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Haematological and biochemical parameters were examined in the blood of 87 cows, bulls and oxen of the indigenous Croatian breed, Istrian cattle. The sample represents 11.93 % of the total adult population. This breed is classified as highly endangered. The age of tested animals was between 2 and 17 years. Cattle were divided into three groups, animals aged 2 to 6 years (n=19), 7 to 10 years (n=37), and older than 10 years (n=31). Animals were kept in the area of Istria County, mostly in stables though occasionally at pasture. The cows were milked twice daily and gave an average of 1 000 litres of milk per year. Erythrocytes, leukocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrit and mean corpuscular volume were determined. Differential analysis was performed by counting blood cells in the blood smear after Pappenheim staining. Biochemical parameters such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, calcium and inorganic phosphorus were determined. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase was determined by spectrophotometry. These biochemical and haematological parameters of this Istrian breed were within the physiological range, while slight deviations were observed for certain parameters. The greatest deviation from the physiological range was shown in the concentrations of urea and creatinine. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the metabolic profile and haematological indicators for estimating the physiological status of these endangered cattle in Istria, for further investigation and for diagnostic purposes.

U Priručniku sam prikazani zahtjevi i zakonodavstva i dobre prakse o uvjetima i načinu prijevoza životinja, zahtijevi koji se odnose na zaštitu životinja u prijevozu te zakonodavstvo iz veterinarske djelatnosti koje se odnosi na prijevoz životinja i proizvoda životinjskog podrijetla. Isto takoprikazani su zoohigijenski uvjeti i praktična gledišta postupanja sa životinjama tijekom prijevoza te način hranidbe životinja u transportu. Opisano je prepoznavanje zaranih bolesti životinja u prijevotu, procjena sposobnosti životinja d apodnesu putovanje, prva pomoć pri mogućim ozljedama u prijevozu, promjene ponašanja i bolesna stanja domaćih životinja vezanih uz spolnost, gravidnost i laktaciju te način djelovanja transporta na kakvoću i uporabljivost mesa.

Povraćanje i proljev dva su najčešća razloga posjeta pasa i mačaka veterinaru. Uz kliničku pretragu i laboratorijske nalaze, od velike važnosti su ultrazvučna i rengenska dijagnostika. U slučaju ovakvih simptoma, diferencijalno dijagnostički u obzir treba uzeti i smanjenu ili oslabljenu prohodnost crijeva. Pregledom arhive Zavoda za rendgenologiju, ultrzavučnu dijagnostiku i fizikalnu terapiju, u razdoblju od pet godina, evidentirano je 9 mačaka sa nalazom ileusa različlite etiologije. Šest mačaka sa dijagnozom iluesa imalo je mahaničku opstrukciju, dok su tri životinje liječene od paralitčkog (dinamičkog) ileusa. U radu su opisani korišteni radiološki dijagnostički postupci, uzroci nastanka ileusa i ishodi liječenja.

Ozon ima baktericidno, fungicidno i antivirusno djelovanje. Jedna od glavnih aktivnosti medicinskog ozona je poticanje sinteze enzima stanične stijenke koji štite stanicu od štetnog djelovanja slobodnih radikala. U posljednje vrijeme, ozon se počeo intenzivnije primjenjivati u veterinarskoj medicini, pogotovo u bujatrici, ali još uvijek nedovoljno. Upotreba derivata od ozoniziranih biljnih ulja predstavljaju napredak u liječenju nekih reprodukcijskih problema. Postoje brojni različiti oblici ozonskih pripravaka na tržištu kao što su kreme, injektori, pajete, pjene, oblete i bolusi. Pripravci ozona su isprobani u liječenju lezija genitalnog trakta, urovagine i pneumovagine, metritisa, endometritisa i zaostale posteljice, kao i u funkcionalnoj obnovi endometrija nakon porođaja krava, koza i ovaca. Liječenje ozonom je postiglo iste rezultate kao i standarno liječenje antibioticima, što upućuje da bi ovo mogla biti nova potencijalna alternativna terapija u svrhu liječenja puerperalnih bolesti krava i malih preživača te poboljšanja njihove plodnosti.

Ekstrakcija zuba u konja opisana je i primjenjuje se u veterinarskoj medicini već stoljećima. Kroz dvadeseto stoljeće exodontia (vađenje zuba u konja) je postala okosnica oralne kirurgije u konja. Iako je uklanjanje zuba samo jedan dio zahvata u stomatologiji konja, i danas predstavlja izazov. To je upravo razlog zašto smo odlučili prikazati pacijenta koji nam je doveden na liječenje s fistulom ventralno na lijevom ramusu mandibule, u visini trećeg premolara, od koje boluje već dvije godine. Radilo se o konju pasmine lipicanac, starom sedam godina. Opisana je dijagnostika, vađenje trećeg premolara dolje lijevo (307), liječenje i postoperativni tijek na klinici kroz dva tjedna kada je konj otpušten zdrav.

krava u laktaciji. Uzorci mlijeka su uzeti iz oboljelih četvrti od 175 krava na području Veterinarske ambulante Đurđevac, u stajama od 1 do 75 krava. Izdvojeni su slijedeći uzročnici: u 34% uzoraka Staphylococcus aureus, 30% Staphylococcus sp., 6% Streptococcus dysgalactiae, 5% Streptococcus agalactiae, 2% Streptococcus sp., 6% E. coli, 3% Enterobacter sp., u 1% uzoraka izdvojen je Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus sp., Candida sp., a u 3% mikroflora okoliša te 8% uzoraka je bilo bakteriološki negativno. Kod izrade antibiograma koristili su se komercijalni diskovi sa slijedećim antibioticima i kemoterapeuticima: amoksicilin i klavulanska kiselina, cefoperazon, neomicin, streptomicin, tetraciklin, linkomicin, cefaleksin, ampicilin, sulfa i trimetoprim, penicilin, kloksacilin, polimiksin B, novobiocin, enrofloksacin i gentamicin. Liječenje prema antibiogramu i po preporuci proizvođača intramamarnog pripravka dovelo je do uspjeha u 42% krava dok je kod 58% krava i dalje ostao prisutan subklinički mastitis.

Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio odrediti prevalenciju supkliničke ketoze upotrebljavajući elektronski uređaj za određivanje BHBA Precision Xceed BHBA (Abbot) te utjecaj supkliničke ketoze na reproduktivne pokazatelje kod muznih krava u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj. Istraživanje je provedeno na 295 krava holštajn-frizijske pasmine starih 2-8 godina, s prosječno 2, 77 laktacija. Uzorci su sakupljeni od krava odabranih slučajnim odabirom s farmi muznih krava u razdoblju od 7 dana prije poroda do 15.-tog dana poslije poroda. Supklinička ketoza je dokazana u 35 krava ili 11, 86% od ukupnog broja, a ostale krave svrstane su u kontrolnu skupinu (n = 260). Krave sa subkliničkom ketozom imale su 14, 71 dana dulji period od porođaja do prvog osjemenjivanja poslije porođaja (122, 34 ± 8, 75 vs. 107, 63 ± 8, 80 dana) te u prosjeku 15, 05 dana dulji servis period u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu (142, 51 ± 19, 53 vs. 127, 46 ± 15, 41 dana). Dijagnosticirano je, u postotku, šest puta više metritisa (11, 42% vs. 1, 92%), više od dvostruko zaostalih posteljica (6, 15% vs. 14, 28%) kod krava sa subkliničkom ketozom u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu. Subklinička ketoza je bila povezana s gotovo 3 puta povećanim rizikom pojave dislokacije sirišta te 1, 7 puta s povećanom pojavom mastitisa. Nije utvrđena značajna povećana učestalost bolesti papaka kod krava sa subkliničkom ketozom u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu (17, 14% vs. 12, 69%). Istraživanjem se potvrdilo da je ova metoda otkrivanja subkliničke ketoze kod muznih krava relativno brza i pouzdana u terenskim uvjetima te da subklinička ketoza negativno utječe na reproduktivnu sposobnost muznih krava.

Istraživanjem smo željeli odrediti metabolički profil tijekom puerperija burskih koza. U tu svrhu smo koristili 14 koza burske pasmine i 8 koza križanih u tipu njemačke srnaste koze (kontrolna skupina) u dobi 2-4 godine. Uzorci krvi su uzimani svaka tri dana počevši od trećeg pa sve do 40. dana nakon poroda. Određivali smo sljedeće pokazatelje: aspartat aminotransferazu, gama-glutamiltransferazu, alkalnu fosfatazu, kreatin kinazu, glukozu, ukupne bjelančevine, albumine, trigliceride, kolesterol, ureju, kreatinin, bilirubin i ß-hidroksibutirat, te Ca, P, Na, K, Cl i Mg. Ustanovili smo značajno višu (P0, 05). Međutim, vrijednosti svih pokazatelja bile su u normalnim fiziološkim granicama za obje skupine koza. Provedenim istraživanjem smo ustanovili da skupina burskih koza nije imala metaboličke poremećaje neovisno o povišenoj razini nekih jetrenih enzima. Budući je burska koza poliestrična pasmina koza, glede dobivenih rezultata možemo zaključiti da će u njih osovina hipotalamus-hipofiza-jajnici biti uspostavljena tijekom fiziološkog razdoblja puerperija.

Cilj istraživanja bio je odrediti utjecaj godišnjeg doba na trajanje servis-perioda i međubremenitog razdoblja burskih koza u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj. Korišteno je 55 koza burske pasmine u dobi 2-8 godina. Istraživanje je trajalo 6 godina. Koze su držane zajedno s jaradi koja je odbita s oko 3- 4 mjeseca. Prosječno vrijeme trajanja servis-perioda iznosilo je 108, 22 ± 4, 42 dana (od 30± 2, 46 u mjesecu rujnu do 165 ± 3, 11 dana u siječnju). Trajanje međubremenitog razdoblja bilo je u zavisnosti od godišnjeg doba, najkraće u listopadu 183, 00 ± 3, 63 dana, a najduže 317, 94 ± 3, 12 dana u siječnju. Prosječno trajanje međubremenitog razdoblja značajno je duže (p

Radilo se o ovnu, virtemberške pasmine starom 8 godina koji je doveden na kliniku za kirurgiju, ortopediju i oftalmologiju sa abnormalno povečanim skrotumom. Vlasnik je primijetio oteklinu u području mošnje prije par mjeseci. Po njegovim riječima oteklina se pomalo povečavala, a posljednjih mjesec dana je prestala rasti. Pri dolasku na kliniku utvrđeno je da je skrotum abnormalno povećan, asimetričan i umjereno bolan, a lijeva strana s testisom veća je od desne. Skrotum je veličine ragbi lopte a lijevi ingvinalni otvor je proširen (9 puta 4, 5cm). Kao hernijalni sadržaj pipaju se tanka crijeva u mnogo tekučine, atrofičan testis i tvrde tvorbe poput užeta u području funikulusa (najvjerovatnije vene ispunjene krvnim ugrušcima). Rutinskim operacijskim zahvatom u općoj anesteziji hernija je operacijski sanirana dok je desni testis je po želji vlasnika sačuvan.

Danas, u suvremenoj medicini zeolit ima posebno mjesto jer svojim odličnim rezultatima spaja alternativnu, prirodnu i klasičnu, modernu medicinu. Suvremena tehnologija samo je omogućila dodatno multipliciranje njegovih dokazanih ljekovitih svojstava.U vrijeme 21. stoljeća, kada su nam svi resursi dostupni i kada se tehnologija razvija velikom brzinom, zeolit ne gubi na važnosti niti je zamjenjiv zbog svoje multifunkcionalnosti. U isto vrijeme iskazuje raznorodna medicinska svojstva - detoksifikacijska i antikancerogena, antioksidativna i imunomodulatorna, antiviralna i antibakterijska te ima posebne učinke na osteoporozu, rane, opekline, krvarenja kao i na neurodegenerativna oboljenja te na probavni i mokraćni sustav općenito. Na opravdanost primjene zeolita kao suportivne terapije upućuju brojna tradicionalna i suvremena anegdotalna iskustva kao i znanstveno utemeljena svojstva evaluirana u mnogo dostupnih znanstvenih i kliničkih studija.

