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Biodiesel is a renewable, non-toxic, environmentally friendly fuel made from vegetable oils through a transesterification reaction with methanol. During this time the manufacture of biodiesel takes a long time, which can be overcome with microwave heating. The use of microwave can decrease the reaction time and the amount of catalyst. The purpose of this study was to study the utilization of microwave as a heater in the transesterification reaction of cotton seed oil with the addition of NaOH catalyst 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% (w/w) with 100 watts microwave power and a reaction time of 15 minutes. Conversion of biodiesel from cotton seed oil with the NaOH catalyst concentrations 0.5% (w/w), 5 minutes, molar ratio of 1: 12 with a microwave power of 400 watts was 99.11%. The results of the analysis of several parameters on biodiesel products show that they have met the specifications based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI-04-7182-2006). Keyword: biodiesel, transesterification, cotton seed oil, microwave.

Climate change resulting from increasing emissions has become a pressing concern in North African countries due to its significant environmental and socio-economic impacts. There is a need for extensive research on this topic to raise global awareness of the associated dangers. This study investigates the dynamic impact of economic growth, military expenditure, globalization, renewable energy, manufacturing, tourism, capital formation, and labor on CO 2 emissions in North African countries from 1995 to 2021. The long-term results of the ARDL model reveal that globalization, renewable energy and capital formation have a negative impact on CO 2 emissions, whereas economic growth, manufacturing, and tourism exhibit a positive impact. Pairwise Granger causality evidence indicates unidirectional causality from economic growth, globalization, military expenditure, manufacturing, tourism, and capital formation to CO 2 emissions. These findings provide policymakers with critical insights to shape evidence-based interventions that promote renewable energy investments and globalization, enhance capital formation and high-skilled labor, and implement regulations to mitigate the environmental impacts of economic growth, military expenditure, manufacturing, and tourism. This guidance will help the region transition to a more environmentally friendly economic system., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)