deductive and inductive methods. In Study 1, the exploratory factor analysis was evaluated, while Study 2 examined the construct validity of the questionnaire. Selected based on a convenience sampling method, a total of 663 parents made up the sample size of the two studies. In the item development section, three higher-order themes and 13 sub-themes were identified. In Study 1, the results of the exploratory factor analysis demonstrated a three-factor model (responsive interaction, empowering participation, and learning-oriented support) that is consistent with the existing research literature on hardiness. In Study 2, CFA results confirmed the factorial validity of the HBPBQ. The results also demonstrated that HBPBQ shows acceptable reliability and construct validity. Findings indicate that the 37-item HBPBQ can be applied in assessing parents’ hardiness behaviors. However, further research is needed on the dimensions and application of the questionnaire in other cultures.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the personal characteristics supporting Paralympic athletes’ self-realization in sports. The study involved 106 members of the Paralympic and Deaflympic teams of Ukraine (16-53 year-old, the average age of 28.3 ± 7.2 years; 84 men with the average age of 27.7 ± 6.7 years and 22 women with the average age 30.3 ± 8.3 years) in different sports (football, fencing, power-lifting, sitting volleyball, judo, canoeing in pairs, swimming). It is determined that the most important personal factor supporting Paralympic athletes’ self-realization in sports is their psychological hardiness. Their self-efficacy, capacity for self-organization of their activities and psychological well-being can also be considered as significant personal characteristic necessary for their self-realization in sports.

Introduction: the paper proves that when studying hardiness in lifers it is constructive to use a concept developed by Salvatore R. Maddi, in the framework of which a three-component structure of this phenomenon was substantiated and a methodology for its studying was developed. The validity and reliability of this methodology was also confirmed during its initial adaptation in the research group of D.A. Leontiev and in many studies of Russian psychologists, on samples of convicts, too. Aim: to figure out the reasons for such a variety of findings on lifers and to determine their level of hardiness and motivation for pro-social life upon release. To achieve this goal we use the findings of a comprehensive study conducted in 2020 among inmates of Penal Colony no. 5 of the Vologda Oblast Division of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. Methods: we studied the transformation of personality of convicted lifers on a sample of 46 men (aged 28 to 64 and held in the penal colony for the period from 8 to 26 years) with the use of the Hardiness Survey, semistructured interviews and essays – reflective self-reports of inmates on the difficulties that arise in the conditions of the correctional institution. Results: we have revealed that only one in ten convicts (10.9%) has a high level of overall hardiness, while one in four (23.9%) has a low level of overall hardiness. Among the components of hardiness, the lowest scores among the surveyed are observed on the scales “challenge” and “commitment” (37% and 30.4%, respectively). Slightly better scores are on the “control” scale (low level is observed in 26.1% of respondents), according to the data of interviews and essays, are associated with the influence of strict regime conditions. Conclusions: based on all the findings of the research, including the features of lifers’ dominant experiences and motivation for pro-social life on the outside, we substantiate the criteria for assessing their psychological readiness for being released on parole and the need for anthropological proportionality in the treatment of inmates with different levels of subject activity. Keywords: hardiness; lifers; commitment; control; challenge; correctional institutions; punishment in the form of incarceration; release of lifers on parole; lifers’ personality features.

