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Harald Bauer: Bilanz einer Gemeindereform. Strukturen, Prozesse und Perspektiven am Beispiel der neuen Gemeinde Kusterdingen. (Geschichtsspuren. Schriften zur Geschichte des Raumes Härten, Band 1). Geschichtsverein Härten Kusterdingen 2003. 287 Seiten. Pappband € 22,-. ISBN 3-933916-09-7 (zu beziehen über Manfred Wandel, Jakob-Wandel-Weg 4, 72127 Kusterdingen)

Das zunehmend turbulente Umfeld produzierender Unternehmen erfordert die permanente Anpassung der Produktion an neue interne und externe Anforderungen. Daher ist ein effizientes Änderungsmanagement in der Produktion (MCM) ein Schlüsselfaktor zur Sicherung der langfristigen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. Im Rahmen der in diesem Beitrag vorgestellten Studie wurden Mitarbeitende produzierender Unternehmen zum Status quo des MCM und zur Anwendung der Änderungsauswirkungsanalyse (ÄAA) befragt. Die Studie liefert Informationen bezüglich der aktuellen Bedeutung und der Digitalisierung des MCM sowie bestehender Hindernisse bei der Durchführung der ÄAA. Um die aktuellen Entwicklungen einordnen zu können, werden die Kernaussagen in Relation zu einer in der Vergangenheit durchgeführten Studie gesetzt.**

Shorter product innovation cycles, high variant products, and demand fluctuation, as well as equipment life cycles and technology life cycles force manufacturing companies to regularly change their manufacturing system. In order to address this challenge, an efficient and structured change management is required. As change causes and factory elements are connected via a complex network of relations and flows, an essential step in change management is the evaluation of considered adjustments with regard to their effects on the current production system. Depending on the context of the application, change impact analysis must process specific inputs and deliver different results. Current approaches, however, each focus only on selected aspects of the versatility of change effects. To address this challenge, this paper presents a modular approach for the individual design of change impact analysis.

Managing innovation cycles in manufacturing is a key challenge within a volatile business environment characterized by product diversity, individualization, digitalization, interdisciplinary teams and emerging technologies. Shorter product and technology life cycles demand proactive innovation and high efficiency of existing manufacturing technologies at once. A great range of approaches, models, and tools is available in scientific literature, yet managing innovation cycles in manufacturing is associated with great effort, willingness to take risks, strategic vision, and operational capabilities. This paper defines a framework for cyclic innovation management in manufacturing systems in order to enable manufacturing companies to manage technological innovation with ambidexterity.

Kurzfassung Produzierende Industrieunternehmen werden zunehmend durch den globalen Wettbewerb und die Marktmacht von Kunden in Käufermärkten beeinflusst. Darüber hinaus werden Lebens- und Innovationszyklen von Produkten und Maschinen immer kürzer. Um diesen Herausforderungen begegnen zu können, müssen Produktionssysteme regelmäßig angepasst werden, wodurch hohe Kosten entstehen. Die detaillierte Bewertung der Änderungskosten ist für produzierende Industrieunternehmen in der Praxis von hoher Relevanz. Veröffentlichungen aus den Bereichen des Änderungsmanagements und der Änderungsauswirkungsanalyse behandeln Kosten jedoch nur auf einem sehr allgemeinen Niveau. Der vorliegende Beitrag adressiert die Herausforderungen der Kostenbewertung von Änderungsauswirkungen in der Produktion durch eine anwenderfreundliche und praxisnahe Kostenstruktur. Aufgrund des Detaillierungsgrades der Kostenpositionen kann die Kostenstruktur als Grundlage für eine spätere quantitative Bewertung verwendet werden.

In today's engineering projects, interdisciplinary work leads to an increase in interfaces between different departments and domains. As each stakeholder pursues different goals and tasks, a heterogeneous model landscape is required. In each domain, a variety of different model and software implementations provide the essential basis for efficient work. On the interfaces, the risk of model inconsistencies increases. To handle occurring inconsistencies, various approaches have been presented. For model-based systems engineering projects, rule-based methods are considered as the most suitable technique. However, said approaches require a high manual effort in identifying model dependencies and establishing consistency rules. Unfortunately, in particular these steps are not well described and supported. Therefore, this paper presents an easily applicable approach for the identification of model dependencies in interdisciplinary projects. The method is supported by a software implementation and is directly integrated in engineering workflows. A first industrial case study has shown positive effects of the approach and revealed further research goals.

