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Abstract Significant strides have been made in understanding El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics, yet its long-lead prediction remains challenging, especially for the El Niño events after 2000. Sea surface salinity (SSS) is known to affect ENSO development and intensity by influencing ocean stratification and heat redistribution and therefore, when combined with sea surface temperature (SST) data, can potentially enhance ENSO forecast skill. In this study, we develop a deep learning (DL) model that incorporates a multiscale-pyramid structure and spatiotemporal feature extraction blocks, and the model successfully extends effective ENSO forecast lead time to 24 months for 2000–2021 with reduced effect of the spring predictability barrier (SPB). Interpretable methods are then applied to reveal the time-dependent roles of SST and SSS in ENSO forecast. More specifically, SST is critical for short-medium lead forecasts (6 months). Furthermore, we track global SST and SSS spatiotemporal shifts related to subsequent ENSO development, highlighting the importance of ocean inter-basin and tropics-extratropics interactions. With increasing availability of satellite SSS observations, our findings unveil unprecedented potential for advancing ENSO long-lead forecast skills.

Abstract. Background:. The incidence rate of lung cancer in women has significantly increased over the past decade, and previous evidence has indicated a significant relationship between the elevated levels of sex hormones and the risk of lung cancer. Therefore, we hypothesized that female hormone-related cancer (FHRC) patients, including breast, endometrial, cervical, and ovarian cancer patients, may experience a higher risk of developing subsequent lung cancer. This meta-analysis aimed to identify the risk of lung cancer among FHRC patients compared to the general population. Methods:. The PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and CNKI databases were searched up to May 11, 2022. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to identify the risk of subsequent lung cancer after FHRC. Subgroup analyses based on the follow-up time and tumor type were also conducted. Results:. A total of 58 retrospective cohort studies involving 4,360,723 FHRC participants were included. The pooled results demonstrated that FHRC patients had a significantly increased risk of developing subsequent primary lung cancer (SIR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.48–1.76, P

Long pressure short extraction ventilation and dust removal method is one of the effective methods for removing high mass concentration dust in the excavation area of coal mine comprehensive heading face. Especially, the local flow field generated by the combination of pressure and suction is conducive to the removal and reduction of respiratory dust. However, the dynamic changes in the location of dust production sources have an unclear impact on the dust removal performance of this method. By considering the movement paths and reciprocating times of the dust source location in both horizontal and vertical directions, four dust source movement paths were designed based on the long pressure short extraction test platform. Combined with the regulation of the parameters of the long pressure short extraction ventilation system, the impact of the dust source on the spatial dust mass concentration, particle size mass concentration, and particle size distribution under different movement conditions was tested and analyzed. The results show that under the same ventilation parameters, the dust mass concentration caused by the horizontal path on the respiratory belt positions of drivers and pedestrians is lower than that caused by the vertical path. In the horizontal path, when the pressure air duct is located on the side near the exhaust duct and the pressure air outlet is located in an area about 1 m in front of the driver, the particle size mass concentrations of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 at the breathing zone between the driver and pedestrian are the lowest, and the ventilation and dust removal effect is the best. The diffusion of spatial dust is manifested as: particles with a particle size less than 2.5 µm are easily collected and removed by the exhaust flow field at the exhaust port, while the particles with a particle size greater than 10 µm will escape from the dust generation source and exhaust area to the driver and the area behind them, and mainly settle naturally. Based on the optimal dust source movement path and ventilation parameters obtained from preliminary experiments, on-site experiments were conducted on the 2304 fully mechanized heading face of a coal mine in northern Shaanxi. The results show that the total dust mass concentration at the driver's position and pedestrian breathing zone position under the lateral path decreased to 85.6 mg/m3 and 21.9 mg/m3, respectively, with the highest dust reduction rate reaching 76.9%. The mass concentration of respirable dust decreased to 15.3 mg/m3 and 10.5 mg/m3 respectively, with a maximum dust reduction rate of 85.2% and the dust removal performance was significantly improved.

Abstract Ultrasound-based shear wave elastography (SWE) can non-invasively assess prostate tissue stiffness for the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa). So far, there is no widely recognized standard for the detection process and calculation method of Young’s modulus value in transrectal SWE ultrasound imaging (TSWEUI). In our study, the mean maximum Young’s modulus value (m-Emax) of the maximum cross-section of prostate is obtained by calculating the mean of 12 measured Emax in the four quadrants. This retrospective study included 209 suspected malignant prostate disease patients with pathological results in our hospital. Among the 209 patients, 75 patients completed TSWEUI, and 63 of the 75 patients completed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 75 patients for m-Emax was 0.754. The prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen, and m-Emax were used to develop a nomogram (AUC = 0.868). The nomogram could effectively predict the probability of PCa, thereby reducing the needle biopsy rate for diagnosing PCa. The AUC of 63 patients was not statistically different between m-Emax (AUC = 0.717) and MRI (AUC = 0.787) (P = 0.361). These indicate that m-Emax can be used as an innovative parameter in TSWEUI to diagnosis PCa. TSWEUI is more cost-effective than MRI in diagnosing PCa.