Введение: в статье подтверждена конструктивность опоры в исследовании жизнестойкости у осужденных к пожизненному лишению свободы на концепцию американского психолога С. Мадди, в рамках которой обоснован трехкомпонентный конструкт данного феномена и разработана методика его изучения, валидность и надежность которой также подтверждена как при первичной адаптации в научной группе Д. А. Леонтьева, так и в рамках многочисленных исследований отечественных психологов, в том числе на выборках осужденных. Цель: разобраться в причинах контрастности выводов, делаемых по осужденным пожизненно, а также выявить их уровень жизнестойкости и мотивации к просоциальной жизни на свободе на основе проведенного в 2020 г. на базе ФКУ ИК-5 УФСИН России по Вологодской области среди спецконтингента комплексного исследования. Методы: для изучения трансформации личности у осужденных-пожизненников на выборке из 46 лиц мужского пола (в возрасте от 28 до 64 лет, срок нахождения в колонии от 8 до 26 лет) были применены «Тест жизнестойкости», полуструктурированное интервью, а также эссе – рефлексивные самоотчеты спецконтингента о трудностях, возникающих в условиях исправительного учреждения. Результаты: выявлено, что высокий уровень общей жизнестойкости имеет лишь каждый десятый осужденный (10,9 %), а низкий уровень наблюдается у каждого четвертого (23,9 %). Среди компонентов жизнестойкости у обследованных наиболее низки значения по шкалам «принятие риска» и «вовлеченность» (низкий уровень соответственно у 37 и 30,4 %). Несколько более лучшие показатели по шкале «контроль» (низкий уровень у 26,1%), как показали данные интервью и эссе, связаны с влиянием жестких режимных условий отбывания наказания. Выводы: на основе всех результатов исследования, в том числе по особенностям доминирующих у осужденных-пожизнеников переживаний и мотивации к просоциальной жизни на свободе, обоснованы критерии оценки их психологической готовности к УДО и необходимость атропосоразмерного обращения со спецконтингентом с разным уровнем субъектной активности. Ключевые слова: жизнестойкость; осужденные к пожизненному лишению свободы; вовлеченность; контроль; принятие риска; исправительные учреждения; наказание в виде лишения свободы; условно-досрочное освобождение пожизненно осужденных; личностные особенности осужденных к пожизненному лишению свободы.

The aim of this study was to explore the moderating role of organizational climate on the relationship between psychological hardiness and adherence to criminal investigation procedure (ACIP). A total of 403 Nigerian police investigators selected purposefully from the headquarters of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Department (CIID) in the five South Eastern states of Nigeria were assessed on the predictor variable psychological hardiness, moderating variable organizational climate, and on the outcome variable ACIP using self-report questionnaire. The result of Moderated multiple regression analysis showed that psychological hardiness and organizational climate predicted the variance in ACIP. Similarly, organizational climate moderated the relationship between psychological hardiness and ACIP. The findings show that both psychological hardiness and organization climate are relevant factors for enhancing ACIP among investigating police officers.

The study aimed at revealing the relationship between psychological hardiness for mothers of children with educable mental disability and psychological and social adjustment for their children, the researcher used the comparative correlative descriptive methodology in the current study. Study sample consisted of a group of 36 children and their mothers aging between (6-9), their IQ ranging between (55-70), psychological hardiness scale for mothers was applied on them prepared by Emad Mekhemar 2002, psychological and social adjustment scale for their children prepared by Abdullah Gouda 2011, educational social level form prepared by Faiza Youseif 1980. The study concluded the following results: · There is a statistic ally significant relationship between psychological hardiness for mothers and psychological social adjustment for their children with mild mental disability. · There is no differences between mothers of children with mental disability on hardiness scale according to education level. · There are no statistically significant differences between males and females on psychological and social adjustment scale for children with mild mental disability.

Objective – identify the relationship between the phenomena of uncertainty tolerance and hardiness in adolescents. Uncertainty tolerance (UT) is understood as a personality trait that manifests itself in an ability to accept uncertainty and act confidently in unstable situations. Adolescence is characterized as a period of instability. It is thus assumed that uncertainty tolerance is a significant parameter in the structure of adolescents’ hardiness. The research was designed to identify the relationship between uncertainty tolerance and hardiness in adolescents using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Survey respondents: 66 schoolchildren in grades 9 and 11 (15–18 years old), of which 34 are boys and 32 are girls. For the research, a set of methods was used. Hardiness Survey (S. Maddi adapted by D. A. Leont’ev); McLane’s Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale-I ((MSTAT-I) adapted by E. G. Lukovitskaia); Adaptive behavioural strategies Questionnaire (adolescent form: ASP‑1) by N. N. Mel’nikova. The results of the research indicate that the relationship between uncertainty tolerance to and the scales (p ≤ 0.0001) of Risk Acceptance (r = 0.75), Control (r = 0.71), Engagement (r = 0.65), Vitality (r = 0.65) has been determined. Empirical data contribute to the understanding of uncertainty tolerance as a basic personality trait that contributes to the effective organization of life with a limited amount of information about future events. Building hardiness enables adolescents to cope with age-related challenges in a more efficient way