Due to the fast growing and ever changing innovation cycles, industries are changing their strategies from a product-centric to service-centric approach, leading to the emergence of product-service systems (PSS) which integrate services into physical technical systems. In the model-based development of PSS, various models are employed by different stakeholders to represent their views on the system. However, there is a high diversity of these models in both forms and contents. Among others, business models and technical models come in different levels of abstraction, and thus, are hard to align with each other. In this study, we propose an approach to support PSS development by relating business models to technical models using ontology. Web ontology language (OWL) is employed to describe PSS knowledge, the Query Language SPARQL and Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) are used for consistency checking and reasoning potential inconsistencies.

Manufacturing companies nowadays face difficulties due to inefficient change management in domains as engineering, manufacturing, logistics, etc. Even though there are powerful software solutions and process-based methods available, it is uncertain how to efficiently react in an integrated manner to interdisciplinary changes. Whereas learning factories show great results for manufacturing education, change management is still uninvestigated in this context. Therefore, this work presents the basic infrastructure and use case for a demonstration and teaching environment that is currently being developed at Skoltech in collaboration with TUM. The results are derived from an integrated process for engineering and manufacturing change management.

Nowadays, the socio-technical manufacturing environment faces numerous challenges due to digitalization and demographic change. Testing new technologies or applying them into ongoing manufacturing systems without reducing productivity is very difficult, but it is crucial to stay competitive. Learning factories are particularly suitable in such volatile and challenging times, as they offer a protected environment for applying new ideas and methods. Since learning factories today are mainly focused on technology and organization, they can no longer meet the aforementioned challenges. Therefore, this paper presents a new framework for learning factories that also considers human aspects using the example of the InnoLab at the Institute for Machine Tools and Industrial Management (iwb).

We studied polished slickensides, which are perfectly preserved in the Obir Caves (Northern Karavanke Mountains, Austria) situated in the Middle Triassic Wetterstein limestone of the Hochobir massif. The investigated area is located close to the seismogenic ESE-trending Periadriatic Fault System, which is the border between the Eastern and Southern Alps. The polished slickensides observed on a block between two major left-lateral NE-SW trending slickensides record a range of polishing from none to highly-reflective fault surfaces. A classification of the different polishing grades of the fault surfaces inside the cave compared with their spatial orientation shows that there is no relationship between the degree of polishing and fault orientation. Associated cataclastically deformed brittle fault zones and partly polished slickensides at the cave entrance and on the Eastern slope of the Hochobir massif where the fault zone localizes in shattered dolomitic rocks, show similar kinematics and spatial orientation to the faults inside the Obir Caves.Thin section analysis identified the smooth fault mirror surfaces as principal slip surfaces. Cataclastic grains are truncated along the principal slip surfaces and along secondary Riedel faults. Five different stages of cataclastic deformation can be distinguished: I) Undeformed carbonate host rock. II) Isolated fractures in the host rock with injected ultracataclastic material. III) Dilation cataclasites containing jigsaw breccia. IV) Ultracataclasite with angular-to-rounded host rock fragments and jigsaw breccia. V) Ultracataclasite with isolated clasts and truncated grains close to the mirror surfaces.The microstructures including polished slickensides, injected cataclasites and truncated grains along principal slip surfaces as well as the geological position close to the seismogenic Periadriatic Fault System suggest that the investigated fault surfaces in the Obir Caves formed during seismic slip.

In the context of cross-disciplinary and cross-company cooperation, several challenges in developing manufacturing systems are revealed through industrial use cases. To tackle these challenges, two propositions are used in parallel. First, coupling technical models representing different content areas facilitates the detection of boundary crossing consequences, either by usinga posterioriora prioriconnection. Second, it is necessary to enrich these coupled technical models with team and organizational models as interventions focusing on the collaboration between individuals and teams within broader organizational conditions. Accordingly, a combined interdisciplinary approach is proposed. The feasibility and benefits of the approach is proven with an industrial use case. The use case shows that inconsistencies among teams can be identified by coupling engineering models and that an integrated organizational model can release the modelling process from communication barriers.

Industrie 4.0 is referred to as an umbrella term for various digital concepts e.g. IoT, CPS, Big Data, Data Analytics, Digital Twin, Digital Shadow, HRC, etc. Said concepts promise new potentials for production planning and steering (PPS) optimization. In particular, data availability is an enabler for an efficiency increase in PPS. Managers of lean manufacturing systems question how to integrate these new possibilities into the existing philosophy and optimization projects. It is currently uncertain whether Industrie 4.0 approaches replace or revive lean manufacturing. Within the iwb’s learning factory, we illustrate lean and Industrie 4.0 as complementary approaches by postulating five theories concerning their interaction. This paper presents the introduction of Industrie 4.0 into the program of the learning factory by proposing two integrated teaching. The concept was successfully implemented within the iwb’s learning factory.