Complex thin-walled structures are commonly employed in turbine components to improve cooling efficiency. However, thin-walled blades are prone to thermal fatigue failure due to the high thermal stress induced by frequent and abrupt temperature fluctuations during duty cycles. The thermal fatigue behavior of Ni3Al-based single crystal alloy with thin-walled structure during 25 °C ↔ 1000 °C/1100 °C was investigated by combining thermal fatigue tests and finite element simulation. The thermal fatigue demonstrated a significant thickness debit effect, with thermal fatigue property dropping as peak temperature and wall thickness increased. Wall thickness had a more pronounced effect than peak temperature. Visible slip traces were found on the wall thickness surface, and their density was positively correlated with wall thickness. Further investigation revealed that thermal fatigue is primarily driven by the octahedral slip system ({111}), with significant contributions from (111)[101‾] and (1‾1‾1)[101]. Simulations of thermal stress distribution and J-integral at the crack tip during crack initiation and propagation stages indicated that wall thickness influences thermal fatigue properties by affecting thermal stress concentration at the notch and crack tip. Higher peak temperatures increased thermal stress and reduced yield strength, thus diminishing thermal fatigue performance. A thermal fatigue crack propagation prediction model was constructed incorporating Paris' law and the J-integral. The model revealed an unfavorable correlation between material Cj/ nj and both peak temperature/wall thickness, indicating that both factors adversely affect thermal fatigue resistance.

ABSTRACTAmidst rapid global urbanization, comprehending urban area growth (UAG) dynamics is vital for urban planning and sustainability. Despite ample urban development research, the historical developmental patterns of UAG remain underexplored. Long-term UAG exhibits an initial acceleration followed by deceleration, thus, using 200-years UAG data from the U.S., we meticulously compare the S-shaped curve (Logistics and Gompertz models) with other time-series models, and unveil insights into UAG's intricacies by examining how S-shaped models perform across different urban stages. Notably, the Logistics model emerges as the more accurate modeling tool, boasting an RMSE of 0.019, which surpasses the Gompertz model's 0.032. Moreover, the parameters of the S-curve explicitly describe the fundamental properties of UAG, and we unveil the remarkable stability of the maximum growth rate in the S-shaped model through a thorough parameter analysis, which underscores its role as a reliable and universally applicable assessment tool for UAG. Fundamentally, this meticulously analytical research delves deep into the complexities of the UAG curve, robustly confirming the S-shaped trend as the ‘realistic’ consequence of UAG over time. Importantly, this enduring S-shaped trend remains consistent across historical and contemporary contexts. These findings significantly advance our understanding of UAG dynamics for informed urban planning and development.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of different machines in intense pulsed light (IPL) treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Methods: 213 subjects diagnosed with MGD underwent three sessions of IPL treatment in a control (M22) treatment group or experimental (OPL-I) treatment group and were followed up three to four weeks after each session. Tear breakup time (TBUT), meibomian gland secretion scores (MGSS), meibomian gland meibum scores (MGMS), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) scores, and the Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) was used to assess eye dryness signs and symptoms at baseline and follow-up visits. Results: Two machines had the same working principles except that experimental (OPL-I) group consist of a dual filter system. Both groups showed significant improvements (P ​

Based on new data from cores, drilling and logging, combined with extensive rock and mineral testing analysis, a systematic analysis is conducted on the characteristics, diagenesis types, genesis and controlling factors of deep to ultra-deep abnormally high porosity clastic rock reservoirs in the Oligocene Linhe Formation in the Hetao Basin. The reservoir space of the deep to ultra-deep clastic rock reservoirs in the Linhe Formation is mainly primary pores, and the coupling of three favorable diagenetic elements, namely the rock fabric with strong compaction resistance, weak thermal compaction diagenetic dynamic field, and diagenetic environment with weak fluid compaction-weak cementation, is conducive to the preservation of primary pores. The Linhe Formation clastic rocks have a superior preexisting material composition, with an average total content of 90% for quartz, feldspar, and rigid rock fragments, and strong resistance to compaction. The geothermal gradient in Linhe Depression in the range of (2.0–2.6) °C/100 m is low, and together with the burial history of long-term shallow burial and late rapid deep burial, it forms a weak thermal compaction diagenetic dynamic field environment. The diagenetic environment of the saline lake basin is characterized by weak fluid compaction. At the same time, the paleosalinity has zoning characteristics, and weak cementation in low salinity areas is conducive to the preservation of primary pores. The hydrodynamic conditions of sedimentation, salinity differentiation of ancient water in saline lake basins, and sand body thickness jointly control the distribution of high-quality reservoirs in the Linhe Formation.