Yuanyuan Peng,1 Jie Wang,1 Guozhen Sun,1,2 Shenxinyu Liu1 1School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Guozhen SunSchool of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 13851769549Fax +86 25 6830348Email gzsun100@126.comBackground: Struggling with heart failure (HF) may be a distressful experience for the entire family. As a key variable contributing to positive family functioning, family hardiness can protect against HF-related harm. Thus, recognizing factors associated with family hardiness could promote strategies that enable successful adaptation to HF. This study aimed to explore protective factors linked to family hardiness among HF patients.Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 2020 among 167 HF patients in Nanjing, China. The study measures comprised a self-designed general information questionnaire, the Family Hardiness Index, the Mutuality Scale, the Positive and Negative Affect Scale, and the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire. The data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS, version 25 and comprised Pearson’s correlation analysis, a multiple linear regression model, and an analysis of mediating effects.Results: The average Family Hardiness Index score for the 167 HF patients was 57.95 ± 11.41. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that mutuality, active coping style, and positive emotions of HF patients positively predicted family hardiness (β = 0.359, 0.308, and 0.215, respectively; all P ˂ 0.05). Mutuality between patients and family members had partial mediating effects between active coping style, positive emotions, and family hardiness.Conclusion: Our results revealed that patients’ active coping styles, positive emotions, and mutuality were protective factors associated with family hardiness. In light of our findings, we suggest that active coping strategies, positive emotions, and, especially, closer relationships within families should be encouraged during the rehabilitation and follow-up care of HF patients.Keywords: family hardiness, protective factors, mutuality, mediator, heart failure

The article summarises the material of foreign research conducted by American, Canadian, Norwegian, Ukrainian, Chinese and other scientists in 2015-2020. This foreign research is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of hardiness. The article reveals the main components of hardiness and highlights the main directions in the study of hardiness. It is determined that hardiness is directly related to many positive personal characteristics, it helps to maintain health and increase productivity. The author notes a high degree of agreement between foreign researchers on the fact of the beneficial impact of hardiness on a person in stressful and even extreme conditions, in connection with which attention is drawn to the relevance of the study and possible psychocorrection of vitality indicators in various categories of convicts.

Aim The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between PSS, PH, FCP and QoL of oncology patients. Methods In this descriptive‐correlational study, 340 oncology patients were selected with convenience sampling method from the hospitals in Tehran 2018–2019. Data were collected using, “PSS,” “PH,” “FCP” and “European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire, EORTC QLQ‐C30.” Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS21 and Amos. Results The direct effect and the total effect of PSS and FCP on QoL were significant (p .05) and the effect of PH on QoL was not significant (p = .96). The Root Mean Squares of Error Approximations (RMSEA), Non‐Normed Fit Index (NNFI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) were estimated 0.07, 0.97, 0.98 and 0.91, respectively.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of vitality and its metacognitive regulators, in particular, cognitive styles. The vitality is considered as a multi-causal phenomenon that integrates various cognitive, emotional and personal aspects. The analysis made it possible to identify and describe the components and factors of viability using various methodological approaches: systemic, system-network, inte grative, structural ones. The study compares the concepts of «vitality and «hardiness». The base of the empirical study are the model of viability by E. A. Rylskaya, model of hardiness by S. Maddy, and typology of cognitive styles by A. Harrison -R. Bramson. The author identifies the most and least pronounced cognitive styles, as well as their relationship with the parameters of vitality and hardiness based on research on a student sample. So, the most pronounced styles are «analyst» and «realist» styles, and the least pronounced – «synthesizer» style. Correlations of the «idealist» and «pragmatist» styles with the parameters of vitality and hardiness are grouped into opposite pleiads. The study reveals that the ability to plan, predict, reflexive analysis, acting as its metacognitive regulators, play the greatest role in the vitality forming. At the same time, a pronounced pragmatic orientation in thinking leads to the vitality decrease.

