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1. Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3

Author: Micah, A, Su, Y, Bachmeier, S, Chapin, A, Cogswell, I, Crosby, S, Cunningham, B, Harle, A, Maddison, E, Moitra, M, Sahu, M, Schneider, M, Simpson, K, Stutzman, H, Tsakalos, G, Zende, R, Zlavog, B, Abbafati, C, Abebo, Z, Abolhassani, H, Abrigo, M, Ahmed, M, Akinyemi, R, Alam, K, Ali, S, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almasi, A, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, T, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Atnafu, D, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Babalola, T, Bagherzadeh, M, Baig, A, Bakhtiari, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Berman, A, Bhageerathy, R, Bhardwaj, P, Bohluli, M, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Catala-Lopez, F, Cevik, M, Chattu, V, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dianatinasab, M, Do, H, Doshmangir, L, El Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Faraj, A, Farzadfar, F, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Fullman, N, Gad, M, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Goharinezhad, S, Grada, A, Haghparast Bidgoli, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, H, Hasanpoor, E, Hay, S, Hendrie, D, Henry, N, Herteliu, C, Hole, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Ilesanmi, O, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Islam, M, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, James, S, Javaheri, Z, Jonas, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kalhor, R, Karami Matin, B, Karimi, S, Kayode, G, Kazemi Karyani, A, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kohler, S, Komaki, H, Kosen, S, Kotlo, A, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, G, Kusuma, D, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lee, S, Lim, L, Lozano, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Mahdavi, M, Maleki, S, Malekzadeh, R, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martinez, G, Masoumi, S, Massenburg, B, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Milevska Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohajer, B, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad Darwesh, A, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Morrison, S, Mosser, J, Mousavi, S, Muriithi, M, Muthupandian, S, Myint, C, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nonvignon, J, Noubiap, J, Oh, I, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, J, Olusanya, B, Omar Bali, A, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, S, Otstavnov, N, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Postma, M, Prada, S, Pribadi, D, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rahim, F, Ranabhat, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rezapour, A, Sabour, S, Sahraian, M, Salman, O, Salomon, J, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, J, Santric Milicevic, M, Sao Jose, B, Savic, M, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Setayesh, H, Shaikh, M, Sheikh, A, Shibuya, K, Shrime, M, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Singh, P, Skryabin, V, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Stefan, S, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Undurraga, E, Valdez, P, van Boven, J, Vasankari, T, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vos, T, Wolfe, C, Wu, J, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zaman, S, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Z, Zhao, Y, Murray, C, Dieleman, J, Micah A. E., Su Y., Bachmeier S. D., Chapin A., Cogswell I. E., Crosby S. W., Cunningham B., Harle A. C., Maddison E. R., Moitra M., Sahu M., Schneider M. T., Simpson K. E., Stutzman H. N., Tsakalos G., Zende R. R., Zlavog B. S., Abbafati C., Abebo Z. H., Abolhassani H., Abrigo M. R. M., Ahmed M. B., Akinyemi R. O., Alam K., Ali S., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Almasi A., Alvis-Guzman N., Ancuceanu R., Andrei T., Andrei C. L., Anjomshoa M., Antonio C. A. T., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Atnafu D. D., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Ayanore M. A., Azari S., Babalola T. K., Bagherzadeh M., Baig A. A., Bakhtiari A., Banach M., Banerjee S. K., Barnighausen T. W., Basu S., Baune B. T., Bayati M., Berman A. E., Bhageerathy R., Bhardwaj P., Bohluli M., Busse R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Camera L. L. A., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Catala-Lopez F., Cevik M., Chattu V. K., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dianatinasab M., Do H. T., Doshmangir L., El Tantawi M., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilzadeh F., Faraj A., Farzadfar F., Fischer F., Foigt N. A., Fullman N., Gad M. M., Ghafourifard M., Ghashghaee A., Gholamian A., Goharinezhad S., Grada A., Haghparast Bidgoli H., Hamidi S., Harb H. L., Hasanpoor E., Hay S. I., Hendrie D., Henry N. J., Herteliu C., Hole M. K., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Huda T. M., Humayun A., Hwang B. -F., Ilesanmi O. S., Iqbal U., Irvani S. S. N., Islam S. M. S., Islam M. M., Jahani M. A., Jakovljevic M., James S. L., Javaheri Z., Jonas J. B., Joukar F., Jozwiak J. J., Jurisson M., Kalhor R., Karami Matin B., Karimi S. E., Kayode G. A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kohler S., Komaki H., Kosen S., Kotlo A., Koyanagi A., Kumar G. A., Kusuma D., Lansingh V. C., Larsson A. O., Lasrado S., Lee S. W. H., Lim L. -L., Lozano R., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Mahdavi M. M., Maleki S., Malekzadeh R., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansournia M. A., Mantovani L. G., Martinez G., Masoumi S. Z., Massenburg B. B., Menezes R. G., Mengesha E. W., Meretoja T. J., Meretoja A., Mestrovic T., Milevska Kostova N., Miller T. R., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohajer B., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Darwesh A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A. H., Morrison S. D., Mosser J. F., Mousavi S. M., Muriithi M. K., Muthupandian S., Myint C. -Y., Naderi M., Nagarajan A. J., Nguyen C. T., Nguyen H. L. T., Nonvignon J., Noubiap J. J., Oh I. -H., Olagunju A. T., Olusanya J. O., Olusanya B. O., Omar Bali A., Onwujekwe O. E., Otstavnov S. S., Otstavnov N., Owolabi M. O., Padubidri J. R., Palladino R., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Postma M. J., Prada S. I., Pribadi D. R. A., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Rahim F., Ranabhat C. L., Rao S. J., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D. L., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Rezapour A., Sabour S., Sahraian M. A., Salman O. M., Salomon J. A., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Santos J. V., Santric Milicevic M. M., Sao Jose B. P., Savic M., Schwendicke F., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S. G., Servan-Mori E., Setayesh H., Shaikh M. A., Sheikh A., Shibuya K., Shrime M. G., Simonetti B., Singh J. A., Singh P., Skryabin V. Y., Soheili A., Soltani S., Stefan S. C., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M. R., Tran B. X., Travillian R., Undurraga E. A., Valdez P. R., van Boven J. F. M., Vasankari T. J., Violante F. S., Vlassov V., Vos T., Wolfe C. D. A., Wu J., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M. Z., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zaman S. B., Zastrozhin M. S., Zhang Z. -J., Zhao Y., Murray C. J. L., Dieleman J. L., Micah, A, Su, Y, Bachmeier, S, Chapin, A, Cogswell, I, Crosby, S, Cunningham, B, Harle, A, Maddison, E, Moitra, M, Sahu, M, Schneider, M, Simpson, K, Stutzman, H, Tsakalos, G, Zende, R, Zlavog, B, Abbafati, C, Abebo, Z, Abolhassani, H, Abrigo, M, Ahmed, M, Akinyemi, R, Alam, K, Ali, S, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almasi, A, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, T, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Atnafu, D, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Babalola, T, Bagherzadeh, M, Baig, A, Bakhtiari, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Berman, A, Bhageerathy, R, Bhardwaj, P, Bohluli, M, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Catala-Lopez, F, Cevik, M, Chattu, V, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dianatinasab, M, Do, H, Doshmangir, L, El Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Faraj, A, Farzadfar, F, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Fullman, N, Gad, M, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Goharinezhad, S, Grada, A, Haghparast Bidgoli, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, H, Hasanpoor, E, Hay, S, Hendrie, D, Henry, N, Herteliu, C, Hole, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Ilesanmi, O, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Islam, M, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, James, S, Javaheri, Z, Jonas, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kalhor, R, Karami Matin, B, Karimi, S, Kayode, G, Kazemi Karyani, A, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kohler, S, Komaki, H, Kosen, S, Kotlo, A, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, G, Kusuma, D, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lee, S, Lim, L, Lozano, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Mahdavi, M, Maleki, S, Malekzadeh, R, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martinez, G, Masoumi, S, Massenburg, B, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Milevska Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohajer, B, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad Darwesh, A, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Morrison, S, Mosser, J, Mousavi, S, Muriithi, M, Muthupandian, S, Myint, C, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nonvignon, J, Noubiap, J, Oh, I, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, J, Olusanya, B, Omar Bali, A, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, S, Otstavnov, N, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Postma, M, Prada, S, Pribadi, D, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rahim, F, Ranabhat, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rezapour, A, Sabour, S, Sahraian, M, Salman, O, Salomon, J, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, J, Santric Milicevic, M, Sao Jose, B, Savic, M, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Setayesh, H, Shaikh, M, Sheikh, A, Shibuya, K, Shrime, M, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Singh, P, Skryabin, V, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Stefan, S, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Undurraga, E, Valdez, P, van Boven, J, Vasankari, T, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vos, T, Wolfe, C, Wu, J, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zaman, S, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Z, Zhao, Y, Murray, C, Dieleman, J, Micah A. E., Su Y., Bachmeier S. D., Chapin A., Cogswell I. E., Crosby S. W., Cunningham B., Harle A. C., Maddison E. R., Moitra M., Sahu M., Schneider M. T., Simpson K. E., Stutzman H. N., Tsakalos G., Zende R. R., Zlavog B. S., Abbafati C., Abebo Z. H., Abolhassani H., Abrigo M. R. M., Ahmed M. B., Akinyemi R. O., Alam K., Ali S., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Almasi A., Alvis-Guzman N., Ancuceanu R., Andrei T., Andrei C. L., Anjomshoa M., Antonio C. A. T., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Atnafu D. D., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Ayanore M. A., Azari S., Babalola T. K., Bagherzadeh M., Baig A. A., Bakhtiari A., Banach M., Banerjee S. K., Barnighausen T. W., Basu S., Baune B. T., Bayati M., Berman A. E., Bhageerathy R., Bhardwaj P., Bohluli M., Busse R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Camera L. L. A., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Catala-Lopez F., Cevik M., Chattu V. K., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dianatinasab M., Do H. T., Doshmangir L., El Tantawi M., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilzadeh F., Faraj A., Farzadfar F., Fischer F., Foigt N. A., Fullman N., Gad M. M., Ghafourifard M., Ghashghaee A., Gholamian A., Goharinezhad S., Grada A., Haghparast Bidgoli H., Hamidi S., Harb H. L., Hasanpoor E., Hay S. I., Hendrie D., Henry N. J., Herteliu C., Hole M. K., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Huda T. M., Humayun A., Hwang B. -F., Ilesanmi O. S., Iqbal U., Irvani S. S. N., Islam S. M. S., Islam M. M., Jahani M. A., Jakovljevic M., James S. L., Javaheri Z., Jonas J. B., Joukar F., Jozwiak J. J., Jurisson M., Kalhor R., Karami Matin B., Karimi S. E., Kayode G. A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kohler S., Komaki H., Kosen S., Kotlo A., Koyanagi A., Kumar G. A., Kusuma D., Lansingh V. C., Larsson A. O., Lasrado S., Lee S. W. H., Lim L. -L., Lozano R., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Mahdavi M. M., Maleki S., Malekzadeh R., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansournia M. A., Mantovani L. G., Martinez G., Masoumi S. Z., Massenburg B. B., Menezes R. G., Mengesha E. W., Meretoja T. J., Meretoja A., Mestrovic T., Milevska Kostova N., Miller T. R., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohajer B., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Darwesh A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A. H., Morrison S. D., Mosser J. F., Mousavi S. M., Muriithi M. K., Muthupandian S., Myint C. -Y., Naderi M., Nagarajan A. J., Nguyen C. T., Nguyen H. L. T., Nonvignon J., Noubiap J. J., Oh I. -H., Olagunju A. T., Olusanya J. O., Olusanya B. O., Omar Bali A., Onwujekwe O. E., Otstavnov S. S., Otstavnov N., Owolabi M. O., Padubidri J. R., Palladino R., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Postma M. J., Prada S. I., Pribadi D. R. A., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Rahim F., Ranabhat C. L., Rao S. J., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D. L., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Rezapour A., Sabour S., Sahraian M. A., Salman O. M., Salomon J. A., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Santos J. V., Santric Milicevic M. M., Sao Jose B. P., Savic M., Schwendicke F., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S. G., Servan-Mori E., Setayesh H., Shaikh M. A., Sheikh A., Shibuya K., Shrime M. G., Simonetti B., Singh J. A., Singh P., Skryabin V. Y., Soheili A., Soltani S., Stefan S. C., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M. R., Tran B. X., Travillian R., Undurraga E. A., Valdez P. R., van Boven J. F. M., Vasankari T. J., Violante F. S., Vlassov V., Vos T., Wolfe C. D. A., Wu J., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M. Z., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zaman S. B., Zastrozhin M. S., Zhang Z. -J., Zhao Y., Murray C. J. L., and Dieleman J. L.
Abstract: Background: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 aims to “ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”. While a substantial effort has been made to quantify progress towards SDG3, less research has focused on tracking spending towards this goal. We used spending estimates to measure progress in financing the priority areas of SDG3, examine the association between outcomes and financing, and identify where resource gains are most needed to achieve the SDG3 indicators for which data are available. Methods: We estimated domestic health spending, disaggregated by source (government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private) from 1995 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. For disease-specific health spending, we estimated spending for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis for 135 low-income and middle-income countries, and malaria in 106 malaria-endemic countries, from 2000 to 2017. We also estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2019, by source, disbursing development agency, recipient, and health focus area, including DAH for pandemic preparedness. Finally, we estimated future health spending for 195 countries and territories from 2018 until 2030. We report all spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2019 US$, unless otherwise stated. Findings: Since the development and implementation of the SDGs in 2015, global health spending has increased, reaching $7·9 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 7·8–8·0) in 2017 and is expected to increase to $11·0 trillion (10·7–11·2) by 2030. In 2017, in low-income and middle-income countries spending on HIV/AIDS was $20·2 billion (17·0–25·0) and on tuberculosis it was $10·9 billion (10·3–11·8), and in malaria-endemic countries spending on malaria was $5·1 billion (4·9–5·4). Development assistance for health was $40·6 billion in 2019 and HIV/AIDS has been the health focus area to receive the highest contribution since 2004. In 2019, $374 million of DAH was provided for pandemic preparedness, less than 1% of
Published: 2020

2. Past, present, and future of global health financing: A review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995-2050