Fusarium pathogens and their mycotoxins are considered as the main threats to cereal production and food safety worldwide. However, due to the constant discovery of new Fusarium species especially along with mycotoxin production profile differentiation in certain species, efforts on their species composition, geographical distribution, and chemotype proportion are urgently required. In the Fusarium goolgardi species, two distinct trichothecene (TB) genotype populations have recently been identified. Previous studies have shown that the structural variance of TBs biosynthesized by the two genotypes is attributed to the Tri1 gene. Polymorphisms of Tri1 gene from type A TB-producers were investigated in different Fusarium species in the current study. According to these DNA sequence variations identified in Tri1 gene sequences, a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) based diagnostic approach for the differentiation of T-2 and 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) genotypes in F. goolgardi was successfully developed. The PCR-RFLP assay will facilitate the studies on geographic distribution, frequency and other aspects of the two genotypes within F. goolgardi species.

Abstract Loss of connectivity between spinal V1 inhibitory interneurons and motor neurons is found early in disease in the SOD1G93A mice. Such changes in premotor inputs can contribute to homeostatic imbalance of motor neurons. Here, we show that the Extended Synaptotagmin 1 (Esyt1) presynaptic organizer is downregulated in V1 interneurons. V1 restricted overexpression of Esyt1 rescues inhibitory synapses, increases motor neuron survival, and ameliorates motor phenotypes. Two gene therapy approaches overexpressing ESYT1 were investigated; one for local intraspinal delivery, and the other for systemic administration using an AAV-PHP.eB vector delivered intravenously. Improvement of motor functions is observed in both approaches, however systemic administration appears to significantly reduce onset of motor impairment in the SOD1G93A mice in absence of side effects. Altogether, we show that stabilization of V1 synapses by ESYT1 overexpression has the potential to improve motor functions in ALS, demonstrating that interneurons can be a target to attenuate ALS symptoms.

This study investigates the factors influencing landlords’ price adjustments during peak seasons on accommodation-sharing platforms, focusing on the role of platform-certified and user-generated signals. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset of 11,795 observations from a leading Chinese accommodation-sharing platform, we employ binary logit models to investigate how these signals affect landlords’ pricing strategies during “festival” and “weekend” peak times. Our analysis reveals that both platform-certified signals (such as “Preferred House” badges) and user-generated signals (such as customer satisfaction ratings) significantly increase the probability and magnitude of price adjustments during both festival and weekend peak seasons. Specifically, houses with a “Preferred” status are up to 28 times more likely to have price hikes during weekends compared to non-preferred ones. Further analysis reveals that higher levels of landlord professionalism, measured by the number of properties managed, amplifies the impact of user-generated signals on both the probability and magnitude of price adjustments. However, as the level of professionalism increases, this effect diminishes, indicating that highly professional landlords may have less flexibility to adjust prices due to already-high baseline rates. Interestingly, landlord professionalism did not significantly influence the impact of platform-certified signals on price adjustments, suggesting that the influence of such signals remains consistent across different levels of landlord professionalism. These results underscore the significant roles that both types of signals and landlord professionalism play in shaping pricing strategies, offering valuable insights for platform management and policy formulation aimed at enhancing consumer trust and competitive dynamics in the sharing economy.

Abstract Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a malignant tumor of the urinary system. To explore the potential mechanisms of DHODH in ccRCC, we analyzed its molecular characteristics using public databases. TCGA pan-cancer dataset was used to analyze DHODH expression in different cancer types and TCGA ccRCC dataset was used to assess differential expression, prognosis correlation, immune infiltration, single-gene, and functional enrichment due to DHODH. The GSCALite and CellMiner databases were employed to explore drugs and perform molecular docking analysis with DHODH. Protein–protein interaction networks and ceRNA regulatory networks of DHODH were constructed using multiple databases. The effect of DHODH on ccRCC was confirmed in vitro. DHODH was highly expressed in ccRCC. Immune infiltration analysis revealed that DHODH may be involved in regulating the infiltration of immunosuppressive cells such as Tregs. Notably, DHODH influenced ccRCC progression by forming regulatory networks with molecules, such as hsa-miR-26b-5p and UMPS and significantly enhanced the malignant characteristics of ccRCC cells. Several drugs, such as lapatinib, silmitasertib, itraconazole, and dasatinib, were sensitive to DHODH expression and exhibited strong molecular binding with it. Thus, DHODH may promote ccRCC progression and is a candidate effective therapeutic target for ccRCC.