Prostata je jedina akcesorna spolna žlijezda muških pasa. Njezina je funkcija u tvorbi prve i treće frakcije ejakulata i pomoći u transportu sperme. Bolesti su prostate vrlo česte, posebno u starijih pasa. Dijagnosticiraju se na temelju kliničkog nalaza, radiografije, ultrazvuka, biopsije, pregleda uretralnog iscjedka, urina ili ejakulata. Bolesti koje se javljaju su: benigna hipertrofija prostate, skvamozna metaplazija, bakterijski prostatitis, apsces prostate, prostatične i paraprostatične ciste i neoplazije prostate. Uzroci bolesti mogu biti različiti mikroorganizmi, androgena, androgenom potpomognuta i estrogena stimulacija. Klinički simptomi su: tenezam, krvavi iscjedak iz penisa neovisno o mokrenju, hematurija i recidivirajuće infekcije mokraćnog sustava. Često su prisutni simptomi kroničnih bolesti. Ozbiljnost bolesti, prognoza i terapija ovise o pravovremenoj dijagnozi. Odluka za liječenje pasa antibioticima, hormonalnom terapijom ili kirurškom tehnikom, sa ili bez kastracije, ovisi o dijagnozi. Prisutni klinički simptomi variraju ovisno o jačini i tipu bolesti. Kod kirurškog liječenja apscesa česti su recidivi te ostale komplikacije. Kod utvrđenih neoplazija vrlo je teško davati prognozu i ona svakako nije dobra.

Uzorci pune krvi pet pasa različitih pasmina, dobi i spola, podvrgnuti su sedmodnevnoj analizi standardnog hemograma u intervalima od 24 sata s ciljem utvrđivanja maksimalne moguće dužine skladištenja krvi, a da dobiveni rezultati budu vjerodostojni. Svi su psi bili pacijenti Klinike za unutarnje bolesti Veterinarskog fakulteta u Zagrebu. Uzorci dobiveni iz v. cephalica antebrachii odmah su obrađeni u hematološkom analizatoru Exigo (Big Blue), a diferencijalna bijela krvna slika analizirana je pomoću krvnih razmaza. Istim metodama uzorci su obrađeni i idućih šest dana, s time da su u periodu između analiza skladišteni u hladnjaku na + 4oC i prije svake obrade grijani na sobnoj temperaturi kroz 30 minuta. Najveće su promjene uočene u vrijednostima broja trombocita koje do sedmog dana kontinuirano padaju. Broj se leukocita do sedmog dana kontinuirano blago povećava, a promjene u vrijednostima ostalih parametara hemograma nisu od većeg značenja. Znatnije se promjene uočavaju u diferencijalnoj bijeloj krvnoj slici. Uočavaju se veće promjene oblika nego broja stanica. Promjene oblika najprije se javljaju na stanicama segmentiranih i nesegmentiranih neutrofila. Već nakon tri dana njihova citoplazma postupno nestaje, da bi se šestog i sedmog dana uočile samo sjene raspadnutih jezgara, za koje je teško reći kojem staničnom redu pripadaju. Iz citoplazme eozinofilnih granulocita već trećeg dana nestaju zrnca pa se eozinofili mogu izdiferencirati kao neutrofili. U jezgrama monocita pojavljuju se vakuole, a kromatin jezgara je sve rjeđi. Limfociti i eritroblasti ostaju najduže očuvani.

The objective of this study was to determine the reproductive performance in Boer goats under semiintensive management in north-western Croatia over three consecutive years. Sixty Boer does, aged 2 to 6 years, were divided into three groups. A total of 1.80 kids were born per doe (435 newborn in 242 pregnancies). Boer goat fertility was 93.44%. Does with single kids accounted for 22.53% (n = 98), with twins 49.20% (n = 107), triplets 18.62% (n = 27), quadruplets 7.35% (n = 8) and quintuplets 2.29% (n = 2). The average birth weight of Boer kids was 3.48 ± 0.04 kg (1.70 kg to 5.4 kg). The birth weight of goat kids in pluriparous Boer does was signifi cantly (P

The metabolism of proteins in the blood serum in Boer and Saanen goats was investigated during puerperium. Twenty Boer goats (10 primiparous and 10 pluriparous) and 10 Saanen goats (five primiparous and five pluriparous) between 2 and 5 years of age were used in this research. Blood for analysis was taken every fourth day from day 3 until day 40 post-partum. Blood samples were collected by jugular puncture. In the obtained blood serum, the concentration of total proteins (PT) and albumin (ALB), and the activity of enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) [the Enzyme Commission number (EC number) 2. 6. 1. 1.], gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) (EC 2. 3. 2. 2.), creatine kinase (CK) (EC 2. 7. 3. 2.) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) (EC 3. 1. 3. 1.) were determined by spectrophotometry. These parameters were in physiological ranges in Boer goats and in Saanen goats, without significant differences according to number of kids per doe. According to the research results of the blood serum in goats during puerperium, there were no significant differences in the concentration of ALB. Boer goats had significant higher(p

