Search

The release of textile dyes from the industries to the environment has become a significant health issue to humans and their surroundings, where a large number of dyes are wasted to the nearby water during the dyeing process. Therefore, the practice of the utilization of biosynthesized nanoparticles from numerous biological systems has been described, out of which plant material is considered the most appropriate method. The usage of plant material not only makes the procedure ecological but also their abundance makes it more cost-effective. The present study aims to biologically produce selenium nanoparticle using Mucuna pruriens seed powder and apply it in the degradation of dyes and removal of pathogenic bacterial cultures from pathogen-containing lake water using an optimum concentration of selenium nanoparticles. The production of selenium nanoparticles was characterized via visual coloration from colorless to brown solution which was checked using UV–Visible spectrophotometer, the crystalline structure was analyzed using X-ray diffraction, the morphology was analyzed with transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, which was in the range of 90–120 nm, with stable spherical monodisperse characteristics. The surface potential was checked using zeta potential, while the Atomic Force Microscopy gave information on the roughness of the nanoparticles, and the presence of –OH, −COO, aromatic groups were confirmed with Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were then analyzed for its environmental applications, like degradation of dyes from industrial wastes and checking its antimicrobial activities.

The present investigation concentrates on the green combination of biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles utilizing aqueous extract of cow urine as a green technique with no external chemicals, reagents, or surfactants. The combination of parameters, for example, the sodium selenite precursor concentration, or the concentration of cow urine extract, time of synthesis, and pH on the particle size of combined selenium particles, was explored and enhanced. The participation of the factors in controlling the particle size of reduced SeNPs was quantitatively evaluated by means of analysis of variance (ANOVA). The UV-Vis spectroscopy was utilized to screen the selenium nanoparticle development followed by electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), DLS, AFM, and EDAX. The optimized nanoparticles were subjected to antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative cultures, out of which the highest activity was observed for Klebsiella sp. The biosynthesized and optimized selenium nanoparticles can be further used for various pharmaceutical or industrial applications.

Biogenic method of synthesis of nanoparticles is being preferred over the conventional chemical and physical methods due to its reduced toxicity towards the environment which uses living organisms like plants, microalgae and other microorganisms. The biomolecules present help in the reduction of Sodium Selenite to its elemental form Selenium nanoparticles. Z. officinale was used for the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles which was confirmed by the color change from pale yellow to red. The morphology of the nanoparticles was characterized by various techniques like SEM, TEM, DLS and AFM which revealed the size of the nanoparticles to be around 100-150 nm with a spherical shape, while the Zeta potential results also revealed its high stability nature. Its anti-microbial activity was tested against five bacterial species Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus sp. The antibacterial activity of selenium nanoparticles was found to be significantly effective against Proteus sp. when compared with other species and thus the growth curve of Proteus sp. bacterial isolate treated with SeNPs was estimated. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the Selenium nanoparticles against Proteus sp. showed that a concentration of about 250 μg/mL was required to establish its bactericidal activity. The antioxidant activity was also checked by using the DPPH assay. In the need of developing an eco-friendly, cost-effective and efficient biomedical agent that can also be compatible with pharmaceutical and industrial purposes was served through this paper.

Nanoparticles are now being applied in many different fields. Metal and polymer nanoparticles are playing major roles in nanoparticle-based research. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are an important form of metal oxide nanoparticle, with broad applications in biomedical and environmental (dye degradation, heavy metal degradation) fields, and in industry. Various parts of plants (leaves, fruit, seeds, bark, stems, and roots), algae, bioactive compounds, and microorganisms are used in nanoparticle synthesis. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, yeast, and microalgae is experiencing vigorous growth. Biosynthesized nanoparticles are characterized using various techniques such as differential thermal analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, static light scattering, thermal gravimetric analysis, and photoelectron spectrometry. Microbe-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles are used in many biomedical applications, such as antimicrobial activity against different pathogens, anticancer activity, and antiinflammatory activity.