Thin cloud interference presents a significant challenge for the semantic segmentation of optical satellite imagery, which directly degrades the model accuracy and causes difficulties in sample selection. This paper generated a dataset named Populus euphratica and Tamarix chinensis discrimination (PTD), containing both cloudless and thin cloud scenarios. Based on this PTD dataset, an enhanced Atmospheric Scattering Model with Nonlinear Optimization (ASM_NL) was proposed to simulate high-fidelity thin clouds by incorporating two vital nonlinear terms: the point spread function and the Perlin noise. Additionally, we adopt a strategy of mixing simulated thin cloud-covered images (STCI) into the training set at a certain proportion to improve the semantic segmentation accuracy in thin cloud-covered scenarios. The conclusions are as follows: 1) ASM_NL can simulate high-fidelity clouds at an average Jensen-Shannon distance of 0.0699. 2) When dealing with medium- and high-cloud density datasets, mixing STCI proved to be more effective than cloud removal in mitigating thin cloud interference, resulting in average macro F1 score improvements of 0.164 and 0.094, respectively. 3) The semantic segmentation accuracy improved significantly by mixing STCI with a minimal proportion of 1/60, demonstrating the activation of model transfer capabilities. This study provides a concise and efficient methodology for effectively mitigating thin cloud interference in deep learning-based optical satellite imagery analysis.

Abstract Constructing composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) integrating the merits of inorganic and organic components is a promising approach to developing high‐performance all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs). CSEs are now capable of achieving homogeneous and fast Li‐ion flux, but how to escape the trade‐off between mechanical modulus and adhesion is still a challenge. Herein, a strategy to address this issue is proposed, that is, intercalating highly conductive, homogeneous, and viscous‐fluid ionic conductors into robust coordination laminar framework to construct laminar solid electrolyte with homogeneous and fast Li‐ion conduction (LSE‐HFC). A 9 µm‐thick LSH‐HFC, in which poly(ethylene oxide)/succinonitrile is adsorbed by coordination laminar framework with metal–organic framework nanosheets as building blocks, is used here as an example to determine the validity. The Li‐ion transfer mechanism is verified and works across the entire LSE‐HFC, which facilitates homogeneous Li‐ion flux and low migration energy barriers, endowing LSE‐HFC with high ionic conductivity of 5.62 × 10−4 S cm−1 and Li‐ion transference number of 0.78 at 25 °C. Combining the outstanding mechanical strength against punctures and the enhanced adhesion force with electrodes, LSE‐HFC harvests uniform Li plating/stripping behavior. These enable the realization of high‐energy‐density ASSLMBs with excellent cycling stability when being assembled as LiFePO4/Li and LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2/Li cells.

BackgroundPorcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly discovered porcine intestinal pathogenic coronavirus with a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome and an envelope. PDCoV infects pigs of different ages and causes acute diarrhea and vomiting in newborn piglets. In severe cases, infection leads to dehydration, exhaustion, and death in sick piglets, entailing great economic losses on pig farms. The clinical symptoms of PDCoV infection are very similar to those of other porcine enteroviruses. Although it is difficult to distinguish these viral infections without testing, monitoring PDCoV is very important because it can spread in populations. The most commonly used methods for the detection of PDCoV is qPCR, which is time-consuming and require skilled personnel and equipment. Many farms cannot meet the conditions required for detection. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a faster and more convenient method for detecting PDCoV.AimsTo establish a rapid and convenient detection method for PDCoV by combining RPA (Recombinase Polymerase Isothermal Amplification) with CRISPR/Cas13a.MethodsSpecific RPA primers and crRNA for PDCoV were designed, and the nucleic acids in the samples were amplified with RPA. Fluorescent CRISPR/Cas13a detection was performed. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the RPA–CRISPR/Cas13a assay using qPCR as the control method.ResultsCRISPR/Cas13a-assisted detection was completed within 90 min. The minimum detection limit of PDCoV was 5.7 × 101 copies/μL. A specificity analysis showed that the assay did not cross-react with three other porcine enteroviruses.ConclusionThe RPA–CRISPR/Cas13a method has the advantages of high sensitivity, strong specificity, fast response, and readily accessible results, and can be used for the detection of PDCoV.