Lymphoma (lymphosarcoma, malignant lymphoma) comprises a diverse group of malignancies that develops from lymphoid tissue outside the bone marrow. There are many different forms with marked variability. In dogs and cats by anatomic manifestations can be divided into multicentric, mediastinal, and extranodal alimentary lymphoma. In dogs alimentary lymphoma is rare. In October 2009. the Clinic for Internal Diseases received the labrador retriever dog named "Goldi", 7 years old. The dog occasionally vomits, he’s quieter, and his feces has become more frequent and softer. Blood results were within physiological range. In private veterinarian practice the therapy began and was continued at the clinic, but without improvement. At the time of arrival dog was eating minimally, the stool was formed, but very poor, once it was a little darker. Clinical examination found a tucked abdomen and palpatory empty bowel. Hematological and biochemical parameters showed significant leukocytosis, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglycemia and mild hypocalcemia. Radiologically was suspected of foreign body. Contrasting agent (barium sulfate) was applied, after application of the same into the small intestine distinct wrinkles were seen. The image is similar to finding a linear foreign body (cordon or thread). 24 hours after application of a positive contrast agent, radiological was visible normal passage trough small intestines, and the contrast was present in the descending colon. Diagnostic laparotomy was made but foreign body wasn’t found and along the entire length of the small intestine strong peristalsis is present, especially in the duodenum. Mucosa of the small intestine is hypertrophic and friable. The content of the small intestine is fluid and dark red. Samples were taken from small intestine for histopathologic examination. After surgery dog got worse, inappetence and apathy were strong and the owners decided on euthanasia. Histopathologic examination discovered the diagnosis of alimentary (intestinal) T-cell origin lymphoma. With native x-rays in dogs intestinal lymphoma can be diagnosed by enlargement of the liver, spleen or mesenterial lymph nodes. Radiologically tumors in the abdomen can be diagnosed in approximately 40% of cases. Intestinal lymphoma is sometimes difficult to diagnose due to pathological processes that involve other organs, the presence of peritoneal fluid or diffuse lesions of the intestine. Contrast radiography may be useful for the estimation of gastroenteritis, obstruction, tumor localization or presentation of parts of the gastrointestinal tract that are difficult to display on the ultrasound due to accumulation of gas. We can show contrasting defective filling in 50% of dogs with gastrointestinal neoplasia. In this case it wasn’t possible to suspect on the alimentary lymphoma. Contrasting image showed an image like the one of a linear foreign body and because of that diagnostic laparotomy was necessary.

The objective of our research is to evaluate epidemiological data in our region with respect to abomasal displacement and dilatation and apply different method of surgical fixation of greater omentum and abomasum to abdominal wall, than the technique described in original "Utrecht" method. From fall 1997. to summer 2006. we performed surgery on 87 cows with left displacement (LDA), and 4 cows with right displacement of abomasum (RDA). Surgical technique that we employed most resemble "Utrecht" method. Our technique differentiate because we omentopexy only point on abdominal wall and we use plastic stopper on the skin. Our method of fixating abomasum by omentopexy is fast, reliable and inexpensive. It is applicable both with LDA and RDA. Short recovery time post operation and possibility to perform surgery on owner site makes our method applicable in field veterinary practice.

The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of a live attenuated mucosal vaccine against porcine postweaning colibacillosis by analyzing quantitative differences in the small intestinal leukocyte subsets of immunized vs control nonimmunized pigs. Four week old pigs were intragastrically vaccinated with a vaccine candidate F4ac+ nonenterotoxigenic E. coli strain 2407 at day 0 (with or without levamisole given as an adjuvant), challenged with a virulent enterotoxigenic strain 11-800/1/94 7 days later, euthanatized at day 13 and sampled for immunohistology. Nonvaccinated pigs received saline at day 0 and were processed as the principals. Within jejunal/ileal lamina propria and ileal Peyer’s patches immunophenotypes of lymphoid cell subsets were demonstrated by immunohistochemical avidin-biotin complex method and corresponding morphometric data were analyzed using software program Lucia G for digital image analyses. The monoclonal antibodies reactive with surface molecules on porcine immune cells such as CD3, CD45RA, CD45RC, CD21 and SWC3 enabled clear insight into distribution and proportion of T/B lymphocytes and macrophages within the gut-associated lymphoid tissues compartments examined. Vaccinated pigs had significantly increased numbers (p

An 8-year-old German Merino (Merinolandschaf) ram suffered from abnormal fluid-filled scrotal swelling was presented at the Clinic of Surgery, Orthopaedics and Ophthalmology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Zagreb. The ram had been used for breeding and group-housed with other sheep. The first signs of scrotal swelling had been noticed several months earlier. The swelling had been enlarging gradually, and then stopped about one month prior to referral at the Clinic. Physical examination revealed an abnormally enlarged, asymmetric and moderately painful scrotum. It was the size and shape of a rugby ball, with the left side approximately several times as large as the right. The hernial content included loops of small intestine and atrophied testicle, surrounded by large amount of fluid. Surgical procedure comprising herniotomy, herniorrhaphy and unilateral orchiectomy of the left side of the scrotum was performed under general anaesthesia. A firm mass the size of a palm, filled with blood clots, was found inside the spermatic cord. The left testicle and pathological mass were surgically removed, while the right testicle was preserved at the owner’s request. The wound healed without complications and the ram was returned successfully to reproduction.

The aim of our research was determinated effects of air temperature and rainfall precipitation on some reproductive performance of Boer goats in the north-western part of Croatia. Ninty does, under intensive management, between 2-7 years old were used in our research throughout 3 consecutive years. Goats have been living on the hills of Bilogora with possibility of good pasture, in the northwest part of Croatia. After kidding, does were thogether with goat kids three to four months until weaning. Air temperature and rainfall records were obtained from the nearest meteorological recording stations within 10 km. Number of mating does, kidding rate and number of goat kids were significant different according to the season. The Boer goat is breed well known for fecunditiy. Data on 304 pregnancies and 535 newborn goat kids (dead or alive) shows per year 1.98 goat kids and per doe. Number of kidding was depended of season. The most of does were given a birth in the winter (46 %) and spring (27%), only 15 % in the summer and 12 % in the autumn (throughout 3 years). Conception rate was 92.12 %( 89.47 % in the year 2003, 94.17 % 2004 and 2005 92.73 %) and prolificacy (from 2003 to 2005) 178 %. In the year 2003, with extremly warm spring, extremly warm and dry summer, conception rate is significant lower (88.33 %) then in year 2004 (91.15 %) and 2005 (91.76 %). Despite annual higher temerature and lower rainfall percipitation in year 2003, the best prolificacy was recorded (187 %), then in 2004 (177 %) and 171 % in 2005 year. There was not correlation between air temperature and rainfall percipitation and reproductive performance of Boer goats in northwestern part of Croatia.