Multiple types of inflammations caused by foreign pathogens or chemicals and mutations that upregulate inflammation enhancers kindle the need of developing new vectors for the treatment of inflammation. Nanoparticles have been used in various fields ranging from the food industry, cosmetic industry and agricultural industry to devices like sensors, solar cells, and batteries. Nanoparticles have been used in the medical and research fields due to their high penetration power even inside cells and have the excellent ligand-binding properties due to their high surface area to volume ratio. Mechanistic study of anti-inflammatory activities of various metal and metal oxide nanoparticles like silver, gold, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and selenium have been discussed in the following literature review. The present study focuses on the differential uptake of nanoparticles into cells and the anti-inflammatory mechanism adopted by the nanoparticles synthesized by green routes. It also gives a concise literature review of the various green sources used for the synthesis of nanoparticles and the mechanism of action of each nanoparticle.

Green synthesis is an eco-friendly approach to nanoparticle production, which eliminates the use of toxic chemicals, high temperatures, and costly equipment needed for traditional physical and chemical synthesis methods. This eco-friendly approach was used in the present study to biosynthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from Mangifera indica (mango) leaves which were then evaluated for their antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effects on lung cancer A549 cells. Synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and EDX analyses. The XRD and SEM analyses showed 45–60 nm as the size of synthesized nanoparticles, the pure crystal form of ZnO NPs, and the shape of the NPs as nearly spherical and hexagonal quartzite. The antioxidant potential of nanoparticles was estimated using a DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The percent of viable cells was inversely proportional to the concentration of ZnO nanoparticles at 25 μg/mL concentration. The MTT assay used for cytotoxicity evaluation depicted the significant cytotoxic effect of ZnO NPs against the A549 lung cancer cell line. The drop in the proportion of viable A549 cells after exposure to ZnO NPs was comparable to the effects of the standard drug used i.e. cyclophosphamide. Antioxidant activity of NPs was increased by increasing the concentration of NPs. The present biosynthesis approach is rapid, inexpensive and eco-friendly and it yielded highly stable ZnO NPs with significant antioxidant and anticancer potential. This is the first report of M. indicia -mediated synthesis of ZnO NPs as antioxidant and, anticancer agents for the treatment of lung cancer and subsequent therapeutic applications.

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extract is an eco- friendly approach which eliminates the need for using physical and chemical techniques. Nanoparticle use in medical field specially anti-diabetes and anti-cancer application has remained in recent studies owing to its large surface area to volume ratio, which imparts them the capability to interact with any kind of membrane and enzymes in a better manner. This paper presents the optimized synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using lemongrass and visualizing its in-vitro anti-diabetic potential. This study involves the comparative analysis of Conventionally heated (CH) and Microwave irradiated (MI) technique for the synthesis of Ag NPs from lemongrass for the first time. The crystalline nature of the nanoparticles was confirmed using X-ray diffraction assay (XRD) with average size range of 75 nm, the size, and shape of the nanoparticles were confirmed as spherical shaped using scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated aggregate formation of size range 138 nm with mean average size of individual nanoparticle as 80 nm, elements present in the nanoparticles confirmed using elemental dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX) and the functional groups of plant extract responsible for nanoparticles synthesis have been confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Surface morphology and the dispersity were observed by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The anti-diabetic potential of nanoparticle synthesized was studied using amylase activity inhibition Assay and glucose diffusion-inhibitory Assay.

Siderophores are small molecules that can easily bind to ferric iron. As a chelating agent, they transport iron molecules inside the bacterial cell for various biochemical reactions. Due to its various applications in medicinal, industrial and environmental related aspects, this paper deals with characterization and optimization of few siderophores producing bacteria from the soil samples, collected from Chikkamagaluru district, Karnataka. The siderophores production was assayed qualitatively and quantitatively through Chrome Azurol S and the results showed positive for the strains VITVK5 and VITVK6 that grown in succinate medium. Further characterization and optimization results revealed that both the bacterium has the ability to yield siderophores (â¼60â80% units) in the optimum condition of pH 8, at 37â°C with glucose and sucrose as a carbon source and NaNO3 as a nitrogen source. Thus, the study concludes that strains VITVK5 and VITVK6 can be promising candidates for the siderophores production which can play major applications in medicinal and industrial aspects. Keywords: Siderophores, Chelation, Medicinal, Industrial, Optimization