Background and aimTransmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a highly contagious gastrointestinal virus that causes diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, dehydration, and weight loss in piglets. In clinical practice, it often occurs in mixed infections with other pathogens, and is therefore difficult to diagnose and prevent. It mainly harms piglets of about 2 weeks old, causing huge losses on farms. The clinical confirmation of TGEV usually requires a laboratory diagnosis, but traditional PCR and immunofluorescence assays have some limitations. Moreover, most farms in China are ill-equipped to accurately diagnose the disease. Therefore, a new detection method with high sensitivity and specificity and less dependence on instrumentation is required.MethodsWe used recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), combined with the nuclease characteristics of the activated Cas13a protein to establish a visual CRISPR-Cas13a-assisted detection method for TGEV by adding a reporter RNA with fluorescent and quenching moieties to the system.ResultWe selected the optimal RPA primer and best CRISPR RNA (crRNA). The reaction system was optimized and its repeatability, specificity, and sensitivity verified. The TGEV detection system did not cross-react with other common diarrhea viruses, and its detection limit was 101 copies, which is similar with the sensitivity of qPCR. We successfully established an RPA–CRISPR-Cas13a-assisted detection method, and used this detection system to analyze 123 pig blood samples. qPCR was used as the gold standard method. The sensitivity, specificity, positive coincidence rate, and negative coincidence rate of the new method were 100, 98.93, 96.66, and 100%, respectively.

Abstract In order to study the problems of unreasonable airflow distribution and serious dust pollution in a heading surface, an experimental platform for forced ventilation and dust removal was built based on the similar principles. Through the similar experiment and numerical simulation, the distribution of airflow field in the roadway and the spatial and temporal evolution of dust pollution under the conditions of forced ventilation were determined. The airflow field in the roadway can be divided into three zones: jet zone, vortex zone and reflux zone. The dust concentration gradually decreases from the head to the rear of the roadway. Under the forced ventilation conditions, there is a unilateral accumulation of dust, with higher dust concentrations away from the ducts. The position of the equipment has an interception effect on the dust. The maximum error between the test value and the simulation result is 12.9%, which verifies the accuracy of the experimental results. The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the application of dust removal technology in coal mine.

Abstract Background Transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography (TCCD) is an important diagnostic tool in the investigation of cerebrovascular diseases. TCCD is often hampered by the temporal window that ultrasound cannot penetrate. Rapidly determine whether ultrasound can penetrate the temporal window in order to determine whether to use other acoustic windows to complete the examination process. In this study, Skull thickness can be measured simultaneously during TCCD examination, which makes it possible to use skull thickness to rapidly determine whether the temporal window is penetrated by ultrasound. Methods This retrospective study included 301 patients with clinical symptoms of cerebrovascular diseases. These 301 patients were divided into an impenetrable temporal window (ITW) group and a penetrable temporal window group according to the results of the TCCD examination. Results The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for skull thickness was 0.887 (cutoff value 1.045 cm). Following multivariate logistic regression, sex, age, and skull thickness were used to develop a nomogram. The AUC for the nomogram was 0.923 (cutoff value 0.407). Conclusions The skull thickness at the temporal window was measured by ultrasound, which was convenient and accurate. The probability of ITW in females was higher than that in males, and it increased with age. In this study, a prediction model incorporating sex, age and skull thickness could predict ITW probability well. If the patient’s temporal window was rapidly predicted as an ITW, other acoustic window examinations were used to complete the TCCD examination process to optimize the TCCD examination process of cerebrovascular diseases and facilitate the popularization of TCCD in clinical application.