The aim of this research was to evaluate hematology and serum biochemistry data in cows suffered from abomasum displacement. Research had started in autumn 1997 and ended in summer 2006, it took place im Međimurje region, Croatia. Surgery was performed in 87 (95, 6%) cows suffered from left displacement of abomasus (LDA, and 4 (4, 4%) cows with right displacement of abomasum (RDA). Out of 91 cows suffered from abomasum displacement 87 were Holstein-Friesian breed and 4 cows were Simental breed. In 3 cows (3, 3%) ketones in urine were not detected, in 88 cows (96, 7%) ketones in urine were present. Hematology parameters were within referral ranges except PCV. Liver enzimes (ALT, AST, GGT) and Tbil were elevated. Serum glucose level was decreased.

In short time after calves import to Croatia, animals started to demonstrate locomotor and neurology disorders. After the serum biochemical tests were performed it was evidented the significant increase in activity of CPK and AST in all serum, and decreased Calcium serum level in five serum were noted. After our sugestion the vitamine - minerale additives were applied in calves diet. The additive had failed the clinical signs of disease and increased weight grain in very short period.

An die Klinik fur Innere krankheiten wurde eine 2, 5 Jahre alte Simmentaler Kuh gebracht. Anamnestische Daten zeiten eine Alimentare Verdauungsstorung. Bei der klinikschen Untersuchung diagnostizierte man eine schwere Form von Azidose des Pansens mit daraus folgender Rumintoxaemia. Wahrend der ersten kunstlichen Besamung hemerkte der Aussendienst-Veterinar eine anatomische Anomalie (Zervix duplex), aber auf Verlangen des Besitzers inseminierte er die Kuh. Die Anomalie verursachte keine Probleme wahrend der Geburt. Auf Verlangen des Tierarztes wurde an der Klinik fur Geburtshilfe die Durchlassgketi beide Gebarmutterkanale durchlassig waren. Aufgrund des klinisch kranken Gesamtstatus bedingt durch die Verdauungsstorung wurde die Kuh auf Verlangen des Besitzers zum Schlachte bestimmt. Postmortal konnte der Befund der Anomale bestatigt werden.

Das Ziel vorliegender Studie war der Vergleich der Serviceperiode und Zwischenlammzeit von Burenziegen in verschiedenen Jahreszeiten während 6 Jahren sowie die Untersuchung des Saisoneinflusses auf die Zeit der erneuten erfolgreichen Besamung post partum. Für die Untersuchung wurden insgesamt 55 Ziegen im Alter von zwei bis sieben Jahren herangezogen. Die Ziegen wurden zusammen mit ihren Lämmern auf den Nordhängen von Bilogora in nordwestlichen Gebieten Kroatiens gehalten. Die Lämmer wurden ab 1, 5 Monat zusätzlich gefüttert und im Alter von 3-4 Monate abgesetzt. Die Ziegenböcke wurden gemeinsam mit den Ziegen gehalten. Der Jahresdurchschnitt der Serviceperiode betrug 108, 22  4, 42 Tage. Die Serviceperiode betrug von 64, 4 ± 8, 30 Tage im Herbst bis 151, 3 ± 2, 66 Tage im Winter, d.h. durchschnittlich 108, 22 ± 4, 42 Tage. Die beobachtete Zwischenlammzeit war von der Jahreszeit abhäng. Sie war bei den im Januar gelammten Burenziegen am längsten (im Durchschnitt 317, 94 ± 3, 12 Tage). Die kürzeste Zwischenlammzeit wurde bei den im Oktober gelammten Ziegen verzeichnet (durchschnittlich 183, 00 ± 3, 63 Tage). Die durchschnittliche Zwischenlammzeit lag im Frühling und Winter signifikant höher (p

The goal of this research was to establish the influence of energetic status and body condition on ovarian cyclicity of dairy cows during puerperium. 28 cows of Holstein breed, ages between 2 and 5 years were included in this research. Cows were divided in 2 groups considering their reproductive status. In the 1st group were 15 cows with the normal ovarian cyclicity, and in the 2nd group there were 13 cows that had a lack of ovarian cyclicity. Blood samples were taken every 4 days starting in the first week after parturition and followed every four days till the 45th day of puerperium. In all blood samples the level of progesterone was measured using commercial ELISA method. During every collection of blood samples, cows were examined ginaceological (ultrasound). Body condition score (BCS) of cows was evaluated numerically from 1 to 5. Cows with ovarian cyclicity had significantly higher progesterone (P>0, 00001) level in comparison to cows with the lack of ovarian cyclicity. In period before parturition, cows with the later lack of ovarian cyclicity had the higher BCS in comparison to cows with ovarian cyclicity, but during puerperium, BCS was significantly higher in cows with ovarian cyclicity. There was established the influence of energy status to the return of ovarian cyclicity of cows during puerperium, and the significance of its determination as an aim to improve their reproductive efficiency. The conclusion was that the BCS is simple, cheap and a practical method that can be used in monitoring management and energy status during production cycle of dairy cows. Furthermore it represents an important diagnostic indicator of negative energy status in cows after parturition.

The research involved 95 pure breed Croatian sheepdog, 48 females and 47 males ranging in age from 1 to 12 years. Blood samples were taken to establish certain biochemical indicators (urea, total proteins, glucose, total bilirubin, AST, ALT, Alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, amylase, Ca, P). No changes were observed through comparison of average values. Blood samples of 30 dogs from that group, also were taken to estavlish blood group DEA (Dog Erythrocyte Antigen) 1.1 and standard haemogram. In 27 dogs (90%) the blood group DEA 1.1., was found, which is a significantly higher percentage than in all investigations to date. It was obseved that the average values of all haematological indicators were within physiological parameters.

