Search

Aim Species have different distribution patterns across the globe and among biogeographical regions. The Nearctic and Palaearctic regions share lineages because of their parallel biogeographic histories and ecological conditions. As the number of phylogenetic studies increases, there are more insights into past exchange events between these two regions and their effects on the current distribution of diversity. However, several groups have not been tested and an overall generalization is still missing. Here, we analyse the biogeographic history across multiple genera of odonates to elucidate a general process of species exchange, vicariance and species divergence between these two regions. Location The Holarctic, including the entire Nearctic and the East and West Palaearctic. Taxon 14 genera of Odonata (Insecta). Methods We reconstructed a time-calibrated phylogenetic tree for each genus to determine species relationships and divergence time using 3614 COI sequences of 259 species. Biogeographic ancestral range estimation was inferred for each phylogeny using BioGeoBEARS. Preferred habitat (lotic versus lentic) was established for each species. Results Exchange events were not restricted in time, direction or either lentic habitat or lotic habitat. Most genera crossed between both regions only once, and it was mainly across the Beringia, while three diverse anisopteran genera revealed multiple exchanges. Recent exchanges during the Pleistocene were associated with cold-dwelling and lentic species. Main Conclusions Our finding reveals the absence of a generalizable pattern of species exchange and divergence between the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions; instead, we found lineage-specific biogeographic patterns. This finding highlights the complexity of drivers and functional traits that shaped current diversity patterns. Moreover, it emphasizes that general conclusions cannot be formulated based on one single clade.

The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the available body of knowledge on organizational humanness, and its relation with leadership behavior. We discuss three related concepts that were found in this review: organizational dehumanization, objectification, and organizational humanization, and present how they have been measured. The results of this review show that most studies concern the absence of humanness in organization, that is, organizational dehumanization or objectification, and measures therefore have a corresponding focus on the absence of humanness as well. Accordingly, the available literature on the relation between leadership and (de)humanization seems mostly focused on the absence of humanness. We emphasize the necessity of studying experienced humanness in organizations and the importance of clarifying the leadership behavior that can support and increase experienced humanness.

A portable IR fiber laser-heating system, optimized for X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS) spectroscopy with signal collection through the radial opening of diamond anvil cells near 90°with respect to the incident X-ray beam, is presented. The system offers double-sided on-Axis heating by a single laser source and zero attenuation of incoming X-rays other than by the high-pressure environment. A description of the system, which has been tested for pressures above 100GPa and temperatures up to 3000K, is given. The XES spectra of laser-heated Mg0.67Fe0.33O demonstrate the potential to map the iron spin state in the pressure-Temperature range of the Earth's lower mantle, and the NIS spectra of laser-heated FeSi give access to the sound velocity of this candidate of a phase inside the Earth's core. This portable system represents one of the few bridges across the gap between laser heating and high-resolution X-ray spectroscopies with signal collection near 90°.

Background: All children in Sweden are invited to health visits to the school nurse to talk about their health. However, health visits with children of foreign origin might involve challenges when the child and school nurse do not share language and or culture. Such challenges might hinder the child's participation as e.g. sharing needs and experiences important for their health. Hence, school nurses' promotion of participation for these children need to be clarified to develop knowledge on how to promote health. The aim was to investigate school nurses' descriptions of promoting participation for children of foreign origin in health visits. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, using a web-based questionnaire distributed to all school nurses in Sweden. It contained eight open-ended questions regarding promotion of participation for children of foreign origin. Answers were provided by 673 Swedish school nurses and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: The preliminary result shows that school nurses use three approaches to promote participation: 1) adjusting according to the child's proficiency in Swedish and/or cultural or national background, 2) adjusting according to the child's individual needs, and 3) doing the same for all children regardless of their origin. These approaches are used throughout the health visit, although the most commonly was number 1. Such adjustments included the school nurse considering cultural aspects, simplifying their way of talking, or asking the child about their culture or background. Conclusion: Adjustment according to the child's proficiency in Swedish and/or cultural or national background are warranted to promote participation in health visits with children of foreign origin. These will strengthen the opportunities for children to share their experiences as well as the encounter between school nurses and children. Key messages: School nurses adjust promotion of participation when encountering children of, Virtual congress due to COVID-19.

Iron-bearing carbonates are candidate phases for carbon storage in the deep Earth and may play an important role for the Earth's carbon cycle. To elucidate the properties of carbonates at conditions of the deep Earth, we investigated the pressure driven magnetic high spin to low spin transition of synthetic siderite FeCO3 and magnesiosiderite (Mg0.74Fe0.26)CO3 single crystals for pressures up to 57 GPa using diamond anvil cells and x-ray Raman scattering spectroscopy to directly probe the iron 3d electron configuration. An extremely sharp transition for siderite single crystal occurs at a notably low pressure of 40.4 ± 0.1 GPa with a transition width of 0.7 GPa when using the very soft pressure medium helium. In contrast, we observe a broadening of the transition width to 4.4 GPa for siderite with a surprising additional shift of the transition pressure to 44.3 ± 0.4 GPa when argon is used as pressure medium. The difference is assigned to larger pressure gradients in case of argon. For magnesiosiderite loaded with argon, the transition occurs at 44.8 ± 0.8 GPa showing similar width as siderite. Hence, no compositional effect on the spin transition pressure is observed. The spectra measured within the spin crossover regime indicate coexistence of regions of pure high- and low-spin configuration within the single crystal.