Abstract Background In epigenetic modification, histone modification and DNA methylation coordinate the regulation of spermatogonium. Not only can methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) function as a DNA demethylase, converting 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, it can also form complexes with other proteins to regulate gene expression. H3K27me3, one of the common histone modifications, is involved in the regulation of stem cell maintenance and tumorigenesis by inhibiting gene transcription. Methods we examined JMJD3 at both mRNA and protein levels and performed Chip-seq sequencing of H3K27me3 in TET1 overexpressing cells to search for target genes and signaling pathways of its action. Results This study has found that JMJD3 plays a leading role in spermatogonia self-renewal and proliferation: at one extreme, the expression of the self-renewal gene GFRA1 and the proliferation-promoting gene PCNA was upregulated following the overexpression of JMJD3 in spermatogonia; at the other end of the spectrum, the expression of differentiation-promoting gene DAZL was down-regulated. Furthermore, the fact that TET1 and JMJD3 can form a protein complex to interact with H3K27me3 has also been fully proven. Then, through analyzing the sequencing results of CHIP-Seq, we found that TET1 targeted Pramel3 when it interacted with H3K27me3. Besides, TET1 overexpression not only reduced H3K27me3 deposition at Pramel3, but promoted its transcriptional activation as well, and the up-regulation of Pramel3 expression was verified in JMJD3-overexpressing spermatogonia. Conclusion In summary, our study identified a novel link between TET1 and H3K27me3 and established a Tet1-JMJD3-H3K27me3-Pramel3 axis to regulate spermatogonia self-renewal and proliferation. Judging from the evidence offered above, we can safely conclude that this study provides new ideas for further research regarding the mechanism of spermatogenesis and spermatogenesis disorders on an apparent spectrum.

Abstract Spatial clustering is an essential method for the comprehensive understanding of a region. Spatial clustering divides all spatial units into different clusters. The attributes of each cluster of the spatial units are similar, and simultaneously, they are as continuous as spatially possible. In spatial clustering, the handling of spatial outliers is important. It is necessary to improve spatial integration so that each cluster is connected as much as possible, while protecting spatial outliers can help avoid the excessive masking of attribute differences This paper proposes a new spatial clustering method for raster data robust to spatial outliers. The method employs a sliding window to scan the entire region to determine spatial outliers. Additionally, a mechanism based on the range and standard deviation of the spatial units in each window is designed to judge whether the spatial integration should be further improved or the spatial outliers should be protected. To demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method, we applied it in two case study areas, namely, Changping District and Pinggu District in Beijing. The results show that the proposed method can retain the spatial outliers while ensuring that the clusters are roughly contiguous. This method can be used as a simple but powerful and easy-to-interpret alternative to existing geographical spatial clustering methods.

Abstract Harnessing optical supermode interaction to construct artificial photonic molecules has uncovered a series of fundamental optical phenomena analogous to atomic physics. Previously, the distinct energy levels and interactions in such two-level systems were provided by coupled microresonators. The reconfigurability is limited, as they often require delicate external field stimuli or mechanically altering the geometric factors. These highly specific approaches also limit potential applications. Here, we propose a versatile on-chip photonic molecule in a multimode microring, utilizing a flexible regulation methodology to dynamically control the existence and interaction strength of spatial modes. The transition between single/multi-mode states enables the “switched-off/on” functionality of the photonic molecule, supporting wider generalized applications scenarios. In particular, “switched-on” state shows flexible and multidimensional mode splitting control in aspects of both coupling strength and phase difference, equivalent to the a.c. and d.c. Stark effect. “Switched-off” state allows for perfect low-loss single-mode transition (Qi ~ 10 million) under an ultra-compact bend size (FSR ~ 115 GHz) in a foundry-based silicon microring. It breaks the stereotyped image of the FSR-Q factor trade-off, enabling ultra-wideband and high-resolution millimeter-wave photonic operations. Our demonstration provides a flexible and portable solution for the integrated photonic molecule system, extending its research scope from fundamental physics to real-world applications such as nonlinear optical signal processing and sixth-generation wireless communication.

Abstract Alternative splicing (AS) serves as a pivotal mechanism in transcriptional regulation, engendering transcript diversity, and modifications in protein structure and functionality. Across varying tissues, developmental stages, or under specific conditions, AS gives rise to distinct splice isoforms. This implies that these isoforms possess unique temporal and spatial roles, thereby associating AS with standard biological activities and diseases. Among these, AS-related RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play an instrumental role in regulating alternative splicing events. Under physiological conditions, the diversity of proteins mediated by AS influences the structure, function, interaction, and localization of proteins, thereby participating in the differentiation and development of an array of tissues and organs. Under pathological conditions, alterations in AS are linked with various diseases, particularly cancer. These changes can lead to modifications in gene splicing patterns, culminating in changes or loss of protein functionality. For instance, in cancer, abnormalities in AS and RBPs may result in aberrant expression of cancer-associated genes, thereby promoting the onset and progression of tumors. AS and RBPs are also associated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases and autoimmune diseases. Consequently, the study of AS across different tissues holds significant value. This review provides a detailed account of the recent advancements in the study of alternative splicing and AS-related RNA-binding proteins in tissue development and diseases, which aids in deepening the understanding of gene expression complexity and offers new insights and methodologies for precision medicine.

While reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology has been shown to provide numerous benefits to wireless systems, in the hands of an adversary such technology can also be used to disrupt communication links. This paper describes and analyzes an RIS-based attack on multi-antenna wireless systems that operate in time-division duplex mode under the assumption of channel reciprocity. In particular, we show how an RIS with a non-diagonal (ND) phase shift matrix (referred to here as an ND-RIS) can be deployed to maliciously break the channel reciprocity and hence degrade the downlink network performance. Such an attack is entirely passive and difficult to detect and counteract. We provide a theoretical analysis of the degradation in the ergodic sum rate that results when an arbitrary malicious ND-RIS is deployed and design an approach based on the genetic algorithm for optimizing the ND structure under partial knowledge of the available channel state information. Our simulation results validate the analysis and demonstrate that an ND-RIS channel reciprocity attack can dramatically reduce the downlink throughput.

In order to extend motor operation range, a self-voltage-boosting AC motor drive is proposed in this paper. Compared with the traditional frontend DC-DC converters, the proposed topology reuses the power switches inherently involved within the three-phase inverter without using any additional active components. By modifying the time distribution of the two zero vectors in traditional seven-segment space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technology, the inductor current and the flying capacitor voltage can be adjusted. The proposed topology has the advantage of a wider operating range without extra cost. Moreover, the performance of the motor drive is not affected. Experimental results demonstrate the correctness of the proposed topology.

High-resolution optical spectroscopy is a significant approach to reveal the inherent laws of devices and systems. Although optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) has achieved a resolution of ∼10 pm, when the signal power increases, the Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) will saturate and cause resolution degradation. In order to solve this problem, we introduce shape factor k to describe the variation of BGS with signal power, and adopt the BGS as the point spread function (PSF). Then the signal is divided into several intervals with equal frequency spacing, where the BGS does not change. On this basis, we perform the Jansson-Van Cittert (JVC) algorithm to complete deconvolution in each interval with power variable PSF. The proposed method is used to test the periodic signal in SBS-OSA. Experimental results show that the proposed method can improve the spectral resolution from 22 MHz to 11 MHz when the frequency interval is 14 MHz and the signal power is −5 dBm.

With the advancements in power semiconductors and converters, power electronics based high-voltage pulse generators (HVPG) have emerged due to their advantages of high repetition rate, flexible control, long lifetime, and compact size. However, there is a lack of comprehensive literature review on recent advances in power electronics intensive HVPG technologies. To fill this gap, we present a systematic review on HVPGs. First, HVPGs are classified into different types based on their mechanisms. Each type along with its basic circuits and modifications are introduced. Then, the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of these topologies are summarized. Furthermore, the potential applications of HVPGs are explored. The performance of pulse generators mentioned in the literature and commercial products is listed. Finally, future trends and technical challenges in HVPG design and development are discussed. This paper provides a clear understanding of HVPGs and the inspiration of topologies developments to meet the specific requirements. Current state and potential future directions are discussed and summarized to facilitate evolvements in HVPG technology.

Background Lung cancer has maintained a high prevalence and mortality. Besides, venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the third most common disease of cardiovascular disease. Lung cancer with VTE usually influenced the overall survival in the follow-up. In the development of lung cancer, vigilance against and early diagnosis of VTE is of significance.Methods We searched the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane for related research up to 30 November 2023 and extracted information of incidence, odds ratio (OR), hazard ratio (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs), for evaluating the incidence of VTE and its risk factors.Results A total of 54 articles and 873,292 records were included in our study. The pooled incidences of VTE and PE were 6% and 3%, respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that the tumour, node and metastasis (TNM) stage (HR= 5.43, 95% CI: 2.42, 12.22), metastasis (HR= 2.67, 95% CI: 1.35, 5.29) and chemotherapy (HR= 2.27, 95% CI: 1.11, 4.65) had major influence on VTE occurrence.Conclusions Lung cancer complicated with VTE is unignorable, and its occurrence varies widely by tumour staging, tissue type and treatment. The results may aid in clinical decision-making about lung cancer in higher risk with VTE and weather receiving anticoagulant prophylaxis.