In vorliegender Untersuchung sollte mit Hilfe des Stroffwechsel- und Hormonprofils die Wiederherstellung der zyklischen Ovarienaktivität bei Burenziegen während des Puerperiums erforscht werden. Für die Untersuchung wurden 14 Burenziegen und 8 Bastarde vom Typ der deutschen rehfarbenen Edelziege (Kontrollgruppe) im Alter von zwei bis vier Jahren herangezogen. Die erste Gruppe umfasste 14 Burenziegen (polyöstrisch) mit einer normalen Ovarienaktivität und die Kontrollgruppe bestand aus 8 Bastarden vom Typ der deutschen rehfarbenen Edelziege (saisonal polyöstrisch) mit keiner Ovarienaktivtät (Anöstrie). Die Blutproben wurden den Ziegen jeden dritten Tag - vom 3. bis zum 40. Tag nach der Geburt - entnommen. Es wurden folgende biochemische Parameter im Serum bestimmt: Aspartataminotransferase (AST), Kreatinkinase (CK), Gammaglutamyltransferase ( -GT), alkalische Phosphatase (AP), Glukose, Gesamtproteine, Albumine, Triglyzeride, Cholesterin, ß-Hydroxibutyrat (BHB), Harnstoff, Kreatinin, Bilirubin, Kalzium, Phosphor, Natrium, Kalium, Chlor und Magnesium. Von den Hormonen wurden die Konzentrationen von Somatomedin C (IGF-I) und Progesteron ermittelt. Es wurden signifikant höhere Werte (P0, 05) zwischen den Gruppen verzeichnet. Durch den Vergleich der Hormonparameter konnten bei Burenziegen signifikant höhere Konzentrationen von Progesteron P4 (P

The purposed was to determine glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)acitivities in samples of whole blood of fattening yearlings under differen storage coditions. Blood samples from V. jugularis were taken freom seven healthy male animals aged 6-8 months into Vacutainer epruvettes. Each samples was separeted into nine Eppedorf epruvettes. Four samples from each animal were stored in a refrigerator at 4C, while five samples were stored in a freezer at -20C. The glutathion peroxidase activity in samples wad determined immediately, and on th first, second, fourth and seventh days after the samples were taken. In samples stored at -20C activity was also detemined on the 15th day after sampling taken. GSH-Px acitivity was determined by the RANSEL (Randox- Laboratories) method. The average value of enzyme activity increased during the first seven days of measuring in all tested samples (P>0.05), althought it is pointed out that the increase was lower in the frozen samples. Also, on the fifteenth day, GSH-Px acitivity in samples stored at -20C returned to its starting values (P

Objective: A three-year-old dog was presented to the Clinic, because of its inability to work, weakness, depression and gastrointestinal symptoms. The dog had regular training for the tracking and detection of explosives. Mass spectrometry could provides valuable information in detection analites with very minute quantities, so we analysed the presence of explosive in the patients serum using this tehnique. Materials: After evaporation of the current phase of serum, the sample was analysed on an Ionscan mass spectrometer (Barringer Instruments, USA). The sample was introduced into the ionisation source (radioactive 63Ni), ions are extracted into the analyser region of the mass spectrometer where they are separated according to their mass (m) -to-charge (z) ratios (m/z) . The separated ions are detected and this signal is sent to a data system where the m/z ratios are stored together with their relative abundance for presentation in the format of a m/z spectrum . Result: The detector indicated a characteristic peak for explosive pentaerythrityl tetranitrate (PETN) . Conclusion: PETN is a nitroglycerin compound, one of the strongest known high explosives. By now, it is known that PETN is immediately metabolized after oral administration and is not detectable in the plasma after oral exposure. Interestingly enough, and in contrast to this, we found PETN in the serum of the dog after long-lasting exposure. Since the majority of mass spectrometric applications in the clinic are ; neonatal screening, haemoglobin analysis and drug testing, we could add to this the possibility of detection of extremely low quantities (10-15 moles) of unusual components from the blood.

During this research, the concentration of acute phase protein haptoglobin was determine in the blood and milk of cows with subclinical mastitis. The first group consisted of 20 cows with supclinical mastitis, and the second group consisted of 10 healthy cows. Blood samples were taken from all cows in order to determine the haptoglobin concentration, and milk samples were taken for bacteriological test and somatic cell count. Statistical evidence, shows that there is a significant difference between the haptoglobin concentration in the blood and milk of cows with subclinical mastitis in comparison to the healthy cows. Based on the results obtained, we can conclude that the detection of the haptoglobin level in the blood serum and milk is a valuable indicator in discovering subclinical mastitis.

Unter klinischer Obhut wurden insegesamt zwanzig Hundinnen unterschiedlicher Rassen und Altersgruppen mit sichtbaren Milchdrusentumoren untersucht. Nach Zustimmung der Hundebesitzer wurde den Hundinne oral Pulver des Zeolith Clinoptilolith verabreicht. Die Anfangsdosis von 100 mg/kg KGW und Tag wurde auf zwei oder drei Portionen geteilt. Allen Hundinnen wurde mehrmals Blut fur hamatologische und biochemische Analysen entnommen. Gleichzeitin wurde bei den Hundinnen die Grosse der Tumore vermessen und protokolliert. Tumore kanem haufiger in den hinteren und sehr selten in den vorderen Milchdruse vor. Die Grosse der Tumore variierte von 3-100 mm. Es wurden keine wesentlichen unterschiede in den hamatolgischen und biochemischen Parametern beobacthet, ausser Anamie und in einzelenen Fallen einer verlangerter Sedimentation der Erythrozyten und einer Hypo- oder Hypercalcamie. Wichtig ist zu erwahnen, dass sich die grossen Tumore schon nach drei Monaten der peroralen Einnahme von Zeolith Clinoptilolith um ein Drittel verkleinert hatten, die Kleinene dagegen, die ursprunglich durshschnittlich einen Durchmesser von 20 mm aufwiesen, ganz verschwunden waren.