Dieses Buch behandelt zentrale Themen des Operations Research und der Künstlichen Intelligenz und zeigt deren enge Verknüpfung auf. Neben klassischen Bereichen wie der Linearen Optimierung, der Graphentheorie und der Kombinatorischen Optimierung werden naturanaloge heuristische Verfahren vorgestellt und die Multiagententechnologie, die ein bedeutendes Teilgebiet der Künstlichen Intelligenz darstellt, behandelt. Hierbei werden sowohl autonome Agenten, die bei der Lösung verteilter Probleme zusammenarbeiten, als auch die Zusammenarbeit der Agenten mit Hilfe von Verfahren aus dem Operations Research optimiert. Überblick über die behandelten Themenfelder: Lineare Optimierung, Graphentheorie, Kombinatorische Optimierungsprobleme, Ameisenalgorithmen, Genetische Algorithmen, Agenten-basierte Verhandlungen und Schwarmintelligenz.

The lowermost unit of the Cretaceous succession onshore Lebanon is a widespread prominent sandstone formation traditionally known as the “Gres de Base”. The formation commonly consists of sandstones with some claystones, shales, lignites and locally volcanic rocks. Based on outcrop samples taken in the central and northern parts of Mount Lebanon the petrographical composition of the typical Chouf Sandstone is dominated by monocrystalline quartz (85–95%) indicating a well-sorted sandstone. Sedimentological observations suggest that the Chouf Formation deposited in fluvial, coastal plain and deltaic environments. The Barremian Chouf Sandstone is variable in thickness, ranging from a few metres to more than 700 m. Some abrupt lateral isopach variations are interpreted to be the result of deposition in individual extensional mini-basins located in a much larger overall basin extending into neighbouring Syria, Jordan and Israel/Palestine. Due to the lack of subsurface information, the isopach values were estimated from remote sensing observations of the Chouf outcrop geometries in NW Lebanon. Assuming a syn-rift origin for this formation, the thickness measurements were interpreted in the context of numerous half-grabens with the master normal faults trending WNW-ESE. The petrography of the Chouf Sandstone exposed at the surface suggests a potentially moderate to good reservoir in the subsurface as well. U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology of eight Chouf rock samples collected in NW Lebanon confirms this interpretation in agreement with earlier findings on age equivalent sandstones, some 400 km to the south. The good reservoir potential of these regional Neocomian to Barremian sandstones is mostly due to their recycled nature from quartz-rich Cambrian-Ordovician sandstones. Age-equivalent sandstones are proven reservoirs in the broader region, therefore the Chouf play could be a viable petroleum exploration target in both offshore and onshore Lebanon.

In today’s globalization process technical Product-Service Systems (PSS) are subject to cyclic innovations. These innovations imply different changes in various engineering domains (i.e. product development, manufacturing systems and automated Production Systems). To cope with these changes, various approaches are developed within each domain. On the contrary, these domains are tightly coupled and thus, an integrated view often impedes successful management of changes. Building on the work of an interdisciplinary research collaboration, we present various methods and models addressing change management. Subsequently, we classify these approaches and explore how an interdisciplinary view can enrich integrated change management. Finally, we derive a representative use case, which will serve as demonstration case for the obtained scientific results and practical tool in the context of interdisciplinary change management for technical PSS.

Kurzfassung Ein essentieller Schritt im Änderungsmanagement ist die Bewertung der Änderungen hinsichtlich ihrer Auswirkungen auf das derzeitige Produktionssystem. Je nach Kontext der Anwendung muss die Änderungsauswirkungsanalyse dabei spezifische Inputs verarbeiten und unterschiedliche Ergebnisse liefern. Aktuelle Vorgehensweisen fokussieren jedoch nur ausgewählte Aspekte der Vielseitigkeit von Änderungsauswirkungen. Um dieser Herausforderung zu begegnen, stellt dieser Beitrag einen modularen Ansatz für die individuelle Gestaltung der Auswirkungsanalyse vor. Basierend auf einer Klassifikation des Anwendungsfalls werden dabei geeignete Analysemethoden ausgewählt und zu einem Gesamtprozess kombiniert.