Author: Chang, A, Cowling, K, Micah, A, Chapin, A, Chen, C, Ikilezi, G, Sadat, N, Tsakalos, G, Wu, J, Younker, T, Zhao, Y, Zlavog, B, Abbafati, C, Ahmed, A, Alam, K, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almalki, M, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ammar, W, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Azzopardi-Muscat, N, Bagherzadeh, M, Barnighausen, T, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Belay, Y, Belete, H, Berbada, D, Berman, A, Beuran, M, Bijani, A, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Catala-Lopez, F, Chauhan, B, Constantin, M, Crowe, C, Cucu, A, Dalal, K, De Neve, J, Deiparine, S, Demeke, F, Do, H, Dubey, M, Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeili, R, Fakhar, M, Fazaeli, A, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Fukumoto, T, Fullman, N, Galan, A, Gamkrelidze, A, Gezae, K, Ghajar, A, Ghashghaee, A, Goginashvili, K, Haakenstad, A, Bidgoli, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, H, Hasanpoor, E, Hassen, H, Hay, S, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Heredia-Pi, I, Herteliu, C, Hoang, C, Hole, M, Rad, E, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Ilesanmi, O, Irvani, S, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, James, S, Jonas, J, Jurisson, M, Kadel, R, Matin, B, Kasaeian, A, Kasaye, H, Kassaw, M, Karyani, A, Khabiri, R, Khan, J, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kohler, S, Koyanagi, A, Krohn, K, Leung, R, Lim, L, Lorkowski, S, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mansourian, M, Mantovani, L, Massenburg, B, Mckee, M, Mehta, V, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Mohajer, B, Darwesh, A, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Morrison, S, Mousavi, S, Muthupandian, S, Nagarajan, A, Nangia, V, Negoi, I, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, S, Nosratnejad, S, Oladimeji, O, Olgiati, S, Olusanya, J, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, S, Pana, A, Pereira, D, Piroozi, B, Prada, S, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Ram, U, Ranabhat, C, Ranta, A, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rezaei, S, Roro, E, Rostami, A, Rubino, S, Salahshoor, M, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, J, Milicevic, M, Jose, B, Savic, M, Schwendicke, F, Sepanlou, S, Sepehrimanesh, M, Sheikh, A, Shrime, M, Sisay, S, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Srinivasan, V, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Torre, A, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tran, K, Undurraga, E, Valdez, P, Van Boven, J, Vargas, V, Veisani, Y, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollmer, S, Vu, G, Wolfe, C, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefifard, M, Zaman, S, Zangeneh, A, Zegeye, E, Ziapour, A, Chew, A, Murray, C, Dieleman, J, Chang A. Y., Cowling K., Micah A. E., Chapin A., Chen C. S., Ikilezi G., Sadat N., Tsakalos G., Wu J., Younker T., Zhao Y., Zlavog B. S., Abbafati C., Ahmed A. E., Alam K., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Almalki M. J., Alvis-Guzman N., Ammar W., Andrei C. L., Anjomshoa M., Antonio C. A. T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Awasthi A., Ayanore M. A., Azari S., Azzopardi-Muscat N., Bagherzadeh M., Barnighausen T. W., Baune B. T., Bayati M., Belay Y. B., Belay Y. A., Belete H., Berbada D. A., Berman A. E., Beuran M., Bijani A., Busse R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Camera L. A., Catala-Lopez F., Chauhan B. G., Constantin M. -M., Crowe C. S., Cucu A., Dalal K., De Neve J. -W., Deiparine S., Demeke F. M., Do H. P., Dubey M., Tantawi M. E., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeili R., Fakhar M., Fazaeli A. A., Fischer F., Foigt N. A., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Galan A., Gamkrelidze A., Gezae K. E., Ghajar A., Ghashghaee A., Goginashvili K., Haakenstad A., Bidgoli H. H., Hamidi S., Harb H. L., Hasanpoor E., Hassen H. Y., Hay S. I., Hendrie D., Henok A., Heredia-Pi I., Herteliu C., Hoang C. L., Hole M. K., Rad E. H., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Ilesanmi O. S., Irvani S. S. N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., James S. L., Jonas J. B., Jurisson M., Kadel R., Matin B. K., Kasaeian A., Kasaye H. K., Kassaw M. W., Karyani A. K., Khabiri R., Khan J., Khan M. N., Khang Y. -H., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kohler S., Koyanagi A., Krohn K. J., Leung R., Lim L. -L., Lorkowski S., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Mansourian M., Mantovani L. G., Massenburg B. B., Mckee M., Mehta V., Meretoja A., Meretoja T. J., Kostova N. M., Miller T. R., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mohajer B., Darwesh A. M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A. H., Morrison S. D., Mousavi S. M., Muthupandian S., Nagarajan A. J., Nangia V., Negoi I., Nguyen C. T., Nguyen H. L. T., Nguyen S. H., Nosratnejad S., Oladimeji O., Olgiati S., Olusanya J. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Otstavnov S. S., Pana A., Pereira D. M., Piroozi B., Prada S. I., Qorbani M., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Ram U., Ranabhat C. L., Ranta A., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Rezaei S., Roro E. M., Rostami A., Rubino S., Salahshoor M., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Santos J. V., Milicevic M. M. S., Jose B. P. S., Savic M., Schwendicke F., Sepanlou S. G., Sepehrimanesh M., Sheikh A., Shrime M. G., Sisay S., Soltani S., Soofi M., Srinivasan V., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Torre A., Tovani-Palone M. R., Tran B. X., Tran K. B., Undurraga E. A., Valdez P. R., Van Boven J. F. M., Vargas V., Veisani Y., Violante F. S., Vladimirov S. K., Vlassov V., Vollmer S., Vu G. T., Wolfe C. D. A., Yonemoto N., Younis M. Z., Yousefifard M., Zaman S. B., Zangeneh A., Zegeye E. A., Ziapour A., Chew A., Murray C. J. L., Dieleman J. L., Chang, A, Cowling, K, Micah, A, Chapin, A, Chen, C, Ikilezi, G, Sadat, N, Tsakalos, G, Wu, J, Younker, T, Zhao, Y, Zlavog, B, Abbafati, C, Ahmed, A, Alam, K, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almalki, M, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ammar, W, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Azzopardi-Muscat, N, Bagherzadeh, M, Barnighausen, T, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Belay, Y, Belete, H, Berbada, D, Berman, A, Beuran, M, Bijani, A, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Catala-Lopez, F, Chauhan, B, Constantin, M, Crowe, C, Cucu, A, Dalal, K, De Neve, J, Deiparine, S, Demeke, F, Do, H, Dubey, M, Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeili, R, Fakhar, M, Fazaeli, A, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Fukumoto, T, Fullman, N, Galan, A, Gamkrelidze, A, Gezae, K, Ghajar, A, Ghashghaee, A, Goginashvili, K, Haakenstad, A, Bidgoli, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, H, Hasanpoor, E, Hassen, H, Hay, S, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Heredia-Pi, I, Herteliu, C, Hoang, C, Hole, M, Rad, E, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Ilesanmi, O, Irvani, S, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, James, S, Jonas, J, Jurisson, M, Kadel, R, Matin, B, Kasaeian, A, Kasaye, H, Kassaw, M, Karyani, A, Khabiri, R, Khan, J, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kohler, S, Koyanagi, A, Krohn, K, Leung, R, Lim, L, Lorkowski, S, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mansourian, M, Mantovani, L, Massenburg, B, Mckee, M, Mehta, V, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Mohajer, B, Darwesh, A, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Morrison, S, Mousavi, S, Muthupandian, S, Nagarajan, A, Nangia, V, Negoi, I, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, S, Nosratnejad, S, Oladimeji, O, Olgiati, S, Olusanya, J, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, S, Pana, A, Pereira, D, Piroozi, B, Prada, S, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Ram, U, Ranabhat, C, Ranta, A, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rezaei, S, Roro, E, Rostami, A, Rubino, S, Salahshoor, M, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, J, Milicevic, M, Jose, B, Savic, M, Schwendicke, F, Sepanlou, S, Sepehrimanesh, M, Sheikh, A, Shrime, M, Sisay, S, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Srinivasan, V, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Torre, A, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tran, K, Undurraga, E, Valdez, P, Van Boven, J, Vargas, V, Veisani, Y, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollmer, S, Vu, G, Wolfe, C, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefifard, M, Zaman, S, Zangeneh, A, Zegeye, E, Ziapour, A, Chew, A, Murray, C, Dieleman, J, Chang A. Y., Cowling K., Micah A. E., Chapin A., Chen C. S., Ikilezi G., Sadat N., Tsakalos G., Wu J., Younker T., Zhao Y., Zlavog B. S., Abbafati C., Ahmed A. E., Alam K., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Almalki M. J., Alvis-Guzman N., Ammar W., Andrei C. L., Anjomshoa M., Antonio C. A. T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Awasthi A., Ayanore M. A., Azari S., Azzopardi-Muscat N., Bagherzadeh M., Barnighausen T. W., Baune B. T., Bayati M., Belay Y. B., Belay Y. A., Belete H., Berbada D. A., Berman A. E., Beuran M., Bijani A., Busse R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Camera L. A., Catala-Lopez F., Chauhan B. G., Constantin M. -M., Crowe C. S., Cucu A., Dalal K., De Neve J. -W., Deiparine S., Demeke F. M., Do H. P., Dubey M., Tantawi M. E., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeili R., Fakhar M., Fazaeli A. A., Fischer F., Foigt N. A., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Galan A., Gamkrelidze A., Gezae K. E., Ghajar A., Ghashghaee A., Goginashvili K., Haakenstad A., Bidgoli H. H., Hamidi S., Harb H. L., Hasanpoor E., Hassen H. Y., Hay S. I., Hendrie D., Henok A., Heredia-Pi I., Herteliu C., Hoang C. L., Hole M. K., Rad E. H., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Ilesanmi O. S., Irvani S. S. N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., James S. L., Jonas J. B., Jurisson M., Kadel R., Matin B. K., Kasaeian A., Kasaye H. K., Kassaw M. W., Karyani A. K., Khabiri R., Khan J., Khan M. N., Khang Y. -H., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kohler S., Koyanagi A., Krohn K. J., Leung R., Lim L. -L., Lorkowski S., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Mansourian M., Mantovani L. G., Massenburg B. B., Mckee M., Mehta V., Meretoja A., Meretoja T. J., Kostova N. M., Miller T. R., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mohajer B., Darwesh A. M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A. H., Morrison S. D., Mousavi S. M., Muthupandian S., Nagarajan A. J., Nangia V., Negoi I., Nguyen C. T., Nguyen H. L. T., Nguyen S. H., Nosratnejad S., Oladimeji O., Olgiati S., Olusanya J. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Otstavnov S. S., Pana A., Pereira D. M., Piroozi B., Prada S. I., Qorbani M., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Ram U., Ranabhat C. L., Ranta A., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Rezaei S., Roro E. M., Rostami A., Rubino S., Salahshoor M., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Santos J. V., Milicevic M. M. S., Jose B. P. S., Savic M., Schwendicke F., Sepanlou S. G., Sepehrimanesh M., Sheikh A., Shrime M. G., Sisay S., Soltani S., Soofi M., Srinivasan V., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Torre A., Tovani-Palone M. R., Tran B. X., Tran K. B., Undurraga E. A., Valdez P. R., Van Boven J. F. M., Vargas V., Veisani Y., Violante F. S., Vladimirov S. K., Vlassov V., Vollmer S., Vu G. T., Wolfe C. D. A., Yonemoto N., Younis M. Z., Yousefifard M., Zaman S. B., Zangeneh A., Zegeye E. A., Ziapour A., Chew A., Murray C. J. L., and Dieleman J. L.
Abstract: Background: Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. Methods: We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories-government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending-and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more reso
Published: 2019

3. Past, present, and future of global health financing : A review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995-2050

Author: Chang, A. Y., Cowling, K., Micah, A. E., Chapin, A., Chen, C. S., Ikilezi, G., Sadat, N., Tsakalos, G., Wu, J., Younker, T., Zhao, Y., Zlavog, B. S., Abbafati, C., Ahmed, A. E., Alam, K., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almalki, M. J., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ammar, W., Andrei, C. L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C. A. T., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awasthi, A., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Azzopardi-Muscat, N., Bagherzadeh, M., BÃ€rnighausen, T. W., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Belay, Y. B., Belay, Y. A., Belete, H., Berbada, D. A., Berman, A. E., Beuran, M., Bijani, A., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., CÃ¡mera, L. A., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Chauhan, B. G., Constantin, M. -M, Crowe, C. S., Cucu, A., Dalal, Koustuv, De Neve, J. -W, Deiparine, S., Demeke, F. M., Do, H. P., Dubey, M., Tantawi, M. E., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeili, R., Fakhar, M., Fazaeli, A. A., Fischer, F., Foigt, N. A., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Galan, A., Gamkrelidze, A., Gezae, K. E., Ghajar, A., Ghashghaee, A., Goginashvili, K., Haakenstad, A., Bidgoli, H. H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H. L., Hasanpoor, E., Hassen, H. Y., Hay, S. I., Hendrie, D., Henok, A., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hoang, C. L., Hole, M. K., Rad, E. H., Hossain, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Ilesanmi, O. S., Irvani, S. S. N., Jakovljevic, M., Jalali, A., James, S. L., Jonas, J. B., JÃŒrisson, M., Kadel, R., Matin, B. K., Kasaeian, A., Kasaye, H. K., Kassaw, M. W., Karyani, A. K., Khabiri, R., Khan, J., Khan, M. N., Khang, Y. -H, Kisa, A., Kissimova-Skarbek, K., Kohler, S., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K. J., Leung, R., Lim, L. -L, Lorkowski, S., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Mansourian, M., Mantovani, L. G., Massenburg, B. B., Mckee, M., Mehta, V., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Kostova, N. M., Miller, T. R., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mohajer, B., Darwesh, A. M., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A. H., Morrison, S. D., Mousavi, S. M., Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A. J., Nangia, V., Negoi, I., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, H. L. T., Nguyen, S. H., Nosratnejad, S., Oladimeji, O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J. O., Onwujekwe, O. E., Otstavnov, S. S., Pana, A., Pereira, D. M., Piroozi, B., Prada, S. I., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rafiei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C. L., Ranta, A., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Rezaei, S., Roro, E. M., Rostami, A., Rubino, S., Salahshoor, M., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J. V., Milicevic, M. M. S., Jose, B. P. S., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Sepanlou, S. G., Sepehrimanesh, M., Sheikh, A., Shrime, M. G., Sisay, S., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Srinivasan, V., TabarÃ©s-Seisdedos, R., Torre, A., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Tran, K. B., Undurraga, E. A., Valdez, P. R., Van Boven, J. F. M., Vargas, V., Veisani, Y., Violante, F. S., Vladimirov, S. K., Vlassov, V., Vollmer, S., Vu, G. T., Wolfe, C. D. A., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yousefifard, M., Zaman, S. B., Zangeneh, A., Zegeye, E. A., Ziapour, A., Chew, A., Murray, C. J. L., Dieleman, J. L., Network, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator, Chang, A. Y., Cowling, K., Micah, A. E., Chapin, A., Chen, C. S., Ikilezi, G., Sadat, N., Tsakalos, G., Wu, J., Younker, T., Zhao, Y., Zlavog, B. S., Abbafati, C., Ahmed, A. E., Alam, K., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almalki, M. J., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ammar, W., Andrei, C. L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C. A. T., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awasthi, A., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Azzopardi-Muscat, N., Bagherzadeh, M., BÃ€rnighausen, T. W., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Belay, Y. B., Belay, Y. A., Belete, H., Berbada, D. A., Berman, A. E., Beuran, M., Bijani, A., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., CÃ¡mera, L. A., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Chauhan, B. G., Constantin, M. -M, Crowe, C. S., Cucu, A., Dalal, Koustuv, De Neve, J. -W, Deiparine, S., Demeke, F. M., Do, H. P., Dubey, M., Tantawi, M. E., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeili, R., Fakhar, M., Fazaeli, A. A., Fischer, F., Foigt, N. A., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Galan, A., Gamkrelidze, A., Gezae, K. E., Ghajar, A., Ghashghaee, A., Goginashvili, K., Haakenstad, A., Bidgoli, H. H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H. L., Hasanpoor, E., Hassen, H. Y., Hay, S. I., Hendrie, D., Henok, A., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hoang, C. L., Hole, M. K., Rad, E. H., Hossain, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Ilesanmi, O. S., Irvani, S. S. N., Jakovljevic, M., Jalali, A., James, S. L., Jonas, J. B., JÃŒrisson, M., Kadel, R., Matin, B. K., Kasaeian, A., Kasaye, H. K., Kassaw, M. W., Karyani, A. K., Khabiri, R., Khan, J., Khan, M. N., Khang, Y. -H, Kisa, A., Kissimova-Skarbek, K., Kohler, S., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K. J., Leung, R., Lim, L. -L, Lorkowski, S., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Mansourian, M., Mantovani, L. G., Massenburg, B. B., Mckee, M., Mehta, V., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Kostova, N. M., Miller, T. R., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mohajer, B., Darwesh, A. M., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A. H., Morrison, S. D., Mousavi, S. M., Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A. J., Nangia, V., Negoi, I., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, H. L. T., Nguyen, S. H., Nosratnejad, S., Oladimeji, O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J. O., Onwujekwe, O. E., Otstavnov, S. S., Pana, A., Pereira, D. M., Piroozi, B., Prada, S. I., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rafiei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C. L., Ranta, A., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Rezaei, S., Roro, E. M., Rostami, A., Rubino, S., Salahshoor, M., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J. V., Milicevic, M. M. S., Jose, B. P. S., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Sepanlou, S. G., Sepehrimanesh, M., Sheikh, A., Shrime, M. G., Sisay, S., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Srinivasan, V., TabarÃ©s-Seisdedos, R., Torre, A., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Tran, K. B., Undurraga, E. A., Valdez, P. R., Van Boven, J. F. M., Vargas, V., Veisani, Y., Violante, F. S., Vladimirov, S. K., Vlassov, V., Vollmer, S., Vu, G. T., Wolfe, C. D. A., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yousefifard, M., Zaman, S. B., Zangeneh, A., Zegeye, E. A., Ziapour, A., Chew, A., Murray, C. J. L., Dieleman, J. L., and Network, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator
Abstract: Background: Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. Methods: We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories-government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending-and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more reso
Published: 2019
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4. Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))