Istraženo je ukupno 14 pasa, devet mužjaka i pet ženki. Psi su bili u dobi od šest mjeseci do 14 godina. Najviše je bilo njemačkih ovčara, njih sedam, dva škotska ovčara, po jedan jorkšir terijer, engleski koker španijel, jazavčar, rotvajler i križanac. Svi su imali zajednički simptom - promijenjenu konzistenciju stolice. Od ostalih simptoma prisutni su bili kaheksija uz normalan ili pojačan apetit i koprofagija. Od hematoloških promjena ustanovljena je leukocitoza, a od biokemijskih parametara u većine povećana vrijednost amilaze, a u nekih neznatno povećane vrijednosti glukoze u krvnom serumu. Proba na filmu kod svih pasa bila je pozitivna. Dva tjedna nakon oralnog uzimanja nadomjeska tripsina u svih je pasa proba na filmu bila djelomično pozitivna, a nakon 30 do 45 dana negativna.

Bschrieben werden zwei Falle von Urolithiasis in Zwergkaninchen ; das mannliche Tier war vier Hahre alt und 1, 5 kg schwer, das weibliche funf Jahre alt und wog 3, 5 kg. Beim Rammler wurden Haematuria und Tenesmus beobachtet. Durch Rontgenuntersuchung wurde ein grosser Urolith in der urethra kranial vom Penis beobachten. Bei der Hasin wurde keine Haematuria festgestellt, die Urolithe verschiedener Grosse, sodass fur beide Tiere eine Operation indiziert wyr. Mit Hilfe der Infraortspektoskopie wurde festgestellt, dass es sich bei beiden Tieren um Kalziumkarbonat- und Kalziumhydokarbonat/phosphatesteine handelt.

Akutnofazni odgovor razvija se kod ozljeda, trauma ili infekcija tkiva pri čemu se javlja niz složenih reakcija. Njihov je cilj spriječavanje daljnjeg oštećenja tkiva, izoliranje i uništavanje infektivnih mikroorganizama, te aktiviranje procesa obnove oštećenog tkiva, koji su neophodni za povratak organizma u normalnu funkciju. Akutnofazni odgovor uključuje: akutnofazni odgovor središnjeg živčanog sustava, akutnofazni odgovor jetre, vrućicu, kataboličku reakciju, ubrzanje metabolizma te sekundarne promjene pojedinih funkcijskih sustava (hematopoeze, dišnog sustava te hemodinamike). Središnju ulogu u pokretanju akutnofaznog odgovora imaju citokini IL-1, TL-6 i TNF-a.

Fur die Untesucjung wurden insgesamt 75 Simmentaler-Kuhe herangezogen. Sie wurden in drei Gruppen eingeteilt: Die erste Gruppe umfasste 30 Milchkuhe, die an einer klinischen Mastitis litten, die zweite Gruppe 30 Milckuhe ohne sichtbare Anzeichen einer Mastitis und dritte Gruppe (Kontrollgruppe) 15 gesunde Milckhhuhe.

17 krava u dobi od 2-11 godina je ispitivano obzirom na krvne promjene tijekom akutnog i kroničnog oblika traumatskog retikuloperitonitisa.

Es wird ein malignes Melanom einer 12 Jahre alten Hundin der Rasse Tiesenschnauzer beschrieben. Ausser ruhigem Allgemeinbefinden und geringer Wasser- und Futteraufnahme konnten keine weiteren klinischen Symptome festgestellt werden. Die zuganglichen Lymphknoten waren jedoch leich vergrossert. Laboranalytische Blut- wie auch rontgenologische Befunde erweisen sich als unauffallig. sieben Tage nach der Aufnahme in die Klin ik verschlechterte sich jedoch der Zustand der Hundin, da sie epileptische Anfalle bekam. auf Wunsch des Eigentumers wurde das Tier am neunten Behandlugstag eingeschlafert. Die obduktion zeigte etwa 0, 5 bis 1 cm grosse, schwarze Neubildungen im Herzen, in der Pleura, in beiden Nieren und im Gehirn, die auf ein Melanom hinwiesen. Histopathologische Untersuchungsbefunde der genannten Neubildunge bistatigten die Diagnose malignes Melanom.

Glutation peroksidaza (GSH-Px) je jedan od izrazito aktivnih antioksidativnih enzima. Nedostatkom selena, koji je sastavni dio tog enzima, u organizmu dolazi do niza poremećaja koji se u svinja manifestiraju distrofijom poprečno-prugastog mišićja, dijetetskom hepatozom, mikroangiopatijom, te iznenadnim uginućima. Najviše su ugrožene životinje koje se hrane ili koje borave na područjima čija su tla siromašna tim mikroelementom. Dijagnostika se zasniva na temeljitim podacima o sastavu tla i hrane, te laboratorijskim pretragama koje mogu potvrditi nestašicu selena i/ili vitamina E te pato-histološkom pretragom. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi aktivnost GSH-Px u punoj krvi tovnih svinja koje se hrane gotovim krmnim smjesama

Acute-phase proteins are reliavble indicators of imflammation, infection, trauma, tissue damages, therpay success and prognosis of disease. Serum concentration of soma acute-phase proteins are increased during inflamation 2-3, up to a few hundred times. Haptoglobin is a major acute-phase protein in cattle which appears during acute-phase response.

Spominju se transfuzijske reakcije, koje često mogu ugroziti život. Učestalost transfuzijskih reakcija kreće se od 2, 9 do 13% ukupno provedenih transfuzija. Kako bi se smanjio rizik od razvoja bilo kojeg tipa transfuzijske reakcije nuzžno je prije samog provođenja trasfuzije provesti tipizaciju krvi.