Microbial infection prevalence has increased by several folds in the past decade due to the origination of multidrug resistance. The current investigation is dedicated to evaluating the antibacterial potential of Mucuna pruriens seed extract functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). ZnO NPs synthesis was confirmed using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis). The average diameter of ZnO NPs aggregate was estimated to be 60 nm using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and elemental dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX) analysis confirmed the synthesis of pure, spherical shaped ZnO NPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) indicates functional groups of seed involved in nanoparticle synthesis. The anti-bacterial activity of ZnO NPs was investigated by the growth curve generation of native and nanoparticle treated bacteria, broth dilution method to identify MIC and IC50 value. SEM and EDAX analysis of bacterial cells gave insight into the mechanism used by nanoparticle for bacterial growth inhibition.

Selenium, a building block of the amino acid selenocysteine, which produces selenoproteins like peroxidases and reductases, can be considered an integral micronutrient in the body. The nanoformulation of selenium can be synthesized by physical, chemical, and biological methods. The biogenic synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are stable, as they do not aggregate due to the coating of biomolecules on its surface. The SeNPs turn from colorless to an intense red color when the microbial cultures are exposed to the precursor. The mechanism involved in the synthesis of SeNPs or detoxification to Se0, via microbial pathway, can either be intracellularly or by external precipitation of selenite by the protein systems present in the microbes. The SeNPs have paved their way into the field of biomedicine by serving as an anticarcinogenic agent, antidiabetic agents, antioxidant agent, or as a nutritional supplement, also as a drug supplement against AIDS or in the treatment of various autoimmune ailments. As bionanotechnology rises in today’s generations, nanotoxicology has also become an important part to be studied. The nano form of selenium poses a low toxicity when compared with other chemical forms of selenium, as tested in rat models.

One of the fundamental subjects in nanoscience is the incorporation of green chemistry for nanotechnology. As of late, the constantly expanding need to create eco-accommodating metal nanoparticle blend forms is being investigated. The requirement for biosynthesis of nanoparticles rises in light of the fact that the physical and chemical procedures are expensive, unsafe, take more time, and are a dreary procedure to confine nanoparticles. To deliver nanoparticles, microorganism cells or plant concentrates can be used for biosynthetic techniques. The use of plant concentrates for their biosynthetic response is one of the imperative branches of biosynthesis of nanoparticles. CuNPs additionally have a high surface-territory-to-volume proportion, low generation cost, antibacterial strength, reactant movement, and optical and attractive properties when contrasted with other metals, for example, gold, silver, or palladium. The primary trouble lies in their arrangement and conservation as they oxidize quickly when uncovered in air. Researchers are utilizing diverse idle media, for example, argon and nitrogen, to defeat this oxidation issue, additionally utilizing reducing, capping, or protecting agents to reduce the amount of copper salt utilized. This review depicts the different uses of green orchestrated copper nanoparticles in the field of biomedicine.

A large array of diseases caused by bacterial pathogens and origination of multidrug resistance in their gene provokes the need of developing new vectors or novel drug molecules for effective drug delivery and thus, better treatment of disease. The nanoparticle has emerged as a novel drug molecule in last decade and has been used in various industrial fields like cosmetics, healthcare, agricultural, pharmaceuticals due to their high optical, electronic, medicinal properties. Use of nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent remain in current studies with metal nanoparticles like silver, gold, copper, iron and metal oxide nanoparticles like zinc oxide, copper oxide, titanium oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles. The high anti-bacterial activity of nanoparticles is due to their large surface area to volume ratio which allows binding of a large number of ligands on nanoparticle surface and hence, its complexation with receptors present on the bacterial surface. Green synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle (ZnO NP) and its anti-bacterial application has been particularly discussed in the review literature. The present study highlights differential nanoparticle attachment to gram + and gram - bacterial surface and different mechanism adopted by nanoparticle for bacterial control. Pharmacokinetics and applications of ZnO NP are also discussed briefly.