Value shift towards services led to emergence of product-service systems (PSS) as intertwined products and services. PSS development requires collaborating teams with higher domain diversity to tackle service side as well as product side. Since every domain employs a particular set of tools and models, it is challenging to manage consistency among them. However, the PSS literature lacks approaches for managing inconsistency among various type of models. This study proposes a framework that supports establishing a systematic solution for inconsistency identification during PSS development.

Due to shortened product innovation cycles, high variant products, demand fluctuation, equipment life cycles, and technology life cycles, regular changes in manufacturing systems are necessary. As elements of a factory are connected via a complex network of relations and flows, single changes can have an impact on the entire manufacturing system. In order to enable a successful change management, companies need to understand and consider all possible change impacts. For this purpose, this paper presents a method for change impact analysis in factory systems. By combination of manufacturing system modeling and a network of manufacturing metrics, change impacts on arbitrary metrics can be estimated. The definition of constraints between factory element properties improves the certainty of the analysis' results. Consecutive required changes are applied directly to the model and are equally considered in the change impact analysis. In an exemplary scenario, the applicability in principle of the approach is demonstrated, but also, current limitations and further research activities are identified.

Common modeling in interdisciplinary contexts, such as innovation management, is a challenge, given that different disciplines often do not fully understand each other's models and paradigms. Building on the work of an interdisciplinary research collaboration, we explore, in which way interdisciplinary modeling can enrich innovation management. We show that models can be described on a general level by delineating what a model generally is in these disciplines, what types of models exist, the object which is modeled by the model and how the model can be tested. We present a use case to demonstrate how different models can be applied. Finally, we derive four fields of application, which are especially fruitful for and can benefit from interdisciplinary modeling: change management, knowledge management, inconsistency management, and user integration. Our next step will be the development of a "designing platform", which will provide scientific results and practical tools regarding interdisciplinary cooperation in the context of innovation cycle management of product-service-systems (PSS).

Seit 1994 werden über eine Expertenschätzung Daten zur Produktionstechnik im Zuckerrübenanbau auf Basis der Einzugsgebiete der Zuckerfabriken in Deutschland erhoben. Für verschiedene Parameter im Bereich des Pflanzenschutzes bestehen deutliche Unterschiede zwischen einzelnen Regionen, die größer sind als im Bereich der übrigen Produktionstechnik. So wird beim Saatenschutz in den Regionen Nord-Ost und Ost nur auf 20% der Flächen eine hohe Insektizidausstattung gewählt, während dies in den anderen Regionen auf ca.70% der Flächen der Fall ist. Ähnlich verhält es sich im Bereich der Blattkrankheiten, die in den Regionen Nord-Ost und Ost in geringerem Ausmaß auf ca.50% der Fläche auftreten. In den anderen Regionen liegt dieser Anteil bei ca.90%. Entsprechend unterscheidet sich auch die Intensität der Fungizidapplikation. Im Bereich der Herbizide bestehen zwischen den Regionen hingegen keine Unterschiede. Hier werden in allen Regionen ca.drei Nachauflaufbehandlungen angewendet um die Unkräuter zu bekämpfen. Das Auftreten von schädlichen Insekten schwankt zwischen den Regionen und zwischen den Jahren stärker als bei allen anderen Krankheiten, wobei den Blattläusen die größte Bedeutung zukommt. Aufgrund der insektiziden Ausstattung des Saatgutes sind nur wenige flächige Insektizidapplikationen nötig.

Background and Purpose— Although conceivably relevant for penumbra oxygenation, the optimal levels of hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) in patients with acute ischemic stroke are unknown. Methods— We identified patients from our prospective local stroke database who received intravenous thrombolysis based on multimodal magnet resonance imaging during the years 1998 to 2009. A favorable outcome at 3 months was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score ≤2 and a poor outcome as a modified Rankin Scale score ≥3. The dynamics of Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Hct), and other relevant laboratory parameters as well as cardiovascular risk factors were retrospectively assessed and analyzed between these 2 groups. Results— Of 217 patients, 114 had a favorable and 103 a poor outcome. In a multivariable regression model, anemia until day 5 after admission (odds ratio [OR]=2.61; 95% CI, 1.33 to 5.11; P =0.005), Hb nadir (OR=0.81; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.99; P =0.038), and Hct nadir (OR=0.93; 95% CI, 0.87 to 0.99; P =0.038) remained independent predictors for poor outcome at 3 months. Mortality after 3 months was independently associated with Hb nadir (OR=0.80; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.98; P =0.028) and Hb decrease (OR=1.34; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.76; P =0.04) as well as Hct decrease (OR=1.12; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.23; P =0.027). Conclusions— Poor outcome and mortality after ischemic stroke are strongly associated with low and further decreasing Hb and Hct levels. This decrease of Hb and Hct levels after admission might be more relevant and accessible to treatment than are baseline levels.