U uzorcima krvi 95 pasa hrvatskih ovčara, 48 ženki i 47 mužjaka u dobi od jedne do 12 godina istraženi su neki biokemijski pokazatelji (ureja, kreatinin, ukupne bjelančevine, glukoza, ukupni bilirubin, AST, ALT, alkalna fosfataza, kreatinska kinaza, amilaza, Ca, P). Vrijednosti biokemijskih pokazatelja bile su unutar fizioloških granica. U 30 pasa iz te skupine također je određivana krvna grupa (DEA, engl. Dog Erythrocyte Antigen) 1.1. i standardni hemogram. U 27 pasa (90%) utvrđena je krvna grupa DEA1.1., što je značajno više od do sada objavljenih rezultata. Vrijednosti hematoloških pokazatelja bile su unutar fizioloških granica.

Cilj je istraživanja bio ustanoviti utjecaj metaboličkih parametara na povratak ciklične aktivnosti jajnika u puerperiju krava simentalske pasmine. Određivali smo slijedeće metaboličke parametre: glukozu, ukupne bjelančevine, ureju, te izoenzime AST, ALT i enzim kreatin kinazu kod ukupno 20 krava tijekom 45 dana puerperija. Krave u dobi od dvije do deset godina, pregledavane su ginekološki i ultrazvučno te smo ih podijeli u dvije skupine s obzirom na mliječnost. U prvoj skupini mliječnost je iznosila do 25L, a u drugoj 25 i više L dnevno. Uzorke krvi uzimali smo s pomoću vacutainer pribora iz repne vene dva puta tjedno počevši od četvrtog sve do 45-og dana puerperija. Dobiveni uzorci su centrifugirani i zamrznuti na -20°C do biokemijskih pretraga. Ustanovili smo signifikantu razliku (P0.05) za glukozu, ukupne bjelančevine i enzim kreatin kinazu. Uspoređujući korelacije među metaboličkim parametrima ustanovili smo da jedino između izoenzima AST i enzima kreatin kinaza postoje jake, pozitivne i signifikantne korelacije (r=0, 51 ; P

At the Clinic for the Internal diseases, a cow, Simmental breed, 2, 5 years old wass admitted. During the first artificial insemination of heifer the veterinarian in the field found out irregularities in the region of cervix uteri (cerix duplex) and at the owners request, the heifer was artificially inseminatede. He used two doses of semen for both cervical canales because it was not certain that they were passable. This anomaly did not cause any trouble during birth. The gynaecological examination at the Clinic confirmed a heredital anomaly of reproductive tract called cervix duplex. Both cervical canales were passable.

Es wird ein atypischer Hyperplasie-Pyometra-Komplex bei einer Hundin "Schwarzer Riesenschnauzer" beschrieben, die im Alter vom 11 Jahren mit der Diagnose Tonsilitis in der Klinik angenommen wurde. Anfangs zeigte das Tier typische Symptome einer Mandelentzunndung, wobei die Anzahl der Leukozyten im Blut (10, 4) und Konzentrationen von Harnstoff (6, 4) und Creatinin (102) im Serum Normalwerte zeigten. Nach einer intensiven funfatagigen antimikrobielen Behandlung (Amoxicillin/Clavulansaure und Enrofloxacin) und einer Infusionstherapie verschwanden die Symptome der Tonsilitis, doch verschlechterte sich der allgemeine Zustand der Patientin wesentlich. Am funften Tag der Therapie konnte man bei der Hundin Mudigkeit und Bewegungsunlust bemerken, das Abdome vergrosserte sich, und die Anzahl der Leukozyten (29, 2), Konzentrationen von Harnstoff (24, 5) und Creatinin (409) erhohten sich deutlich. Wegen der Vermutung auf Ansammlung des Eiters im Uterus wurde bei der Hundin Rontgen- und Ultraschallaufnahmen gemacht, wodurch Pyometra mit vershlossener Zervix diagnostiziert wurde. Mit Ovariohysterektomie wurden beide zystisch veranderten Eierstocke, die betrachtlich vergrosserte Gebarmutter und zahleiche Zystenbildungen auf der Gebarmutterserosa und dem breiten Uterusligament entfernt. Postoperativ verlief alles ordentlich, und nach einer Woche konnte man keine Anzeichen der Krankheit mehr bemerken.

The Museum fro the History of Veterinary Medicine at The Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb was established in 1936. The collected exhibit items are classified according to groups. One of the groups is a large collection of veterinary instruments, which are classified according to various veterinary fields and by the type of the operation in clinical diagnostic and medical treatment. Most instruments in the Museum originate from the period when the veterinary medicine was primarily used in diagnostics and treatment of large domestic animals. Thus instruments were used in large animal practice. A great deal of the described instruments is not in use any more and they have only a museum value. The purpose of this paper is to introduce int the history of veterinary medicine and the development of the veterinary science generally.

Transfuzija krvi je još uvijek malo zastupljena u liječenju mačaka. Osnovni uzrok je strah od pojave reakcija preosjetljivosti prilikom davanja nepodudarne krvne grupe. Za razliku od pasa, mačke imaju prirodna aloantitijela za antigen krvne grupe koju nemaju. Osim u trasfuziologiji, nepodudarnost krvnih grupa je problem i u uzgoju čistokrvnih mačaka. Naime, zbog nepodudarnosti krvne grupe između mužjaka i ženke neonatalna smrtnost mačića kod čistokrvnih je mačaka vrlo visoka. Taj problem mogao bi se riješiti uvođenjem određivanja krvne grupe u svakodnevnu kliničku praksu.

Transfuzija krvi u pojedinim je slučajevima jedini način liječenja nekih bolesti krvi i krvotvornih organa te nužni dio potporne terapije prilikom većih kirurških zahvata kao i obrade različitih trauma. Uvođenjem imunohematološkog ispitivanja krvi davatelja i primatelja postala je transfuzija krvi relativno sigurna i djelotvorna metoda liječenja. U pasa je najvažnije odrediti je li životinja pozitivna ili negativna na krvnu grupu DEA 1.1., jer je poznato da je ona antigeno najjača i klinički najznačajnija krvna grupa u pasa te najčešće uzrokuje transfuzijske reakcije.