Author: Roth G. A., Roth, G, Abate, D, Abate, K, Abay, S, Abbafati, C, Abbasi, N, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdela, J, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, R, Abebe, H, Abebe, M, Abebe, Z, Abejie, A, Abera, S, Abil, O, Abraha, H, Abrham, A, Abu-Raddad, L, Accrombessi, M, Acharya, D, Adamu, A, Adebayo, O, Adedoyin, R, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, O, Adhena, B, Adib, M, Admasie, A, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agesa, K, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, M, Ahmed, M, Ahmed, S, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akbari, M, Akinyemi, R, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al-Raddadi, R, Alahdab, F, Alam, K, Alam, T, Alebel, A, Alene, K, Alijanzadeh, M, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Aljunid, S, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Alonso, J, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Aminde, L, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amoako, Y, Anber, N, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Animut, M, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, H, Ansha, M, Antonio, C, Anwari, P, Aremu, O, Arnlov, J, Arora, A, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, K, Asayesh, H, Asfaw, E, Ataro, Z, Atique, S, Atre, S, Ausloos, M, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayele, Y, Ayer, R, Azzopardi, P, Babazadeh, A, Bacha, U, Badali, H, Badawi, A, Bali, A, Ballesteros, K, Banach, M, Banerjee, K, Bannick, M, Banoub, J, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barrero, L, Bassat, Q, Basu, S, Baune, B, Baynes, H, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Behzadifar, M, Bejot, Y, Bekele, B, Belachew, A, Belay, E, Belay, Y, Bell, M, Bello, A, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berman, A, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, R, Bertolacci, G, Beuran, M, Beyranvand, T, Bhalla, A, Bhattarai, S, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Z, Biadgo, B, Biehl, M, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bilano, V, Bililign, N, Bin Sayeed, M, Bisanzio, D, Biswas, T, Blacker, B, Basara, B, Borschmann, R, Bosetti, C, Bozorgmehr, K, Brady, O, Brant, L, Brayne, C, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Briant, P, Britton, G, Brugha, T, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Callender, C, Campos-Nonato, I, Campuzano Rincon, J, Cano, J, Car, M, 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A. T., Anwari P., Aremu O., Arnlov J., Arora A., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K. K., Asayesh H., Asfaw E. T., Ataro Z., Atique S., Atre S. R., Ausloos M., Avokpaho E. F. G. A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B. P., Ayele Y., Ayer R., Azzopardi P. S., Babazadeh A., Bacha U., Badali H., Badawi A., Bali A. G., Ballesteros K. E., Banach M., Banerjee K., Bannick M. S., Banoub J. A. M., Barboza M. A., Barker-Collo S. L., Barnighausen T. W., Barquera S., Barrero L. H., Bassat Q., Basu S., Baune B. T., Baynes H. W., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., Bejot Y., Bekele B. B., Belachew A. B., Belay E., Belay Y. A., Bell M. L., Bello A. K., Bennett D. A., Bensenor I. M., Berman A. E., Bernabe E., Bernstein R. S., Bertolacci G. J., Beuran M., Beyranvand T., Bhalla A., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z. A., Biadgo B., Biehl M. H., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bilano V., Bililign N., Bin Sayeed M. S., Bisanzio D., Biswas T., Blacker B. F., Basara B. B., Borschmann R., Bosetti C., Bozorgmehr K., Brady O. J., Brant L. C., Brayne C., Brazinova A., Breitborde N. J. K., Brenner H., Briant P. S., Britton G., Brugha T., Busse R., Butt Z. A., Callender C. S. K. H., Campos-Nonato I. R., Campuzano Rincon J. C., Cano J., Car M., Cardenas R., Carreras G., Carrero J. J., Carter A., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Castillo Rivas J., Castle C. D., Castro C., Castro F., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chaiah Y., Chang J. -C., Charlson F. J., Chaturvedi P., Chiang P. P. -C., Chimed-Ochir O., Chisumpa V. H., Chitheer A., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christopher D. J., Chung S. -C., Cicuttini F. M., Ciobanu L. G., Cirillo M., Cohen A. J., Cooper L. T., Cortesi P. A., Cortinovis M., Cousin E., Cowie B. C., Criqui M. H., Cromwell E. A., Crowe C. S., Crump J. A., Cunningham M., Daba A. K., Dadi A. F., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A. K., Dargan P. I., Daryani A., Das S. K., Gupta R. D., Neves J. D., Dasa T. T., Dash A. P., Davis A. 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Abstract: GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88—The bottom row in figure 7 was cut off. This correction has been made to the online version as of Nov 9, 2018, and has been made to the printed Article.
Published: 2018

5. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

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A., Manda A. -L., Manguerra H., Mansournia M. A., Mantilla Herrera A. M., Mantovani L. G., Maravilla J. C., Marcenes W., Marks A., Martins-Melo F. R., Martopullo I., Marz W., Marzan M. B., Massano J., Massenburg B. B., Mathur M. R., Maulik P. K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGrath J. J., McKee M., McMahon B. J., Mehata S., Mehrotra R., Mehta K. M., Mehta V., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Mekonen T., Melese A., Melku M., Memiah P. T. N., Memish Z. A., Mendoza W., Mengistu G., Mensah G. A., Mereta S. T., Meretoja A., Meretoja T. J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Millear A. I., Miller T. R., Mini G. K., Mirarefin M., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Misganaw A. T., Mitchell P. B., Mitiku H., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohammad K. A., Mohammadi M., Mohammadifard N., Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M., Mohammed M. A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A. H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Montanez J. C., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradinazar M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Velasquez I. 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Abstract: Background: How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severityof ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-speci?c mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Sociodemographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1-7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3-65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7-73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0-5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3-12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1-33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8-15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased
Published: 2018

6. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Hay, S. I., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abebo, T. A., Abera, S. F., Aboyans, V., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Ackerman, I. N., Adedeji, I. A., Adetokunboh, O., Afshin, A., Aggarwal, R., Agrawal, S., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A. A., Ahmed, M. B., Aichour, A. N., Aichour, I., Aichour, M. T. E., Aiyar, S., Akinyemiju, T. F., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F. H., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alam, T., Alasfoor, D., Alene, K. A., Ali, R., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkaabi, J. M., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, C., Al-Maskari, F., Almazroa, M. A., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Alsowaidi, S., Althouse, B. M., Altirkawi, K. A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amoako, Y. A., Ansha, M. G., Antonio, C. A. T., Anwari, P., ÃrnlÃ¶v, J., Arora, M., Artaman, A., Aryal, K. K., Asgedom, S. W., Atey, T. M., Atnafu, N. T., Avila-Burgos, L., Arthur Avokpaho, E. F. G., Awasthi, A., Awasthi, S., Quintanilla, B. P. A., Azarpazhooh, M. R., Azzopardi, P., Babalola, T. K., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Balakrishnan, K., Bannick, M. S., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S. L., BÃ€rnighausen, T., Barquera, S., Barrero, L. H., Basu, S., Battista, R., Battle, K. E., Baune, B. T., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., BÃ©jot, Y., Bekele, B. B., Bell, M. L., Bennett, D. A., Bennett, J. R., Bensenor, I. M., Benson, J., Berhane, A., Berhe, D. F., BernabÃ©, E., Betsu, B. D., Beuran, M., Beyene, A. S., Bhansali, A., Bhatt, S., Bhutta, Z. A., Biadgilign, S., Bienhof, K., Bikbov, B., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H. M., Blyth, F. M., Boneya, D. J., Bose, D., Bou-Orm, I. R., Bourne, R. R. A., Brainin, M., Brayne, C. E. G., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J. K., Briant, P. S., Britton, G., Brugha, T. S., Buchbinder, R., Bulto, L. N. B., Bumgarner, B., Butt, Z. A., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Cameron, E., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Carabin, H., CÃ¡rdenas, R., Carpenter, D. O., Carrero, J. J., Carter, A., Carvalho, F., Casey, D., CastaÃ±eda-Orjuela, C. A., Rivas, J. C., Castle, C. D., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Chang, J. -C, Charlson, F. J., Chaturvedi, P., Chen, H., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C. E., Chisumpa, V. H., Chitheer, A. A., Chowdhury, R., Christopher, D. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Colombara, D., Cooper, L. T., Cooper, C., Cortesi, P. A., Cortinovis, M., Criqui, M. H., Cromwell, E. A., Cross, M., Crump, J. A., Dadi, A. F., Dalal, Koustuv, Damasceno, A., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Das Neves, J., Davitoiu, D. V., Davletov, K., De Courten, B., De Leo, D., De Steur, H., Degenhardt, L., Deiparine, S., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Das Jarlais, D. C., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhillon, P. K., Dicker, D., Djalalinia, S., Do, H. P., Dokova, K., Doku, D. T., Dorsey, E. R., Dos Santos, K. P. B., Driscoll, T. R., Dubey, M., Duncan, B. B., Ebel, B. E., Echko, M., El-Khatib, Z. Z., Enayati, A., Endries, A. Y., Ermakov, S. P., Erskine, H. 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B., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Handal, A. J., Hankey, G. J., Hao, Y., Harb, H. L., Hareri, H. A., Haro, J. M., Harun, K. M., Harvey, J., Hassanvand, M. S., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R. J., Hedayati, M. T., Hendrie, D., Henry, N. J., Heredia-Pi, I. B., Heydarpour, P., Hoek, H. W., Hofman, H. J., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H. D., Hostiuc, S., Hotez, P. J., Hoy, D. G., Htet, A. S., Hu, G., Huang, J. J., Huynh, C., Iburg, K. M., Igumbor, E. U., Ikeda, C., Irvine, C. M. S., Jacobsen, K. H., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M. B., James, P., Jassal, S. K., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S. P., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P. N., Jha, V., Jiang, G., John, D., Johnson, C. O., Johnson, S. C., Jonas, J. B., JÃŒrisson, M., Kabir, Z., Kadel, R., Kahsay, A., Kamal, R., Kar, C., Karam, N. E., Karch, A., Karema, C. K., Karimi, S. M., Karimkhani, C., Kasaeian, A., Kassa, G. M., Kassebaum, N. J., Kassaw, N. A., Kastor, A., Katikireddi, S. V., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Keiyoro, P. N., Kemmer, L., Kengne, A. P., Keren, A., Kesavachandran, C. N., Khader, Y. S., Khalil, I. A., Khan, E. A., Khang, Y. -H, Khoja, A. T., Khosravi, A., Khubchandani, J., Kieling, C., Kim, Y. J., Kim, D., Kimokoti, R. W., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, A., Kissimova-Skarbek, K. A., Kissoon, N., Kivimaki, M., Knudsen, A. K., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J. A., Kosen, S., Kotsakis, G. A., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Krohn, K. J., Defo, B. K., Bicer, B. K., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, P., Kyu, H. H., Lager, A. C. J., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lambert, N., Lan, Q., Lansingh, V. C., Larsson, A., Leasher, J. L., Lee, P. H., Leigh, J., Leshargie, C. T., Leung, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Li, Y., Liang, X., Liben, M. L., Lim, S. S., Linn, S., Liu, A., Liu, P. Y., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lodha, R., Logroscino, G., Looker, K. J., Lopez, A. D., Lorkowski, S., Lotufo, P. A., Lozano, R., Lucas, T. C. D., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R. A., Macarayan, E. R. K., Maddison, E. R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Magis-Rodriguez, C., Mahdavi, M., Majdan, M., Majdzadeh, R., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malhotra, R., Malta, D. C., Mamun, A. A., Manguerra, H., Manhertz, T., Mantovani, L. G., Mapoma, C. C., March, L. M., Marczak, L. B., Martinez-Raga, J., Martins, P. H. V., Martins-Melo, F. R., Martopullo, I., MÃ€rz, W., Mathur, M. R., Mazidi, M., McAlinden, C., McGaughey, M., McGrath, J. J., McKee, M., Mehata, S., Meier, T., Meles, K. G., Memiah, P., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Mengesha, M. M., Mengistie, M. A., Mengistu, D. T., Mensah, G. A., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mezgebe, H. B., Micha, R., Millear, A., Miller, T. R., Minnig, S., Mirarefn, M., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Misganaw, A., Mishra, S. R., Mitchell, P. B., Mohammad, K. A., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mohammed, K. E., Mohammed, M. S. K., Mohan, M. B. V., Mokdad, A. H., Mollenkopf, S. K., Monasta, L., MontaÃ±ez Hernandez, J. C., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Morrison, S. D., Moses, M., Mountjoy-Venning, C., Mruts, K. B., Mueller, U. O., Muller, K., Mudoch, M. E., Murthy, S., Murthy, G. V. S., Musa, K. I., Nachega, J. B., Nagel, G., Naghavi, M., Naheed, A., Naidoo, K. S., Nangia, V., Nasher, J. T., Natarajan, G., Negasa, D. E., Negoi, I., Negoi, R. I., Newton, C. R., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, Q. L., Nguyen, G., Nguyen, T. H., Nguyen, M., Nichols, E., Ningrum, D. N. A., Nong, V. M., Norheim, O. F., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J. J. N., Nyandwi, A., Obermeyer, C. M., O’Donnell, M. J., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I. -H, Okoro, A., Oladimeji, O., Olagunju, A. T., Olagunju, T. O., Olsen, H. E., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Ong, K., Opio, J. N., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osborne, R. H., Osgood-Zimmerman, A., Osman, M., Ota, E., Owolabi, M. O., Pa, M., Pacella, R. E., Panda, B. K., Pandian, J. D., Papachristou, C., Park, E. -K, Parry, C. D., Parsaeian, M., Patil, S. T., Patten, S. B., Patton, G. C., Paudel, D., Paulson, K., Pearce, N., Pereira, D. M., Perez, K. M., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Peterson, C. B., Petri, W. A., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Phipps, G., Pigott, D. M., Pillay, J. D., Pinho, C., Piradov, M. A., Plass, D., Pletcher, M. A., Popova, S., Poulton, R. G., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Prasad, N., Purcell, C., Purwar, M., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, R. H. S., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. A., Rahman, M. H. U., Rai, R. K., Rajsic, S., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C. L., Rangaswamy, T., Rankin, Z., Rao, P. V., Rao, P. C., Rawaf, S., Ray, S. E., Reiner, R. C., Reinig, N., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A. M. N., Resnikof, S., Rezaei, S., Ribeiro, A. L., Roba, H. S., Robinson, S. R., Rojas-Rueda, D., Rokni, M. B., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G. A., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Rubagotti, E., Ruhago, G. 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A., Uneke, C. J., Updike, R., Uthman, O. A., Uzochukwu, B. S. C., Van Boven, J. F. M., Varughese, S., Vasankari, T., Veerman, L. J., Venkatesh, S., Venketasubramanian, N., Vidavalur, R., Vijayakumar, L., Violante, F. S., Vishnu, A., Vladimirov, S. K., Vlassov, V. V., Vollset, S. E., Vos, T., Wadilo, F., Wakayo, T., Wallin, M. T., Wang, Y. -P, Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R. G., Weiss, D. J., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H. A., Wijeratne, T., Williams, H. C., Wiysonge, C. S., Woldeyes, B. G., Wolfe, C. D. A., Woodbrook, R., Woolf, A. D., Workicho, A., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadgir, S., Yaghoubi, M., Yakob, B., Yan, L. L., Yano, Y., Ye, P., Yihdego, M. G., Yimam, H. H., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S. -J, Yotebieng, M., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M. E. S., Zegeye, E. A., Zenebe, Z. M., Zhang, X., Zheng, Y., Zhou, M., Zipkin, B., Zodpey, S., Zoeckler, L., Zuhlke, L. J., Murray, C. J. L., Adedji, I. A., Murdoch, M. E., Bryane, C. E. 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T., Patten, S. B., Patton, G. C., Paudel, D., Paulson, K., Pearce, N., Pereira, D. M., Perez, K. M., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Peterson, C. B., Petri, W. A., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Phipps, G., Pigott, D. M., Pillay, J. D., Pinho, C., Piradov, M. A., Plass, D., Pletcher, M. A., Popova, S., Poulton, R. G., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Prasad, N., Purcell, C., Purwar, M., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, R. H. S., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. A., Rahman, M. H. U., Rai, R. K., Rajsic, S., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C. L., Rangaswamy, T., Rankin, Z., Rao, P. V., Rao, P. C., Rawaf, S., Ray, S. E., Reiner, R. C., Reinig, N., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A. M. N., Resnikof, S., Rezaei, S., Ribeiro, A. L., Roba, H. S., Robinson, S. R., Rojas-Rueda, D., Rokni, M. B., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G. A., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Rubagotti, E., Ruhago, G. M., Saadat, S., Safdarian, M., Safri, S., Sagar, R., Sahathevan, R., Sahraian, M. A., Salama, J., Saleh, M. M., Salomon, J. A., Salvi, S. S., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J. R., Sanchez-NiÃ±o, M. D., Santomauro, D., Santos, J. V., Santos, I. S., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Saxena, S., Schelonka, K., Schmidt, M. I., Schneider, I. J. C., SchÃ¶ttker, B., Schutte, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Schwendicke, F., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E. E., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M. A., Shamsipour, M., Shariful Islam, S. M., Sharma, R., Sharma, J., She, J., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shields, C., Shiferaw, M. S., Shigematsu, M., Shiri, R., Shirkoohi, R., Shirude, S., Shishani, K., Shoman, H., Siabani, S., Sibai, A. M., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Silberberg, D. H., Silva, J. P., Silva, D. A. S., Silveira, D. G. A., Singh, J. A., Singh, V., Singh, O. P., Singh, N. P., Sinha, D. N., Skiadaresi, E., Skirbekk, V., Slepak, E. L., Smith, D. L., Smith, M., Sobaih, B. H. 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G., DALYs, G B D 2 0 1 6, and Collaborators, H A L E
Abstract: Background: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE difered from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75Â·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71Â·9-78Â·6) for females and 72Â·0 years (68Â·8-75Â·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45Â·6 years [42Â·0-49Â·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41Â·5 years [39Â·0-44Â·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6Â·24 years (5Â·97-6Â·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6Â·04 years (5Â·74-6Â·27) for males and 6Â·49 years (6Â·08-6Â·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1Â·78 years, cited By 723
Published: 2017
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7. Healthcare access and quality index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015 : A novel analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015

Author: Barber, R. M., Fullman, N., Sorensen, R. J. D., Bollyky, T., McKee, M., Nolte, E., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abdurahman, A. A., Abera, S. F., Abraham, B., Abreha, G. F., Adane, K., Adelekan, A. L., Adetifa, I. M. O., Afshin, A., Agarwal, A., Agarwal, S. K., Agarwal, S., Agrawal, A., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, K. Y., Ahmed, M. B., Akinyemi, R. O., Akinyemiju, T. F., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alam, S. S., Alemu, Z. A., Alene, K. A., Alexander, L., Ali, R., Ali, S. D., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, C., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K. A., Alvarez Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amo-Adjei, J., Amoako, Y. A., Anderson, B. O., Androudi, S., Ansari, H., Ansha, M. G., Antonio, C. A. T., ÃrnlÃ¶v, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Assadi, R., Astatkie, A., Atey, T. M., Atique, S., Atnafu, N. T., Atre, S. R., Avila-Burgos, L., Avokpaho, E. F. G. A., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Awasthi, A., Ayele, N. N., Azzopardi, P., Ba Saleem, H. O., BÃ€rnighausen, T., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barboza, M. A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barrero, L. H., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Baye, K., Bayou, Y. T., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., BÃ©jot, Y., Bello, A. K., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Berhane, A., BernabÃ©, E., Bernal, O. A., Beyene, A. S., Beyene, T. J., Bhutta, Z. A., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Birlik, S. M., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H. M., Bose, D., Brainin, M., Brauer, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J. K., Brenner, H., Butt, Z. A., CÃ¡rdenas, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Car, J., Carrero, J. J., Casey, D., Caso, V., CastaÃ±eda-Orjuela, C. A., Castillo Rivas, J., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Cecilio, P., Cercy, K., Charlson, F. J., Chen, A. Z., Chew, A., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C. E., Chisumpa, V. H., Chitheer, A. 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M., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H. M., Bose, D., Brainin, M., Brauer, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J. K., Brenner, H., Butt, Z. A., CÃ¡rdenas, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Car, J., Carrero, J. J., Casey, D., Caso, V., CastaÃ±eda-Orjuela, C. A., Castillo Rivas, J., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Cecilio, P., Cercy, K., Charlson, F. J., Chen, A. Z., Chew, A., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C. E., Chisumpa, V. H., Chitheer, A. A., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Coggeshall, M. S., Cooper, L. T., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J. A., Dalal, Koustuv, Danawi, H., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dargan, P. I., Das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davitoiu, D. V., Davletov, K., De Leo, D., Del Gobbo, L. C., Del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Des Jarlais, D. C., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dicker, D., Ding, E. L., Dokova, K., Dorsey, E. R., Doyle, K. E., Dubey, M., Ehrenkranz, R., Ellingsen, C. L., Elyazar, I., Enayati, A., Ermakov, S. P., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., FÃŒrst, T., Faghmous, I. D. A., Fanuel, F. B. B., Faraon, E. J. A., Farid, T. A., Farinha, C. S. E. S., Faro, A., Farvid, M. S., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V. L., Feigl, A. B., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M, Fernandes, J. G., Fernandes, J. C., Feyissa, T. R., Fischer, F., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T. D., Foigt, N., Foreman, K. J., Forouzanfar, M. H., Franklin, R. C., Frostad, J., Ghiwot, T. T., Gakidou, E., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Gao, W., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Gebre, T., Gebremedhin, A. T., Gebremichael, M. W., Gebru, A. A., Gelaye, A. A., Geleijnse, J. M., Genova-Maleras, R., Gibney, K. B., Giref, A. Z., Gishu, M. D., Giussani, G., Godwin, W. W., Gold, A., Goldberg, E. M., Gona, P. N., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S. V., Goto, A., Graetz, N., Greaves, F., Griswold, M., Guban, P. I., Gugnani, H. C., Gupta, P. C., Gupta, R., Gupta, T., Gupta, V., Habtewold, T. D., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A. D., Hailu, G. B., Hakuzimana, A., Hamadeh, R. R., Hambisa, M. T., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hankey, G. J., Hao, Y., Harb, H. L., Hareri, H. A., Haro, J. M., Hassanvand, M. S., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I. B., Hoek, H. W., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H. D., Htet, A. S., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huang, J. J., Huntley, B. M., Huynh, C., Iburg, K. M., Ileanu, B. V., Innos, K., Irenso, A. A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M. B., James, P., James, S. L., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S. P., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., John, D., Johnson, C., Johnson, S. C., Jonas, J. B., Juel, K., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C. K., Karimi, S. M., Kasaeian, A., Kassebaum, N. J., Kastor, A., Katikireddi, S. V., Kazanjan, K., Keiyoro, P. N., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A. H., Kengne, A. P., Kerbo, A. A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C. N., Khader, Y. S., Khalil, I., Khan, A. R., Khan, E. A., Khan, G., Khang, Y. -H, Khoja, A. T. A., Khonelidze, I., Khubchandani, J., Kibret, G. D., Kim, D., Kim, P., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kinfu, Y., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Kokubo, Y., Kolk, A., Kolte, D., Kopec, J. A., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Krishnaswami, S., Krohn, K. J., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kuipers, E. J., Kulkarni, V. S., Kumar, G. A., Kumsa, F. A., Kutz, M., Kyu, H. H., Lager, A. C. J., Lal, A., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lan, Q., Langan, S. M., Lansingh, V. C., Larson, H. J., Larsson, A., Laryea, D. O., Latif, A. A., Lawrynowicz, A. E. B., Leasher, J. L., Leigh, J., Leinsalu, M., Leshargie, C. T., Leung, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Liang, X., Lim, S. S., Lind, M., Linn, S., Lipshultz, S. E., Liu, P., Liu, Y., Lo, L. -T, Logroscino, G., Lopez, A. D., Lorch, S. A., Lotufo, P. A., Lozano, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R. A., Macarayan, E. R. K., Mackay, M. T., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D. C., Mantovani, L. G., Manyazewal, T., Mapoma, C. C., Marcenes, W., Marks, G. B., Marquez, N., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M. B., Massano, J., Mathur, M. R., Maulik, P. K., Mazidi, M., McAlinden, C., McGrath, J. J., McNellan, C., Meaney, P. A., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M. M., Meier, T., Mekonnen, A. B., Meles, K. G., Memish, Z. A., Mengesha, M. M., Mengiste, D. T., Mengistie, M. A., Menota, B. G., Mensah, G. A., Mereta, S. T., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mezgebe, H. B., Micha, R., Millear, A., Mills, E. J., Minnig, S., Mirarefin, M., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mock, C. N., Mohammad, K. A., Mohammed, S., Mohanty, S. K., Mokdad, A. H., Mola, G. L. D., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Moses, M., Mueller, U. O., Murthy, S., Musa, K. I., Nachega, J. B., Nagata, C., Nagel, G., Naghavi, M., Naheed, A., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B. R., Negoi, I., Neupane, S. P., Newton, C. R., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F. N., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, G., Ningrum, D. N. A., Nolte, S., Nomura, M., Norheim, O. F., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J. J. N., Obermeyer, C. M., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I. -H, Okoro, A., Oladimeji, O., Olagunju, A. T., Olivares, P. R., Olsen, H. E., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Opio, J. N., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osborne, R. H., Osman, M., Owolabi, M. O., Mahesh, P. A., Pain, A. W., Pakhale, S., Palomares Castillo, E., Pana, A., Papachristou, C., Parsaeian, M., Patel, T., Patton, G. C., Paudel, D., Paul, V. K., Pearce, N., Pereira, D. M., Perez-Padilla, R., Perez-Ruiz, F., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Pigott, D. M., Pillay, J. D., Pinho, C., Polinder, S., Pond, C. D., Prakash, V., Purwar, M., Qorbani, M., Quistberg, D. A., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. H. U., Rai, R. K., Ram, U., Rana, S. M., Rankin, Z., Rao, P. V., Rao, P. C., Rawaf, S., Rego, M. A. S., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A. M. N. N., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, S., Rezai, M. S., Ribeiro, A. L., Roba, H. S., Rokni, M. B., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G. A., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, N. K., Sachdev, P. S., Sackey, B. B., Saeedi, M. Y., Safiri, S., Sagar, R., Sahraian, M. A., Saleh, M. M., Salomon, J. A., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J. R., Sanchez-NiÃ±o, M. D., Sandar, L., Santos, I. S., Santos, J. V., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Saylan, M. I., SchÃ¶ttker, B., Schutte, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Seedat, S., Seid, A. M., Seifu, C. N., Sepanlou, S. G., Serdar, B., Servan-Mori, E. E., Setegn, T., Shackelford, K. A., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M. A., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Shamsipour, M., Shariful Islam, S. M., Sharma, J., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shi, P., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M. -J, Shiri, R., Shoman, H., Shrime, M. G., Sibamo, E. L. S., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Silva, D. A. S., Silveira, D. G. A., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, J. A., Singh, O. P., Singh, P. K., Singh, V., Sinke, A. H., Sinshaw, A. E., Skirbekk, V., Sliwa, K., Smith, A., Sobngwi, E., Soneji, S., Soriano, J. B., Sousa, T. C. M., Sposato, L. A., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Steiner, C., Steinke, S., Stokes, M. A., Stranges, S., Strong, M., Stroumpoulis, K., Sturua, L., Sufiyan, M. B., Suliankatchi, R. A., Sun, J., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B. L., TabarÃ©s-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Taffere, G. R., Talongwa, R. T., Tarajia, M., Tavakkoli, M., Taveira, N., Teeple, S., Tegegne, T. K., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Tekelab, T., Tekle, D. Y., Temam Shifa, G., Terkawi, A. S., Tesema, A. G., Thakur, J. S., Thomson, A. J., Tillmann, T., Tiruye, T. Y., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Tortajada, M., Troeger, C., Truelsen, T., Tura, A. K., Uchendu, U. S., Ukwaja, K. N., Undurraga, E. A., Uneke, C. J., Uthman, O. A., Van Boven, J. F. M., Van Dingenen, R., Varughese, S., Vasankari, T., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vladimirov, S. K., Vlassov, V. V., Vollset, S. E., Vos, T., Wagner, J. A., Wakayo, T., Waller, S. G., Walson, J. L., Wang, H., Wang, Y. -P, Watkins, D. A., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R. G., Wen, C. -P, Werdecker, A., Wesana, J., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H. A., Wilkinson, J. D., Wiysonge, C. S., Woldeyes, B. G., Wolfe, C. D. A., Won, S., Workicho, A., Workie, S. B., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A. K., Yaghoubi, M., Yakob, B., Yan, L. L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Yimam, H. H., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S. -J, Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., El Sayed Zaki, M., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Zapata, T., Zenebe, Z. M., Zodpey, S., Zoeckler, L., Zuhlke, L. J., Murray, C. J. L., Access, GBD 2015 Healthcare, and Collaborators, Quality
Abstract: Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0Â·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0Â·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0Â·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total ferti
Published: 2017
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8. Future and potential spending on health 2015-40 : Development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries

Author: Dieleman, J. L., Campbell, M., Chapin, A., Eldrenkamp, E., Fan, V. Y., Haakenstad, A., Kates, J., Li, Z., Matyasz, T., Micah, A., Reynolds, A., Sadat, N., Schneider, M. T., Sorensen, R., Abbas, K. M., Abera, S. F., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A., Ahmed, M. B., Alam, K., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Antonio, C. A. T., Atey, T. M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awasthi, A., Barac, A., Berheto, T. M., Beyene, A. S., Beyene, T. J., Birungi, C., Bizuayehu, H. M., Breitborde, N. J. K., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Castro, R. E., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Dalal, Koustuv, Dandona, L., Dharmaratne, R. D. S. D., Dubey, M., Faro, A., Feigl, A. B., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J. R. A., Foigt, N., Giref, A. Z., Gupta, R., Hamidi, S., Harb, H. L., Hay, S. I., Hendrie, D., Horino, M., JÃŒrisson, M., Jakovljevic, M. B., Javanbakht, M., John, D., Jonas, J. B., Karimi, S. M., Khang, Y. -H, Khubchandani, J., Kim, Y. J., Kinge, J. M., Krohn, K. J., Kumar, G. A., Leung, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D. C., Meretoja, A., Miller, T. R., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mohammed, S., Molla, G., Nangia, V., Olgiati, S., Owolabi, M. O., Patel, T., Paternina Caicedo, A. J., Pereira, D. M., Perelman, J., Polinder, S., Rafay, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rai, R. K., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C. L., Roba, H. S., Savic, M., Sepanlou, S. G., Te Ao, B. J., Tesema, A. G., Thomson, A. J., Tobe-Gai, R., Topor-Madry, R., Undurraga, E. A., Vargas, V., Vasankari, T., Violante, F. S., Wijeratne, T., Xu, G., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., El Sayed Zaki, M., Murray, C. J. L., Network, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator, Dieleman, J. L., Campbell, M., Chapin, A., Eldrenkamp, E., Fan, V. Y., Haakenstad, A., Kates, J., Li, Z., Matyasz, T., Micah, A., Reynolds, A., Sadat, N., Schneider, M. T., Sorensen, R., Abbas, K. M., Abera, S. F., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A., Ahmed, M. B., Alam, K., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Antonio, C. A. T., Atey, T. M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awasthi, A., Barac, A., Berheto, T. M., Beyene, A. S., Beyene, T. J., Birungi, C., Bizuayehu, H. M., Breitborde, N. J. K., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Castro, R. E., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Dalal, Koustuv, Dandona, L., Dharmaratne, R. D. S. D., Dubey, M., Faro, A., Feigl, A. B., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J. R. A., Foigt, N., Giref, A. Z., Gupta, R., Hamidi, S., Harb, H. L., Hay, S. I., Hendrie, D., Horino, M., JÃŒrisson, M., Jakovljevic, M. B., Javanbakht, M., John, D., Jonas, J. B., Karimi, S. M., Khang, Y. -H, Khubchandani, J., Kim, Y. J., Kinge, J. M., Krohn, K. J., Kumar, G. A., Leung, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D. C., Meretoja, A., Miller, T. R., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mohammed, S., Molla, G., Nangia, V., Olgiati, S., Owolabi, M. O., Patel, T., Paternina Caicedo, A. J., Pereira, D. M., Perelman, J., Polinder, S., Rafay, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rai, R. K., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C. L., Roba, H. S., Savic, M., Sepanlou, S. G., Te Ao, B. J., Tesema, A. G., Thomson, A. J., Tobe-Gai, R., Topor-Madry, R., Undurraga, E. A., Vargas, V., Vasankari, T., Violante, F. S., Wijeratne, T., Xu, G., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., El Sayed Zaki, M., Murray, C. J. L., and Network, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator
Abstract: Background: The amount of resources, particularly prepaid resources, available for health can affect access to health care and health outcomes. Although health spending tends to increase with economic development, tremendous variation exists among health financing systems. Estimates of future spending can be beneficial for policy makers and planners, and can identify financing gaps. In this study, we estimate future gross domestic product (GDP), all-sector government spending, and health spending disaggregated by source, and we compare expected future spending to potential future spending. Methods: We extracted GDP, government spending in 184 countries from 1980-2015, and health spend data from 1995-2014. We used a series of ensemble models to estimate future GDP, all-sector government spending, development assistance for health, and government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending through 2040. We used frontier analyses to identify patterns exhibited by the countries that dedicate the most funding to health, and used these frontiers to estimate potential health spending for each low-income or middle-income country. All estimates are inflation and purchasing power adjusted. Findings: We estimated that global spending on health will increase from US$9.21 trillion in 2014 to $24.24 trillion (uncertainty interval [UI] 20.47-29.72) in 2040. We expect per capita health spending to increase fastest in upper-middle-income countries, at 5.3% (UI 4.1-6.8) per year. This growth is driven by continued growth in GDP, government spending, and government health spending. Lower-middle income countries are expected to grow at 4.2% (3.8-4.9). High-income countries are expected to grow at 2.1% (UI 1.8-2.4) and low-income countries are expected to grow at 1.8% (1.0-2.8). Despite this growth, health spending per capita in low-income countries is expected to remain low, at $154 (UI 133-181) per capita in 2030 and $195 (157-258) per capita in 2040. Increases in national hea
Published: 2017
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9. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Vos, T., Abajobir, A. A., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abate, K. H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abebo, T. A., Abera, S. F., Aboyans, V., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Ackerman, I. N., Adamu, A. A., Adetokunboh, O., Afarideh, M., Afshin, A., Agarwal, S. K., Aggarwal, R., Agrawal, A., Agrawal, S., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadieh, H., Ahmed, M. B., Aichour, A. N., Aichour, I., Aichour, M. T. E., Aiyar, S., Akinyemi, R. O., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F. H., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alam, T., Alasfoor, D., Alene, K. A., Ali, R., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, C., Al-Maskari, F., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Alsowaidi, S., Altirkawi, K. A., Amare, A. T., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amoako, Y. A., Andersen, H. H., Antonio, C. A. T., Anwari, P., ÃrnlÃ¶v, J., Artaman, A., Aryal, K. K., Asayesh, H., Asgedom, S. W., Assadi, R., Atey, T. M., Atnafu, N. T., Atre, S. R., Avila-Burgos, L., Avokpaho, E. F. G. A., Awasthi, A., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Ba Saleem, H. O., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Bannick, M. S., Barac, A., Barber, R. M., Barker-Collo, S. L., BÃ€rnighausen, T., Barquera, S., Barregard, L., Barrero, L. H., Basu, S., Battista, B., Battle, K. E., Baune, B. T., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., BÃ©jot, Y., Bekele, B. B., Bell, M. L., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Benson, J., Berhane, A., Berhe, D. F., BernabÃ©, E., Betsu, B. D., Beuran, M., Beyene, A. S., Bhala, N., Bhansali, A., Bhatt, S., Bhutta, Z. A., Biadgilign, S., Bienhoff, K., Bikbov, B., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H. M., Boneya, D. J., Boufous, S., Bourne, R. R. A., Brazinova, A., Brugha, T. S., Buchbinder, R., Bulto, L. N. B., Bumgarner, B. R., Butt, Z. A., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Cameron, E., Car, M., Carabin, H., Carapetis, J. R., CÃ¡rdenas, R., Carpenter, D. O., Carrero, J. J., Carter, A., Carvalho, F., Casey, D. C., Caso, V., CastaÃ±eda-Orjuela, C. A., Castle, C. D., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Chang, H. -Y, Chang, J. -C, Charlson, F. J., Chen, H., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C. E., Chisumpa, V. H., Chitheer, A. A., Christopher, D. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Colombara, D., Cooper, C., Cortesi, P. A., Criqui, M. H., Crump, J. A., Dadi, A. F., Dalal, Koustuv, Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Das Neves, J., Davitoiu, D. V., De Courten, B., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Deiparine, S., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Des Jarlais, D. C., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhillon, P. K., Dicker, D., Ding, E. L., Djalalinia, S., Do, H. P., Dorsey, E. R., Dos Santos, K. P. B., Douwes-Schultz, D., Doyle, K. E., Driscoll, T. R., Dubey, M., Duncan, B. B., El-Khatib, Z. Z., Ellerstrand, J., Enayati, A., Endries, A. Y., Ermakov, S. P., Erskine, H. E., Eshrati, B., Eskandarieh, S., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Fanuel, F. B. B., Farinha, C. S. E. S., Faro, A., Farzadfar, F., Fazeli, M. S., Feigin, V. L., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M, Fernandes, J. C., Ferrari, A. J., Feyissa, T. R., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fitzmaurice, C., Flaxman, A. D., Flor, L. S., Foigt, N., Foreman, K. J., Franklin, R. C., Fullman, N., FÃŒrst, T., Furtado, J. M., Futran, N. D., Gakidou, E., Ganji, M., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T. T., Geleto, A., Gemechu, B. L., Gesesew, H. A., Gething, P. W., Ghajar, A., Gibney, K. B., Gill, P. S., Gillum, R. F., Ginawi, I. A. M., Giref, A. Z., Gishu, M. D., Giussani, G., Godwin, W. W., Gold, A. L., Goldberg, E. M., Gona, P. N., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S. V., Goto, A., Goulart, A. C., Griswold, M., Gugnani, H. C., Gupta, R., Gupta, T., Gupta, V., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hailu, A. D., Hailu, G. B., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Handal, A. J., Hankey, G. J., Hao, Y., Harb, H. L., Hareri, H. A., Haro, J. M., Harvey, J., Hassanvand, M. S., Havmoeller, R., Hawley, C., Hay, R. J., Hay, S. I., Henry, N. J., Heredia-Pi, I. B., Heydarpour, P., Hoek, H. W., Hoffman, H. J., Horita, N., Hosgood, H. D., Hostiuc, S., Hotez, P. J., Hoy, D. G., Htet, A. S., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huynh, C., Iburg, K. M., Igumbor, E. U., Ikeda, C., Irvine, C. M. S., Jacobsen, K. H., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M. B., Jassal, S. K., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S. P., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P. N., Jha, V., Jiang, G., John, D., Johnson, C. O., Johnson, S. C., Jonas, J. B., JÃŒrisson, M., Kabir, Z., Kadel, R., Kahsay, A., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karam, N. E., Karch, A., Karema, C. K., Kasaeian, A., Kassa, G. M., Kassaw, N. A., Kassebaum, N. J., Kastor, A., Katikireddi, S. V., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Keiyoro, P. N., Kengne, A. P., Keren, A., Khader, Y. S., Khalil, I. A., Khan, E. A., Khang, Y. -H, Khosravi, A., Khubchandani, J., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kim, P., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, A., Kissimova-Skarbek, K. A., Kivimaki, M., Knudsen, A. K., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J. A., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Krishnaswami, S., Krohn, K. J., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, P., Kumar, S., Kyu, H. H., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Lambert, N., Lan, Q., Larsson, A., Lavados, P. M., Leasher, J. L., Lee, J. -T, Lee, P. H., Leigh, J., Leshargie, C. T., Leung, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Li, Y., Li Kappe, D., Liang, X., Liben, M. L., Lim, S. S., Linn, S., Liu, A., Liu, P. Y., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lodha, R., Logroscino, G., London, S. J., Looker, K. J., Lopez, A. D., Lorkowski, S., Lotufo, P. A., Low, N., Lozano, R., Lucas, T. C. D., Macarayan, E. R. K., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M., Majdan, M., Majdzadeh, R., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malhotra, R., Malta, D. C., Mamun, A. A., Manguerra, H., Manhertz, T., Mantilla, A., Mantovani, L. G., Mapoma, C. C., Marczak, L. B., Martinez-Raga, J., Martins-Melo, F. R., Martopullo, I., MÃ€rz, W., Mathur, M. R., Mazidi, M., McAlinden, C., McGaughey, M., McGrath, J. J., McKee, M., McNellan, C., Mehata, S., Mehndiratta, M. M., Mekonnen, T. C., Memiah, P., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Mengistie, M. A., Mengistu, D. T., Mensah, G. A., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mezgebe, H. B., Micha, R., Millear, A., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Mirarefin, M., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Misganaw, A., Mishra, S. R., Mitchell, P. B., Mohammad, K. A., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, K. E., Mohammed, S., Mohanty, S. K., Mokdad, A. H., Mollenkopf, S. K., Monasta, L., Hernandez, J. M., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moraga, P., Mori, R., Morozoff, C., Morrison, S. D., Moses, M., Mountjoy-Venning, C., Mruts, K. B., Mueller, U. O., Muller, K., Murdoch, M. E., Murthy, G. V. S., Musa, K. I., Nachega, J. B., Nagel, G., Naghavi, M., Naheed, A., Naidoo, K. S., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Natarajan, G., Negasa, D. E., Negoi, I., Negoi, R. I., Newton, C. R., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, G., Nguyen, M., Nguyen, Q. L., Nguyen, T. H., Nichols, E., Ningrum, D. N. A., Nolte, S., Nong, V. M., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J. J. N., O’Donnell, M. J., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I. -H, Okoro, A., Oladimeji, O., Olagunju, A. T., Olagunju, T. O., Olsen, H. E., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Ong, K., Opio, J. N., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osgood-Zimmerman, A., Osman, M., Owolabi, M. O., Pa, M., Pacella, R. E., Pana, A., Panda, B. K., Papachristou, C., Park, E. -K, Parry, C. D., Parsaeian, M., Patten, S. B., Patton, G. C., Paulson, K., Pearce, N., Pereira, D. M., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Peterson, C. B., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Pigott, D. M., Pillay, J. D., Pinho, C., Plass, D., Pletcher, M. A., Popova, S., Poulton, R. G., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Prasad, N., Prasad, N. M., Purcell, C., Qorbani, M., Quansah, R., Rabiee, R. H. S., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. H. U., Rai, R. K., Rajsic, S., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C. L., Rankin, Z., Rao, P. V., Rao, P. C., Rawaf, S., Ray, S. E., Reiner, R. C., Reinig, N., Reitsma, M. B., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A. M. N., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, S., Ribeiro, A. L., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G. A., Roy, A., Rubagotti, E., Ruhago, G. M., Saadat, S., Sadat, N., Safdarian, M., Safi, S., Safiri, S., Sagar, R., Sahathevan, R., Salama, J., Salomon, J. A., Salvi, S. S., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J. R., Santomauro, D., Santos, I. S., Santos, J. V., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Saxena, S., Schmidt, M. I., Schneider, I. J. C., SchÃ¶ttker, B., Schwebel, D. C., Schwendicke, F., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E. E., Setegn, T., Shackelford, K. A., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M. A., Shamsipour, M., Shariful Islam, S. M., Sharma, J., Sharma, R., She, J., Shi, P., Shields, C., Shigematsu, M., Shinohara, Y., Shiri, R., Shirkoohi, R., Shirude, S., Shishani, K., Shrime, M. G., Sibai, A. M., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Silva, D. A. S., Silva, J. P., Silveira, D. G. A., Singh, J. A., Singh, N. P., Sinha, D. N., Skiadaresi, E., Skirbekk, V., Slepak, E. L., Sligar, A., Smith, D. L., Smith, M., Sobaih, B. H. A., Sobngwi, E., Sorensen, R. J. D., Sousa, T. C. M., Sposato, L. A., Sreeramareddy, C. 