The green synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Kalanchoe pinnata leaf extract has been illustrated in detail. Size plays a very significant role in maintaining the pharmacokinetic behavior of nanoparticle and thus, the size of ZnO NPs was optimized statistically using response surface methodology (RSM) with the Central composite design. Nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), Selected area electron diffraction (SAED), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Zeta analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) which demonstrated the synthesis of hexagonal, spherical, pure and stable ZnO NPs with average crystallite size of 24 nm. The biocompatibility of ZnO NPs was established using 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay on RAW 264.7 murine macrophage model. Anti-inflammatory potential of ZnO NPs was investigated on LPS induced murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), Interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6), and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) enzyme were checked using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to determine the protein level of cytokines upon ZnO treatment and LPS induction. The nitric oxide levels were evaluated with the help of Griess reagent and also the anti-oxidant activity was accessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using plant extracts provides an eco-friendly and promising substitute to the conventional methods of chemical synthesis. The present study focuses on the fabrication of nano-sized ZnO particles by using zinc oxide as a precursor molecule and leaf extract of Cinnamomum Tamala as a reducing and capping agent. The morphology and structural properties of these concocted ZnO NPs were characterized by UV–Visible (UV–Vis) Spectrophotometry, Zeta Potential analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy. The nanoparticles have a particle size of 26.57 nm and were in the hexagonal wurtzite phase which was confirmed by XRD analysis. Zeta potential analysis confirmed the moderate stability of the nanoparticles and SEM analysis confirmed that the nanoparticles were spherical and hexagonal in shape. The antibacterial properties of the nanoparticle against Staphylococcus aureus were studied by broth dilution method, protein leakage analysis, membrane stability analysis, and growth curve analysis on selected bacterial species. The results showed time and concentration-dependent reduction in bacterial growth by leakage of intracellular proteins and cellular contents due to membrane damage. This method of synthesis of ZnO NPs from Cinnamomum Tamala is simple, eco-friendly, cost-effective and convenient and, therefore, is expected to have applications in bio-remediation, drug deliveries, catalysis, and other medical fields.

The green synthesis of the metal silver (Ag) nanoparticles was successfully performed by one step procedure of using reducing agents of M. pruriens seed extract. The rod-shaped of size 20-60 nm Ag nanoparticles was used in the medical application of lung cancer under optimized conditions. The characterization of the biosynthesized nanoparticles was done using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Energy dispersion analysis of X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The FTIR analysis confirms the occurrence of functional groups which proved to be responsible for the stabilization or reduction of these nanoparticles. The Ag nanoparticles in dose-dependent manner was persistent in inhibiting the lung cancer cell line A549 growth which was evaluated using the MTT assay which was evaluated with the IC50 value of 50µg when compared with the standard commercialized drug.

This study presents a rapid, non-toxic, eco- friendly procedure for the synthesis of silver nanoparticle (Ag NP) using Kalanchoe pinnata fresh leaves extract. The plant extract acted as a reducing agent as well as a capping and stabilization agent. Synthesis of nanoparticle was estimated by visual interpretation as a preliminary test and UV-visible Spectroscopy showing standard peak at the range of 430 nm as a confirmatory test. X-ray diffraction assay (XRD) confirmed the crystalline nature of synthesized nanoparticle. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis was performed to identify the functional groups of plant involved in the reduction of metallic silver. Size estimation of nanoparticle was conducted through Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis which confirmed the size range of nanoparticle as 50-70 nm. Further characterization of biosynthesized nanoparticle included Atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging which depicted the topography of the nanoparticle. Elemental composition analysis of the nanoparticles was conducted using Energy dispersion analysis of X-ray (EDAX) analysis that demonstrated the presence of silver in great proportion. Potent antibacterial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticle have been found against both Gram-positive species (Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Listeria sp., Salmonella sp.) and Gram-negative bacteria like E.coli sp.