The article analyses theoretically the concept of psychological safety as it is understood in psychology and presents the empirical study of students-future psychologists’ feeling of psychological safety in terms of their propensity to risk and their psychological hardiness as a prerequisite for a personal ability to resist danger. It is stated that the problem of an individual’s psychological safety in the situation of quarantine isolation and COVID-2019 pandemic is especially actual, even comes to the fore and requires thorough analysis and careful study in the context of the current objective situation in Ukraine and the world. The need for safety and protection from various threats is an individual’s fundamental need, further self-development and self-realization depend on its satisfaction; but an average person begins to realize this fact only after losing a sense of psychological safety. In scientific sources, psychological safety is more often seen as a means helping achieve / obtain something desired instead of understanding it as a goal. The interpretations of psychological safety, its structure, levels and factors supporting it presented by different scientists and its relation to informational-psychological security are analyzed. After the performed review of scientific psychological literature, the phenomenon of psychological safety was generalized as a complex, integral dynamic phenomenon; an individual’s state and feeling of being protected from external and internal threats; controllability of life events; an individual’s confidence in their ability to resist possible and existing threats; satisfaction of an individual’s basic needs and life as a whole for the further development and self-realization. We understand psychological safety as an individual’s sense of security in a safe world and a willingness to protect and restore that feeling when needed, resulting in the individual’s satisfaction with life. It is concluded that the studied students’ individual psychological hardiness with its components and the components of their sense of safety were not sufficiently developed. However, we can assume that psychological safety is more often experienced by people with developed psychological hardiness and its components: commitment to life; control over things happening in life, in particular, in stressful situations, and risk acceptance as a life challenge, as a result of which an individual can learn valuable life lessons helping them to become wiser for further self-realization.

PROFILE OF HARDINESS PERSONALITY OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING TEACHERS IN BANDUNG CITY. The aims of this study were to determine personality hardiness of guidance and counseling teachers (school counselors) in Bandung City. Paricipants were two people of guidance and counseling teachers in Bandung City. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative manifold generate descriptive data to describe the behavior of the subject under study. Then the presence of investigators in this study serves as primary research tool. Data collection techniques in this study using the method of interviews. Data analyzed in this study using qualitative data analysis. Validity test in this study using data triangulation technique. The results showed that guidance and counseling teacher has a personality of hardiness that is characterized by its commitment to still be guidance and counseling teacher in the times and increasingly complex problems that exist, can control unexpected situations, and responding to any incident in his work is not considered as threat.

This study examines the role of human-animal interaction (HAI) in relations between sexual and gender minority (SGM) stress, personal hardiness, and psychological stress during emerging adulthood. Data for the current sample reflect 136 SGM emerging adults between the ages of 18 to 21 years who reported living with a companion animal in the past year (37.5% racial/ethnic minority, 49.2% transgender or gender -expansive, 98.5% sexual minority). Mediation was tested using structural equation modeling with a bootstrapping approach. We found evidence of an indirect effect of microaggressions on personal hardiness. Specifically, increases in microaggressions were associated with increases in HAI; in turn, increases in HAI were associated with higher levels of personal hardiness. No other statistically significant indirect effects were identified in our model. We discuss the implications of these findings for enhancing community capacity to empower and facilitate successful coping among SGM emerging adults.