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K., Aggarwal, R., Agrawal, A., Agrawal, S., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadieh, H., Ahmed, M. B., Aichour, A. N., Aichour, I., Aichour, M. T. E., Aiyar, S., Akinyemi, R. O., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F. H., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alam, T., Alasfoor, D., Alene, K. A., Ali, R., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, C., Al-Maskari, F., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Alsowaidi, S., Altirkawi, K. A., Amare, A. T., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amoako, Y. A., Andersen, H. H., Antonio, C. A. T., Anwari, P., ÃrnlÃ¶v, J., Artaman, A., Aryal, K. K., Asayesh, H., Asgedom, S. W., Assadi, R., Atey, T. M., Atnafu, N. T., Atre, S. R., Avila-Burgos, L., Avokpaho, E. F. G. A., Awasthi, A., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Ba Saleem, H. O., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Bannick, M. S., Barac, A., Barber, R. M., Barker-Collo, S. L., BÃ€rnighausen, T., Barquera, S., Barregard, L., Barrero, L. H., Basu, S., Battista, B., Battle, K. E., Baune, B. T., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., BÃ©jot, Y., Bekele, B. B., Bell, M. L., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Benson, J., Berhane, A., Berhe, D. F., BernabÃ©, E., Betsu, B. D., Beuran, M., Beyene, A. S., Bhala, N., Bhansali, A., Bhatt, S., Bhutta, Z. A., Biadgilign, S., Bienhoff, K., Bikbov, B., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H. M., Boneya, D. J., Boufous, S., Bourne, R. R. A., Brazinova, A., Brugha, T. S., Buchbinder, R., Bulto, L. N. B., Bumgarner, B. R., Butt, Z. A., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Cameron, E., Car, M., Carabin, H., Carapetis, J. R., CÃ¡rdenas, R., Carpenter, D. O., Carrero, J. J., Carter, A., Carvalho, F., Casey, D. C., Caso, V., CastaÃ±eda-Orjuela, C. A., Castle, C. D., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Chang, H. -Y, Chang, J. -C, Charlson, F. J., Chen, H., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C. E., Chisumpa, V. H., Chitheer, A. A., Christopher, D. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Colombara, D., Cooper, C., Cortesi, P. A., Criqui, M. H., Crump, J. A., Dadi, A. F., Dalal, Koustuv, Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Das Neves, J., Davitoiu, D. V., De Courten, B., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Deiparine, S., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Des Jarlais, D. C., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhillon, P. K., Dicker, D., Ding, E. L., Djalalinia, S., Do, H. P., Dorsey, E. R., Dos Santos, K. P. B., Douwes-Schultz, D., Doyle, K. E., Driscoll, T. R., Dubey, M., Duncan, B. B., El-Khatib, Z. Z., Ellerstrand, J., Enayati, A., Endries, A. Y., Ermakov, S. P., Erskine, H. E., Eshrati, B., Eskandarieh, S., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Fanuel, F. B. B., Farinha, C. S. E. S., Faro, A., Farzadfar, F., Fazeli, M. S., Feigin, V. L., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M, Fernandes, J. C., Ferrari, A. J., Feyissa, T. R., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fitzmaurice, C., Flaxman, A. D., Flor, L. S., Foigt, N., Foreman, K. J., Franklin, R. C., Fullman, N., FÃŒrst, T., Furtado, J. M., Futran, N. D., Gakidou, E., Ganji, M., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T. T., Geleto, A., Gemechu, B. L., Gesesew, H. A., Gething, P. W., Ghajar, A., Gibney, K. B., Gill, P. S., Gillum, R. F., Ginawi, I. A. M., Giref, A. Z., Gishu, M. D., Giussani, G., Godwin, W. W., Gold, A. L., Goldberg, E. M., Gona, P. N., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S. V., Goto, A., Goulart, A. C., Griswold, M., Gugnani, H. C., Gupta, R., Gupta, T., Gupta, V., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hailu, A. D., Hailu, G. B., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Handal, A. J., Hankey, G. J., Hao, Y., Harb, H. L., Hareri, H. A., Haro, J. M., Harvey, J., Hassanvand, M. S., Havmoeller, R., Hawley, C., Hay, R. J., Hay, S. I., Henry, N. J., Heredia-Pi, I. B., Heydarpour, P., Hoek, H. W., Hoffman, H. J., Horita, N., Hosgood, H. D., Hostiuc, S., Hotez, P. J., Hoy, D. G., Htet, A. S., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huynh, C., Iburg, K. M., Igumbor, E. U., Ikeda, C., Irvine, C. M. S., Jacobsen, K. H., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M. B., Jassal, S. K., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S. P., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P. N., Jha, V., Jiang, G., John, D., Johnson, C. O., Johnson, S. C., Jonas, J. B., JÃŒrisson, M., Kabir, Z., Kadel, R., Kahsay, A., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karam, N. E., Karch, A., Karema, C. K., Kasaeian, A., Kassa, G. M., Kassaw, N. A., Kassebaum, N. J., Kastor, A., Katikireddi, S. V., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Keiyoro, P. N., Kengne, A. P., Keren, A., Khader, Y. S., Khalil, I. A., Khan, E. A., Khang, Y. -H, Khosravi, A., Khubchandani, J., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kim, P., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, A., Kissimova-Skarbek, K. A., Kivimaki, M., Knudsen, A. K., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J. A., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Krishnaswami, S., Krohn, K. J., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, P., Kumar, S., Kyu, H. H., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Lambert, N., Lan, Q., Larsson, A., Lavados, P. M., Leasher, J. L., Lee, J. -T, Lee, P. H., Leigh, J., Leshargie, C. T., Leung, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Li, Y., Li Kappe, D., Liang, X., Liben, M. L., Lim, S. S., Linn, S., Liu, A., Liu, P. Y., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lodha, R., Logroscino, G., London, S. J., Looker, K. J., Lopez, A. D., Lorkowski, S., Lotufo, P. A., Low, N., Lozano, R., Lucas, T. C. D., Macarayan, E. R. K., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M., Majdan, M., Majdzadeh, R., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malhotra, R., Malta, D. C., Mamun, A. A., Manguerra, H., Manhertz, T., Mantilla, A., Mantovani, L. G., Mapoma, C. C., Marczak, L. B., Martinez-Raga, J., Martins-Melo, F. R., Martopullo, I., MÃ€rz, W., Mathur, M. R., Mazidi, M., McAlinden, C., McGaughey, M., McGrath, J. J., McKee, M., McNellan, C., Mehata, S., Mehndiratta, M. M., Mekonnen, T. C., Memiah, P., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Mengistie, M. A., Mengistu, D. T., Mensah, G. A., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mezgebe, H. B., Micha, R., Millear, A., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Mirarefin, M., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Misganaw, A., Mishra, S. R., Mitchell, P. B., Mohammad, K. A., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, K. E., Mohammed, S., Mohanty, S. K., Mokdad, A. H., Mollenkopf, S. K., Monasta, L., Hernandez, J. M., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moraga, P., Mori, R., Morozoff, C., Morrison, S. D., Moses, M., Mountjoy-Venning, C., Mruts, K. B., Mueller, U. O., Muller, K., Murdoch, M. E., Murthy, G. V. S., Musa, K. I., Nachega, J. B., Nagel, G., Naghavi, M., Naheed, A., Naidoo, K. S., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Natarajan, G., Negasa, D. E., Negoi, I., Negoi, R. I., Newton, C. R., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, G., Nguyen, M., Nguyen, Q. L., Nguyen, T. H., Nichols, E., Ningrum, D. N. A., Nolte, S., Nong, V. M., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J. J. N., O’Donnell, M. J., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I. -H, Okoro, A., Oladimeji, O., Olagunju, A. T., Olagunju, T. O., Olsen, H. E., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Ong, K., Opio, J. N., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osgood-Zimmerman, A., Osman, M., Owolabi, M. O., Pa, M., Pacella, R. E., Pana, A., Panda, B. K., Papachristou, C., Park, E. -K, Parry, C. D., Parsaeian, M., Patten, S. B., Patton, G. C., Paulson, K., Pearce, N., Pereira, D. M., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Peterson, C. B., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Pigott, D. M., Pillay, J. D., Pinho, C., Plass, D., Pletcher, M. A., Popova, S., Poulton, R. G., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Prasad, N., Prasad, N. M., Purcell, C., Qorbani, M., Quansah, R., Rabiee, R. H. S., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. H. U., Rai, R. K., Rajsic, S., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C. L., Rankin, Z., Rao, P. V., Rao, P. C., Rawaf, S., Ray, S. E., Reiner, R. C., Reinig, N., Reitsma, M. B., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A. M. N., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, S., Ribeiro, A. L., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G. A., Roy, A., Rubagotti, E., Ruhago, G. M., Saadat, S., Sadat, N., Safdarian, M., Safi, S., Safiri, S., Sagar, R., Sahathevan, R., Salama, J., Salomon, J. A., Salvi, S. S., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J. R., Santomauro, D., Santos, I. S., Santos, J. V., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Saxena, S., Schmidt, M. I., Schneider, I. J. C., SchÃ¶ttker, B., Schwebel, D. C., Schwendicke, F., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E. E., Setegn, T., Shackelford, K. A., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M. A., Shamsipour, M., Shariful Islam, S. M., Sharma, J., Sharma, R., She, J., Shi, P., Shields, C., Shigematsu, M., Shinohara, Y., Shiri, R., Shirkoohi, R., Shirude, S., Shishani, K., Shrime, M. G., Sibai, A. M., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Silva, D. A. S., Silva, J. P., Silveira, D. G. A., Singh, J. A., Singh, N. P., Sinha, D. N., Skiadaresi, E., Skirbekk, V., Slepak, E. L., Sligar, A., Smith, D. L., Smith, M., Sobaih, B. H. A., Sobngwi, E., Sorensen, R. J. D., Sousa, T. C. M., Sposato, L. A., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Srinivasan, V., Stanaway, J. D., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Stein, D. J., Stein, M. B., Steiner, C., Steiner, T. J., Steinke, S., Stokes, M. A., Stovner, L. J., Strub, B., Subart, M., Sufiyan, M. B., Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R., Sunguya, B. F., Sur, P. J., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B. L., Sylte, D. O., TabarÃ©s-Seisdedos, R., Taffere, G. R., Takala, J. S., Tandon, N., Tavakkoli, M., Taveira, N., Taylor, H. R., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Tekelab, T., Temam Shifa, G., Terkawi, A. S., Tesfaye, D. J., Tesssema, B., Thamsuwan, O., Thomas, K. E., Thrift, A. G., Tiruye, T. Y., Tobe-Gai, R., Tollanes, M. C., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Tortajada, M., Touvier, M., Tran, B. X., Tripathi, S., Troeger, C., Truelsen, T., Tsoi, D., Tuem, K. B., Tuzcu, E. M., Tyrovolas, S., Ukwaja, K. N., Undurraga, E. A., Uneke, C. J., Updike, R., Uthman, O. A., Uzochukwu, B. S. C., Van Boven, J. F. M., Varughese, S., Vasankari, T., Venkatesh, S., Venketasubramanian, N., Vidavalur, R., Violante, F. S., Vladimirov, S. K., Vlassov, V. V., Vollset, S. E., Wadilo, F., Wakayo, T., Wang, Y. -P, Weaver, M., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R. G., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H. A., Wijeratne, T., Wiysonge, C. S., Wolfe, C. D. A., Woodbrook, R., Woolf, A. D., Workicho, A., Wulf Hanson, S., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadgir, S., Yaghoubi, M., Yakob, B., Yan, L. L., Yano, Y., Ye, P., Yimam, H. H., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S. -J, Yotebieng, M., Younis, M. Z., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M. E. S., Zegeye, E. A., Zenebe, Z. M., Zhang, X., Zhou, M., Zipkin, B., Zodpey, S., Zuhlke, L. J., Murray, C. J. L., Disease, G B D 2 0 1 6, Incidence, Injury, and Collaborators, Prevalence
Abstract: Background As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. Methods We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57Â·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40Â·8-75Â·9 million [7Â·2%, 6Â·0-8Â·3]), 45Â·1 million (29Â·0-62Â·8 million [5Â·6%, 4Â·0-7Â·2]), 36Â·3 million (25Â·3-50Â·9 million [4Â·5%, 3Â·8-5Â·3]), 34Â·7 million (23Â·0-49Â·6 million [4Â·3%, 3Â·5-5Â·2]), and 34Â·1 million (23Â·5-46Â·0 million [4Â·2%, 3Â·2-5Â·3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2Â·7% (95% UI 2Â·3-3Â·1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the a
Published: 2017
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10. Evolution and patterns of global health financing 1995-2014 : Development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries

Author: Dieleman, J., Campbell, M., Chapin, A., Eldrenkamp, E., Fan, V. Y., Haakenstad, A., Kates, J., Liu, Y., Matyasz, T., Micah, A., Reynolds, A., Sadat, N., Schneider, M. T., Sorensen, R., Evans, T., Evans, D., Kurowski, C., Tandon, A., Abbas, K. M., Abera, S. F., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A., Ahmed, K. Y., Ahmed, M. B., Alam, K., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amrock, S. M., Antonio, C. A. T., Atey, T. M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awasthi, A., Barac, A., Bernal, O. A., Beyene, A. S., Beyene, T. J., Birungi, C., Bizuayehu, H. M., Breitborde, N. J. K., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Castro, R. E., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Dalal, Koustuv, Dandona, L., Dandona, R., De Jager, P., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dubey, M., Farinha, C. S. E. S., Faro, A., Feigl, A. B., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J. R. A., Foigt, N., Giref, A. Z., Gupta, R., Hamidi, S., Harb, H. L., Hay, S. I., Hendrie, D., Horino, M., JÃŒrisson, M., Jakovljevic, M. B., Javanbakht, M., John, D., Jonas, J. B., Karimi, S. M., Khang, Y. -H, Khubchandani, J., Kim, Y. J., Kinge, J. M., Krohn, K. J., Kumar, G. A., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Masiye, F., Meier, T., Meretoja, A., Miller, T. R., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mohammed, S., Nangia, V., Olgiati, S., Osman, A. S., Owolabi, M. O., Patel, T., Paternina Caicedo, A. J., Pereira, D. M., Perelman, J., Polinder, S., Rafay, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rai, R. K., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C. L., Roba, H. S., Salama, J., Savic, M., Sepanlou, S. G., Shrime, M. G., Talongwa, R. T., Te Ao, B. J., Tediosi, F., Tesema, A. G., Thomson, A. J., Tobe-Gai, R., Topor-Madry, R., Undurraga, E. A., Vasankari, T., Violante, F. S., Werdecker, A., Wijeratne, T., Xu, G., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., El Sayed Zaki, M., Murray, C. J. L., Network, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator, Dieleman, J., Campbell, M., Chapin, A., Eldrenkamp, E., Fan, V. Y., Haakenstad, A., Kates, J., Liu, Y., Matyasz, T., Micah, A., Reynolds, A., Sadat, N., Schneider, M. T., Sorensen, R., Evans, T., Evans, D., Kurowski, C., Tandon, A., Abbas, K. M., Abera, S. F., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A., Ahmed, K. Y., Ahmed, M. B., Alam, K., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amrock, S. M., Antonio, C. A. T., Atey, T. M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awasthi, A., Barac, A., Bernal, O. A., Beyene, A. S., Beyene, T. J., Birungi, C., Bizuayehu, H. M., Breitborde, N. J. K., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Castro, R. E., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Dalal, Koustuv, Dandona, L., Dandona, R., De Jager, P., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dubey, M., Farinha, C. S. E. S., Faro, A., Feigl, A. B., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J. R. A., Foigt, N., Giref, A. Z., Gupta, R., Hamidi, S., Harb, H. L., Hay, S. I., Hendrie, D., Horino, M., JÃŒrisson, M., Jakovljevic, M. B., Javanbakht, M., John, D., Jonas, J. B., Karimi, S. M., Khang, Y. -H, Khubchandani, J., Kim, Y. J., Kinge, J. M., Krohn, K. J., Kumar, G. A., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Masiye, F., Meier, T., Meretoja, A., Miller, T. R., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mohammed, S., Nangia, V., Olgiati, S., Osman, A. S., Owolabi, M. O., Patel, T., Paternina Caicedo, A. J., Pereira, D. M., Perelman, J., Polinder, S., Rafay, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rai, R. K., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C. L., Roba, H. S., Salama, J., Savic, M., Sepanlou, S. G., Shrime, M. G., Talongwa, R. T., Te Ao, B. J., Tediosi, F., Tesema, A. G., Thomson, A. J., Tobe-Gai, R., Topor-Madry, R., Undurraga, E. A., Vasankari, T., Violante, F. S., Werdecker, A., Wijeratne, T., Xu, G., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., El Sayed Zaki, M., Murray, C. J. L., and Network, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator
Abstract: Background: An adequate amount of prepaid resources for health is important to ensure access to health services and for the pursuit of universal health coverage. Previous studies on global health financing have described the relationship between economic development and health financing. In this study, we further explore global health financing trends and examine how the sources of funds used, types of services purchased, and development assistance for health disbursed change with economic development. We also identify countries that deviate from the trends. Methods: We estimated national health spending by type of care and by source, including development assistance for health, based on a diverse set of data including programme reports, budget data, national estimates, and 964 National Health Accounts. These data represent health spending for 184 countries from 1995 through 2014. We converted these data into a common inflation-adjusted and purchasing power-adjusted currency, and used non-linear regression methods to model the relationship between health financing, time, and economic development. Findings: Between 1995 and 2014, economic development was positively associated with total health spending and a shift away from a reliance on development assistance and out-of-pocket (OOP) towards government spending. The largest absolute increase in spending was in high-income countries, which increased to purchasing power-adjusted $5221 per capita based on an annual growth rate of 3.0%. The largest health spending growth rates were in upper-middle-income (5.9) and lower-middle-income groups (5.0), which both increased spending at more than 5% per year, and spent $914 and $267 per capita in 2014, respectively. Spending in low-income countries grew nearly as fast, at 4.6%, and health spending increased from $51 to $120 per capita. In 2014, 59.2% of all health spending was financed by the government, although in low-income and lower-middle-income countries, 29.1% and 58.0%
Published: 2017
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11. Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Khalil, I., Colombara, D. V., Forouzanfar, M. H., Troeger, C., Daoud, F., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Bcheraoui, C. E., Rao, P. C., Afshin, A., Charara, R., Abate, K. H., Razek, M. M. A. E., Abd-Allah, F., Abu-Elyazeed, R., Kiadaliri, A. A., Akanda, A. S., Akseer, N., Alam, K., Alasfoor, D., Ali, R., AlMazroa, M. A., Alomari, M. A., Al-Raddadi, R. M. S., Alsharif, U., Alsowaidi, S., Altirkawi, K. A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ammar, W., Antonio, C. A. T., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R. J., Atique, S., Awasthi, A., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Barac, A., Bedi, N., Bekele, T., Bensenor, I. M., Betsu, B. D., Bhutta, Z., Abdulhak, A. A. B., Butt, Z. A., Danawi, H., Dubey, M., Endries, A. Y., Faghmous, I. D. A., Farid, T., Farvid, M. S., Farzadfar, F., Fereshtehnejad, S.-M., Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, J. R. A., Gibney, K. B., Ginawi, I. A. M., Gishu, M. D., Gugnani, H. C., Gupta, R., Hailu, G. B., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Harb, H. L., Hedayati, M. T., Hsairi, M., Husseini, A., Jahanmehr, N., Javanbakht, M., Jibat, T., Jonas, J. B., Kasaeian, A., Khader, Y. S., Khan, A. R., Khan, E. A., Khan, G., Khoja, T. A. M., Kinfu, Y., Kissoon, N., Koyanagi, A., Lal, A., Latif, A. A. A., Lunevicius, R., Razek, H. M. A. E., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Mehari, A., Mekonnen, A. B., Melaku, Y. A., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Misganaw, A., Mohamed, L. A. I., Nachega, J. B., Nguyen, Q. L., Nisar, M. I., Peprah, E. K., Platts-Mills, J. A., Pourmalek, F., Qorbani, M., Rafay, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, S. U., Rai, R. K., Rana, S. M., Ranabhat, C. L., Rao, S. R., Refaat, A. H., Riddle, M., Roshandel, G., Ruhago, G. M., Saleh, M. M., Sanabria, J. R., Sawhney, M., Sepanlou, S. G., Setegn, T., Sliwa, K., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Sykes, B. L., Tavakkoli, M., Tedla, B. A., Terkawi, A. S., Ukwaja, K., Uthman, O. A., Westerman, R., Wubshet, M., Yenesew, M. A., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M. E. S., Rabeeah, A. A. A., Wang, H., Naghavi, M., Vos, T., Lopez, A. D., Murray, C. J. L., and Mokdad, A. H.
Subjects: Diarrhea, Male, Mediterranean Region, Bedrijfseconomie, diarrhea, eastern mediterranean region, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Articles, Global Burden of Disease, Cost of Illness, Risk Factors, Business Economics, Tropical Medicine, Child, Preschool, Life Science, Humans, Disabled Persons, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Child
Abstract: Diarrheal diseases ( DD ) are leading causes of disease burden, death, and disability, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact a child's potential livelihood through stunted physical growth, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and particular etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region ( EMR ) between 1990 and 2013. For both sexes and all ages, we calculated disability-adjusted life years ( DALYs ), which are the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. We estimate that over 125,000 deaths ( 3.6% of total deaths ) were due to DD in the EMR in 2013, with a greater burden of DD in low- and middle-income countries. Diarrhea deaths per 100,000 children under 5 years of age ranged from one ( 95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 0–1 ) in Bahrain and Oman to 471 ( 95% UI = 245–763 ) in Somalia. The pattern for diarrhea DALYs among those under 5 years of age closely followed that for diarrheal deaths. DALYs per 100,000 ranged from 739 ( 95% UI = 520–989 ) in Syria to 40,869 ( 95% UI = 21,540–65,823 ) in Somalia. Our results highlighted a highly inequitable burden of DD in EMR, mainly driven by the lack of access to proper resources such as water and sanitation. Our findings will guide preventive and treatment interventions which are based on evidence and which follow the ultimate goal of reducing the DD burden.
Published: 2016

12. Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3

Author: Priya Rathi, Ritesh G. Menezes, Edris Hasanpoor, Sanni Yaya, Mohsen Bayati, Maciej Banach, Raffaele Palladino, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Shahin Soltani, Simona Cătălina Ștefan, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Tudorel Andrei, Mehdi Bohluli, Nikita Otstavnov, Yanfang Su, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Simon I. Hay, Mansour Ghafourifard, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Pushpendra Singh, Salman Rawaf, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Robert Ancuceanu, Samer Hamidi, Maarten J. Postma, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Ted R. Miller, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Gbenga A. Kayode, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, João Vasco Santos, Savita Lasrado, Jonathan F. Mosser, Chaw Yin Myint, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Tanvir M. Huda, Fakher Rahim, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Yingxi Zhao, Aziz Sheikh, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Andrew T Olagunju, Atif Amin Baig, Ali H. Mokdad, Anders Larsson, Atte Meretoja, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Brandon Cunningham, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Anamika Pandey, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Salime Goharinezhad, Angela E Micah, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Hayley N Stutzman, Farshad Farzadfar, M. Mofizul Islam, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Saqib Ali, Srikanta Banerjee, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Anirudh Kotlo, Ravensara S. Travillian, Aziz Rezapour, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Sergio I. Prada, Biagio Simonetti, Maitreyi Sahu, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Hoa Thi Do, Farahnaz Joukar, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Modhurima Moitra, In-Hwan Oh, Ayman Grada, Kenji Shibuya, Sojib Bin Zaman, Steven D Bachmeier, Hilda L Harb, Edson Serván-Mori, Bahram Mohajer, Van C. Lansingh, Ali Almasi, German Martinez, Till Bärnighausen, Reza Malekzadeh, Adam E. Berman, Matthew T. Schneider, Michael K. Hole, Reza Rawassizadeh, Bing-Fang Hwang, Bianca S. Zlavog, Mohammad Rabiee, Moses K. Muriithi, Anton C Harle, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Yohannes Kinfu, Olatunde Aremu, Cristiana Abbafati, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Joseph L Dieleman, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Soewarta Kosen, Zeleke Hailemariam Abebo, Muge Cevik, Hassan Abolhassani, Farnam Mohebi, Job F M van Boven, Nataliya Foigt, Neda Milevska Kostova, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Golsum Tsakalos, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Spencer L. James, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Miloje Savic, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sawyer W Crosby, Ayesha Humayun, Hamidreza Setayesh, G Anil Kumar, Juan Sanabria, Jalal Arabloo, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Ai Koyanagi, Shokofeh Maleki, Junjie Wu, Nathaniel J Henry, Efat Mohamadi, Francesco Saverio Violante, Samad Azari, Delia Hendrie, Ahad Bakhtiari, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Adnan Kisa, Masood Ali Shaikh, Shafiu Mohammed, Justice Nonvignon, Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Khurshid Alam, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Mohamed M. Gad, Mikk Jürisson, Usman Iqbal, Chuanhua Yu, Luis Camera, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Abigail Chapin, Pascual R. Valdez, Reinhard Busse, Tomislav Mestrovic, Paul S. F. Yip, Christopher J L Murray, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Salah Eddin Karimi, Mustafa Z. Younis, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Rahul R. Zende, Mina Anjomshoa, Shane D. Morrison, Marcel Ausloos, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Zohre Javaheri, Saravanan Muthupandian, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Lalit Dandona, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Omar Mukhtar Salman, Rakhi Dandona, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Nancy Fullman, Claudiu Herteliu, Andreea Mirica, Jasvinder A. Singh, Amin Soheili, Lee Ling Lim, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Tommi Vasankari, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Mehdi Naderi, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Bernhard T. Baune, Navid Rabiee, Mark G. Shrime, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Vasily Vlassov, Kyle E. Simpson, Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Ian E Cogswell, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Sanjay Basu, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Leila Doshmangir, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Maha El Tantawi, Obinna Onwujekwe, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Ahmed Omar Bali, Joshua A. Salomon, Hamidreza Komaki, David Laith Rawaf, Zoubida Zaidi, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Reshmi Bhageerathy, Emilie R Maddison, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Asadollah Gholamian, Ferrán Catalá-López, Stefan Kohler, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Anwar Faraj, Rafael Lozano, Rufus Akinyemi, Florian Fischer, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Rohollah Kalhor, Falk Schwendicke, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Micah, A. E., Su, Y., Bachmeier, S. D., Chapin, A., Cogswell, I. E., Crosby, S. W., Cunningham, B., Harle, A. C., Maddison, E. R., Moitra, M., Sahu, M., Schneider, M. T., Simpson, K. E., Stutzman, H. N., Tsakalos, G., Zende, R. R., Zlavog, B. S., Abbafati, C., Abebo, Z. H., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M. R. M., Ahmed, M. B., Akinyemi, R. O., Alam, K., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almasi, A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, T., Andrei, C. L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C. A. T., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aremu, O., Atnafu, D. D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Babalola, T. K., Bagherzadeh, M., Baig, A. A., Bakhtiari, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S. K., Barnighausen, T. W., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Berman, A. E., Bhageerathy, R., Bhardwaj, P., Bohluli, M., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Camera, L. L. A., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Catala-Lopez, F., Cevik, M., Chattu, V. K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dianatinasab, M., Do, H. T., Doshmangir, L., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilzadeh, F., Faraj, A., Farzadfar, F., Fischer, F., Foigt, N. A., Fullman, N., Gad, M. M., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Goharinezhad, S., Grada, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H. L., Hasanpoor, E., Hay, S. I., Hendrie, D., Henry, N. J., Herteliu, C., Hole, M. K., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T. M., Humayun, A., Hwang, B. -F., Ilesanmi, O. S., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Islam, M. M., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., James, S. L., Javaheri, Z., Jonas, J. B., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., Jurisson, M., Kalhor, R., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S. E., Kayode, G. A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, A., Kohler, S., Komaki, H., Kosen, S., Kotlo, A., Koyanagi, A., Kumar, G. A., Kusuma, D., Lansingh, V. C., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Lee, S. W. H., Lim, L. -L., Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Mahdavi, M. M., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M. A., Mantovani, L. G., Martinez, G., Masoumi, S. Z., Massenburg, B. B., Menezes, R. G., Mengesha, E. W., Meretoja, T. J., Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T. R., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohajer, B., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A. H., Morrison, S. D., Mosser, J. F., Mousavi, S. M., Muriithi, M. K., Muthupandian, S., Myint, C. -Y., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A. J., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, H. L. T., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J. J., Oh, I. -H., Olagunju, A. T., Olusanya, J. O., Olusanya, B. O., Omar Bali, A., Onwujekwe, O. E., Otstavnov, S. S., Otstavnov, N., Owolabi, M. O., Padubidri, J. R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Postma, M. J., Prada, S. I., Pribadi, D. R. A., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Ranabhat, C. L., Rao, S. J., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Rezapour, A., Sabour, S., Sahraian, M. A., Salman, O. M., Salomon, J. A., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J. V., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Sao Jose, B. P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E., Setayesh, H., Shaikh, M. A., Sheikh, A., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M. G., Simonetti, B., Singh, J. A., Singh, P., Skryabin, V. Y., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Stefan, S. C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Travillian, R., Undurraga, E. A., Valdez, P. R., van Boven, J. F. M., Vasankari, T. J., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vos, T., Wolfe, C. D. A., Wu, J., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S. B., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhao, Y., Murray, C. J. L., Dieleman, J. L., Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, Violante FS, Micah, A, Su, Y, Bachmeier, S, Chapin, A, Cogswell, I, Crosby, S, Cunningham, B, Harle, A, Maddison, E, Moitra, M, Sahu, M, Schneider, M, Simpson, K, Stutzman, H, Tsakalos, G, Zende, R, Zlavog, B, Abbafati, C, Abebo, Z, Abolhassani, H, Abrigo, M, Ahmed, M, Akinyemi, R, Alam, K, Ali, S, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almasi, A, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, T, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Atnafu, D, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Babalola, T, Bagherzadeh, M, Baig, A, Bakhtiari, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Berman, A, Bhageerathy, R, Bhardwaj, P, Bohluli, M, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Catala-Lopez, F, Cevik, M, Chattu, V, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dianatinasab, M, Do, H, Doshmangir, L, El Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Faraj, A, Farzadfar, F, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Fullman, N, Gad, M, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Goharinezhad, S, Grada, A, Haghparast Bidgoli, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, H, Hasanpoor, E, Hay, S, Hendrie, D, Henry, N, Herteliu, C, Hole, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Ilesanmi, O, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Islam, M, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, James, S, Javaheri, Z, Jonas, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kalhor, R, Karami Matin, B, Karimi, S, Kayode, G, Kazemi Karyani, A, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kohler, S, Komaki, H, Kosen, S, Kotlo, A, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, G, Kusuma, D, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lee, S, Lim, L, Lozano, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Mahdavi, M, Maleki, S, Malekzadeh, R, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martinez, G, Masoumi, S, Massenburg, B, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Milevska Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohajer, B, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad Darwesh, A, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Morrison, S, Mosser, J, Mousavi, S, Muriithi, M, Muthupandian, S, Myint, C, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nonvignon, J, Noubiap, J, Oh, I, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, J, Olusanya, B, Omar Bali, A, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, S, Otstavnov, N, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Postma, M, Prada, S, Pribadi, D, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rahim, F, Ranabhat, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rezapour, A, Sabour, S, Sahraian, M, Salman, O, Salomon, J, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, J, Santric Milicevic, M, Sao Jose, B, Savic, M, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Setayesh, H, Shaikh, M, Sheikh, A, Shibuya, K, Shrime, M, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Singh, P, Skryabin, V, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Stefan, S, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Undurraga, E, Valdez, P, van Boven, J, Vasankari, T, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vos, T, Wolfe, C, Wu, J, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zaman, S, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Z, Zhao, Y, Murray, C, Dieleman, J, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, HUS Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital Area, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews. Infection and Global Health Division, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), and Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET)
Subjects: Economic growth, Financing, Government, Psychological intervention, HIV Infections, burden of disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, DISEASE, ALLOCATION, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Sustainable development, Global health, health economics, Healthcare Financing, HIV Infection, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, DALY, Healthy lives, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, 3rd-DAS, General Medicine, Sustainable Development, 3. Good health, tuberculosis, IMPOVERISHMENT, TERRITORIES, Financing, Human, Financing, Personal, Resource (biology), Tuberculosi, 195 COUNTRIES, Developing Countrie, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), General & Internal Medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, medicine, Humans, Burden, HIV/AIDS, tubercolosis, malaria, Human resources, Developing Countries, Government, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Health economics, business.industry, DISABILITY, CATASTROPHE, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, GLOBAL BURDEN, medicine.disease, Malaria, SDG, health sector spending, development assistant for health, Health Expenditure, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, NA, Health Expenditures, business, EXPENDITURE
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 aims to "ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages". While a substantial effort has been made to quantify progress towards SDG3, less research has focused on tracking spending towards this goal. We used spending estimates to measure progress in financing the priority areas of SDG3, examine the association between outcomes and financing, and identify where resource gains are most needed to achieve the SDG3 indicators for which data are available. METHODS: We estimated domestic health spending, disaggregated by source (government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private) from 1995 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. For disease-specific health spending, we estimated spending for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis for 135 low-income and middle-income countries, and malaria in 106 malaria-endemic countries, from 2000 to 2017. We also estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2019, by source, disbursing development agency, recipient, and health focus area, including DAH for pandemic preparedness. Finally, we estimated future health spending for 195 countries and territories from 2018 until 2030. We report all spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2019 US$, unless otherwise stated. FINDINGS: Since the development and implementation of the SDGs in 2015, global health spending has increased, reaching $7·9 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 7·8-8·0) in 2017 and is expected to increase to $11·0 trillion (10·7-11·2) by 2030. In 2017, in low-income and middle-income countries spending on HIV/AIDS was $20·2 billion (17·0-25·0) and on tuberculosis it was $10·9 billion (10·3-11·8), and in malaria-endemic countries spending on malaria was $5·1 billion (4·9-5·4). Development assistance for health was $40·6 billion in 2019 and HIV/AIDS has been the health focus area to receive the highest contribution since 2004. In 2019, $374 million of DAH was provided for pandemic preparedness, less than 1% of DAH. Although spending has increased across HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria since 2015, spending has not increased in all countries, and outcomes in terms of prevalence, incidence, and per-capita spending have been mixed. The proportion of health spending from pooled sources is expected to increase from 81·6% (81·6-81·7) in 2015 to 83·1% (82·8-83·3) in 2030. INTERPRETATION: Health spending on SDG3 priority areas has increased, but not in all countries, and progress towards meeting the SDG3 targets has been mixed and has varied by country and by target. The evidence on the scale-up of spending and improvements in health outcomes suggest a nuanced relationship, such that increases in spending do not always results in improvements in outcomes. Although countries will probably need more resources to achieve SDG3, other constraints in the broader health system such as inefficient allocation of resources across interventions and populations, weak governance systems, human resource shortages, and drug shortages, will also need to be addressed. For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30608-5
Published: 2020

13. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl) imidazole (TRIM) in vitro: antinociceptive and cardiovascular effects.

Author: Handy RL, Harb HL, Wallace P, Gaffen Z, Whitehead KJ, and Moore PK
Subjects: Animals, Aorta drug effects, Aorta enzymology, Aorta physiology, Behavior, Animal drug effects, Blood Pressure drug effects, Cattle, Cerebellum drug effects, Cerebellum enzymology, Endothelium, Vascular drug effects, Endothelium, Vascular physiology, In Vitro Techniques, Lung enzymology, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred Strains, Muscle Relaxation drug effects, Muscle, Smooth, Vascular drug effects, Muscle, Smooth, Vascular enzymology, Muscle, Smooth, Vascular physiology, Nitric Oxide Synthase metabolism, Rabbits, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Structure-Activity Relationship, Vasodilation drug effects, Analgesics pharmacology, Cardiovascular System drug effects, Enzyme Inhibitors pharmacology, Imidazoles pharmacology, Nitric Oxide Synthase antagonists & inhibitors, Nociceptors drug effects
Abstract: 1. The ability of a range of substituted imidazole compounds to inhibit mouse cerebellar neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), bovine aortic endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) from lungs of endotoxin-pretreated rats was investigated. In each case the substrate (L-arginine) concentration employed was 120 nM. 2. 1-(2-Trifluoromethylphenyl) imidazole (TRIM) was a relatively potent inhibitor of nNOS and iNOS (IC50S of 28.2 microM and 27.0 microM respectively) but was a relatively weak inhibitor of eNOS (IC50, 1057.5 microM). The parent compound, imidazole, was a weak inhibitor of all three NOS isoforms (IC50S: nNOS, 290.6 microM; eNOS, 101.3 microM; iNOS, 616.0 microM). Substitution of imidazole with a phenyl group to yield I-phenylimidazole (PI) resulted in an isoform non-selective increase in inhibitory potency (IC50S: nNOS, 72.1 microM; eNOS, 86.9 microM; iNOS, 53.9 microM). Further substitution of the attached phenyl group resulted in an increase in nNOS and a decrease in eNOS inhibitory potency as in TRIM, 1-chlorophenylimidazole (CPI; IC50S: nNOS, 43.4 microM; eNOS, 392.3 microM; iNOS, 786.5 microM) and 1-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl) imidazole (TETRA-FPI; IC50S; nNOS, 56.3 microM; eNOS, 559.6 microM; iNOS, 202.4 microM). 3. The ability of TRIM to inhibit mouse cerebellar nNOS activity in vitro was influenced by the concentration of L-arginine (0.12-10.0 microM) in the incubation medium. When mouse cerebellar nNOS was used as enzyme source a double reciprocal (Lineweaver-Burk) plot in the presence/absence of TRIM (50 microM) revealed a competitive inhibitory profile. The K(m) for L-arginine and the Ki for TRIM calculated from these data were 2.4 microM and 21.7 microM, respectively. The ability of TRIM to inhibit mouse cerebellar nNOS activity in vitro was unaffected by varying the time of exposure of the enzyme to TRIM from 0-60 min at 0 degree C. 4. TRIM exhibits potent antinociceptive activity in the mouse as evidenced by inhibition of acetic acid induced abdominal constrictions. The ED50 for TRIM following i.p. administration was 20 mg kg-1 (94.5 mumol kg-1). The antinociceptive effect of TRIM was reversed by pretreatment of animals with L-arginine (50 mg kg-1, i.p.) and was not accompanied by sedation, motor ataxia or behavioural changes (rearing, crossing, circling, dipping) as assessed by use of a box maze procedure. 5. L-NG nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 20 mg kg-1, i.v.) but not TRIM (0.5-20 mg kg-1, i.v.) increased mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) in the urethane-anaesthetized rat. 6. L-NAME (100 microM) potentiated the contractile response of the rabbit isolated aorta to phenylephrine (ED50; 0.084 +/- 0.01 microM in the presence and 0.25 +/- 0.05 microM in the absence of L-NAME; maximum response, 7.7 +/- 0.4 g in the presence and 5.6 +/- 0.5 g in the absence of L-NAME, n = 6, (P < 0.05) whilst TRIM (1-100 microM) was without effect. L-NAME (100 microM) but not TRIM (1-100 microM) also reduced carbachol-induced relaxation of the phenylephrine-precontracted rabbit aorta preparation. 7. L-NAME (50 microM) potentiated the vasoconstrictor effect of bolus-injected noradrenaline (10-1000 nmol) and reduced the vasodilator effect of carbachol (10 microM) added to the Krebs reservoir in the rat perfused mesentery preparation. L-NAME (50 microM) also reduced nitric oxide (NO) release (measured by chemiluminescence of nitrite in the Krebs perfusate) in response to noradrenaline (100 nmol; 53.8 +/- 4.0 pmol ml-1 in the presence and 84.8 +/- 8.0 pmol ml-1 in the absence of L-NAME, n = 15, P < 0.05) and carbachol (10 microM; 63.9 +/- 5.0 pmol ml-1 in the presence and 154.0 +/- 9.0 pmol ml-1 in the absence of L-NAME, n = 15, P < 0.05). TRIM (50 microM) did not affect either the vasoconstrictor response to noradrenaline or the vasodilator response to carbachol or the accompanying release of NO from the perfused rat mesentery.
Published: 1996
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13 results on '"Harb, H. L."'

1. Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3

2. Past, present, and future of global health financing: A review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995-2050

3. Past, present, and future of global health financing : A review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995-2050

5. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

6. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

7. Healthcare access and quality index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015 : A novel analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015

8. Future and potential spending on health 2015-40 : Development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries

9. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

10. Evolution and patterns of global health financing 1995-2014 : Development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries

11. Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

12. Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3

13. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl) imidazole (TRIM) in vitro: antinociceptive and cardiovascular effects.

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13 results on '"Harb, H. L."'

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