To compare a modified pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) and pulse-contour analysis by the PiCCO (Pulsion Medical Systems, Munich, Germany) system for continuous assessment of cardiac output in patients with septic shock. In addition, to assess the relationships between an index of global end-diastolic volume (GEDV) derived by the PiCCO system with traditional PAC-derived indicators of filling: central venous pressure; pulmonary artery occlusion pressure; and right ventricular end-diastolic volume (RVEDV). Prospective cohort study. Surgical intensive care unit of a university hospital. 14 patients with septic shock. None. A significant correlation was found between continuous cardiac output by PAC (CCOPAC) and by pulse-contour analysis (r 2 = 0.714, p

The paper gives an overview of a novel innovative vision system embedded in manufacturing applications. The system is able to handle (1) unknown products, (2) in-available data, (3) large disturbances and deviations (shape, position, or even part type) and (4) even very small lot-sizes. The concept foresees a full integration into production technology. Products to be processed are past through a flexible 3D sensor cell. The proposed system adapts its sensor system to arbitrary product geometry and builds a 3D world model of the task space using a fast and robust 3D object recognition system.

We consider optimal control problems for systems described by stochastic differential equations with delay. We state conditions for certain classes of such systems under which the stochastic control problems become finite-dimensional. These conditions are illustrated with three applications. First, we solve some linear quadratic problems with delay. Then we find the optimal consumption rate in a financial market with delay. Finally, we solve explicitly a deterministic fluid problem with delay which arises from admission control in ATM communication networks.

Purpose Prognosis of patients with glioblastoma is poor. Therefore, in glioblastoma patients, we analyzed whether antitumor vaccination with a virus-modified autologous tumor cell vaccine is feasible and safe. Also, we determined the influence on progression-free survival and overall survival and on vaccination-induced antitumor reactivity. Patients and Methods In a nonrandomized study, 23 patients were vaccinated and compared with nonvaccinated controls (n = 87). Vaccine was prepared from patient's tumor cell cultures by infection of the cells with Newcastle Disease Virus, followed by gamma-irradiation, and applied up to eight times. Antitumor immune reactivity was determined in skin, blood, and relapsed tumor by delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reaction, ELISPOT assay, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results Establishment of tumor cell cultures was successful in approximately 90% of patients. After vaccination, we observed no severe side effects. The median progression-free survival of vaccinated patients was 40 weeks (v 26 weeks in controls; log-rank test, P = .024), and the median overall survival of vaccinated patients was 100 weeks (v 49 weeks in controls; log-rank test, P < .001). Forty-five percent of the controls survived 1 year, 11% survived 2 years, and there were no long-term survivors (≥ 3 years). Ninety-one percent of vaccinated patients survived 1 year, 39% survived 2 years, and 4% were long-term survivors. In the vaccinated group, immune monitoring revealed significant increases of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity, numbers of tumor-reactive memory T cells, and numbers of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes in secondary tumors. Conclusion Postoperative vaccination with virus-modified autologous tumor cells seems to be feasible and safe and to improve the prognosis of patients with glioblastomas. This could be substantiated by the observed antitumor immune response.

In 25 cardiac surgical patients, right ventricular ejection fraction was continuously measured with a new pulmonary artery catheter and transoesophageal echocardiography, scanning the 'fractional area change' in a standardised transatrial cross section area. Measurements were recorded at three predefined time points (pre-, intra-, and postoperatively). Both methods were compared using the Bland-Altman analysis. Comparing right ventricular ejection fraction values obtained from the pulmonary artery catheter with those assessed by transoesophageal echocardiography, bias was -3.7%, with a precision of 30.9%. Bias and precision significantly improved when the heart rate was less than 100 beats.min(-1), pulmonary artery pressures were low and cardiac performance adequate. In conclusion, the new continuous pulmonary artery catheter system appears to be a valid and useful bedside monitoring device in the haemodynamic management of critically ill patients.

Although several clinical studies have shown that increased serum concentrations of protein S100B predict ischaemic brain damage after cardiac surgery, S100B may also be released from the heart or other injured tissue. We therefore investigated the correlation between serum S100B levels and those of the specific cardiac marker troponin I in order to assess the cerebral vs. extracerebral origin of S100B. In 64 cardiac surgical patients, serial blood samples were drawn for the measurement of S100B and troponin I before surgery and for seven days after surgery. Neurological function was assessed before with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and the Folstein Mini Mental Test. The data show that a sustained increase in serum S100B levels is associated with neurological dysfunction, as witnessed by a positive correlation between S100B values and the results of the neuropsychological tests. In contrast, the early postoperative increased levels of protein S100B derive from cardiac tissue, as shown by the positive correlation between S100B and cardiac troponin I levels.

Inhibition of angiogenesis by blocking angiogenic cytokines or their pathways has become a major target in experimental cancer therapies. This therapeutical approach requires a profound knowledge of growth factor profiles that contribute to tumor growth and progression. The respective knowledge is presently rather incomplete for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Therefore we studied expression of several angiogenic cytokines including VEGF, bFGF, PDGF-AB, PDGF-BB, G-CSF and GM-CSF in HNSCC in vivo and in vitro. In tumor tissues expression of all cytokines was observed albeit with marked differences concerning intensity and distribution pattern. Quantification of the cytokines in the supernatant of 15 tissue-corresponding HNSCC cultures revealed that VEGF, PDGF-AB and less frequently GM-CSF were secreted in high amounts of up to 13 ng/ml/10(6) cells. Twenty percent of the HNSCC cultures expressed only 1 cytokine in biologically active amounts, 60% 2 or 3 and 20% expressed the maximum of 4 cytokines simultaneously. Interestingly, we observed a distinct cytokine pattern: HNSCC cells secreting only 1 or 2 cytokines presented always with either VEGF and/or PDGF-AB, while G-CSF and GM-CSF were secreted primarily together with VEGF and PDGF-AB. The number of cytokines expressed by HNSCC cells correlated with the microvessel density of the original tumor and with the clinical outcome: tumors producing at least 3 cytokines revealed a significantly poorer patient prognosis. Our data indicate a major role for VEGF and PDGF-AB in HNSCC and that the additional secretion of G-CSF or GM-CSF might contribute to a poorer prognosis in patients suffering from these tumors.

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that there is a lack of agreement between intermittent cold bolus thermodilution (ICO) and a semicontinuous method with dilution of heat (CCO) in cardiac surgical patients following hypothermic extracorporeal circulation (HCPB). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare both ICO and CCO with continuous pulse contour analysis (PCCO): a method based on a fundamentally different principle of determining cardiac output (CO). Methods: A prospective criterion standard study of 25 cardiac surgery patients undergoing HCPB. Cardiac output was determined using the three methods (ICO, CCO, and PCCO) before and after HCPB up to 12 h after arrival on the ICU. Bias and precision were evaluated. Results: A total of 380 triple determinations of CO could be analyzed. During the entire study period bias PCCO-ICO was −0.14 l*/min (precision 1.16 l*/min) and bias CCO-ICO was −0.40 l*/min (precision 1.25 l*/min). Up to 45 min after bypass PCCO agreed with ICO (bias −0.21 l*/min, precision 1.37 l*/min), while bias CCO-ICO was −1.30 l*/min (precision 1.45 l*/min). Conclusion: The agreement between PCCO and ICO in contrast to CCO in the first 45 min after HCPB indicates that CCO underestimates CO during this period.

Due to the high energy density of lithium metal anode in the secondary battery much effort has been done to investigate lithium deposition. However, only few publications have been done to analyze the Lithium deposition at current densities (cd) of 5 mA/cm² and more, which are relevant for automotive applications. In this work we show time resolved behavior of lithium deposition with cd varied between 0.1-200 mA/cm². The experiments were made in a pseudo-two dimensional optical cell with a symmetric Lithium configuration. Electrolyte was a 1 mol/l solution of LiTFSI in PC:DC (1:1), at room temperature. The distance between anode and cathode was 1mm and active surface 6x10-4 cm². While deposition at low cd led to a dendritic growth of Lithium, with a high current density 10 mA/cm² a homogenous dendritic sheath of lithium was observed. The dendrite growth mechanism was found to be time dependent and changes during the deposition while all external parameters (current, temperature,…) are kept constant. The growth behavior changes from a homogenously distributed dendritic growth at the beginning to the growth of distinct positions only in an advanced state of the deposition. Optical and electrical signals were correlated in real-time during cycling. A strong indication is given for the formation of “death Lithium” for every cd.