Abstract Visible light‐based human–machine interactive media is capable of transmitting electrical readouts to machines and providing intuitive feedback to users simultaneously. Currently, many inorganic mechanoluminescent (ML) materials‐based interactive media, typically ZnS‐loaded phosphors (ZLPs), have been successfully demonstrated. However, organic ML materials‐based solutions were rarely exploited despite their huge merits of strong structural modification, abundant luminescence property, low cost, easy preparation, and so on. Here, we propose a novel interactive tactile display (ITD) based on organic ML materials (Cz‐A6‐dye) and triboelectric nanogenerator, with ultra‐brightness (130% enhancement) and ultra‐low threshold pressure (57% reduction) as compared to ZLPs. The proposed ITD achieves the conversion of weak mechanical stimuli into visible light and electrical signals simultaneously, without extra power supplies. Furthermore, the relationship between the luminous performance of organic ML materials and mechanical force is quantified, benefiting from the uniform ML layer prepared. Enabled by convolutional neural networks, the high‐accuracy recognition (97.1%) for handwriting and identity of users is realized at the same time. Thus, the ITD has great potential for intelligent wearable electronics and classified military applications.

While the incidence of small-cell lung cancer is low, it has a poor prognosis. Patients with extensive small-cell lung cancer account for about 70% of all cases of small-cell lung cancer, with a median overall survival duration of 8–13 months and a 5-year overall survival rate of only 1%–5%. Herein, we report small-cell lung cancer diagnosed by bronchoscopic biopsy in an adult male patient in 2011. The patient had a clinical stage of cT2N2M1 and stage IV disease (i.e., extensive small-cell lung cancer). Still, he survived for 13 years through a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and cytokine-induced killer (CIK) immunocell thera. Comprehensive tumor markers, lymphocyte subsets, and lung CT images were obtained through long-term follow-up. After 12 cycles of chemotherapy (CE/IP regimen) and 5940cgy/33f radiotherapy, we found that the patient was in an immunosuppressive state, so the patient was given CIK cell therapy combined with chemotherapy. After 2 years of immunocell-combined chemotherapy, there were no significant changes in the primary lesion or other adverse events. In the 13 years since the patient’s initial diagnosis, we monitored the changes in the patient’s indicators such as CEA, NSE, CD4/CD8 ratio, and CD3+CD4+ lymphocytes, suggesting that these may be the factors worth evaluating regarding the patient’s immune status and the effectiveness of combination therapy. In this case, CIK cell immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy was applied to control tumor progression. With a good prognosis, we concluded that CIK cell immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy can prolong patient survival in cases of extensive small-cell lung cancer, and the advantages of combined therapy are reflected in improving the body’s immune capacity and enhancing the killing effect of immune cells.

Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are pivotal in thermal engineering, making the accuracy and quality of the heat transfer data obtained from them essential. Current data monitoring technologies face several challenges, such as increased complexity, noise, and inefficiency in handling the dynamic heat transfer process. This paper introduces a novel approach to enhancing the accuracy and precision of energy transfer data segmentation in shell-and-tube heat exchangers using a multi-pipeline segmentation algorithm. Our methodology integrates data collection with the algorithm's hands-on development, employing advanced techniques to segment and categorize energy transfer data based on real-time system parameters. This creates a robust definition of normal and anomalous operating conditions. Our approach was validated through extensive experiments and simulations, demonstrating superior data accuracy and noise detection compared to traditional methods. Moreover, this innovative segmentation algorithm has potential applications in maintenance forecasting and optimization strategies, ultimately improving energy efficiency. In the future, our algorithm could be extended to other types of heat exchangers or industrial systems, further enhancing their energy efficiency and operational lifespan.

BackgroundFor the lack of effective serum markers for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) diagnosis, it is difficult to detect liver cancer and identify its recurrence early.MethodsDatabases were used to analyze the genes potentially associated with alpha-fetoprotein(AFP). ELISA assay was used to detect the serum IL-41 in HCC, liver metastases, hepatitis, and healthy people. Immunohistochemical staining was used to analyze the relative quantification of IL-41 in HCC and paracancer tissues. Various survival curves were plotted according to clinical pathological data and helped us draw the ROC curve of IL-41 diagnosis of HCC.ResultsThe serum expression of IL-41 was highest in AFP negative HCC patients and significantly higher than that in AFP positive HCC and metastatic cancer patients. There was a significant negative correlation between elevated serum IL-41 and AFP(

This study aimed to investigate the effect of prickly ash seeds (PAS) on the microbial community found in rumen microbes of Hu sheep by adding different percentages of prickly ash seeds and to carry out research on the relation between rumen flora and production performance. Twenty-seven male lambs of Hu sheep were classified into three groups based on the content of prickly ash seeds (PAS) fed for 90 days, i.e., 0%, 3%, and 6%. At the end of the feeding trial, rumen fluid samples were collected from six sheep in each group for 16S amplicon sequencing. The results showed that the addition of prickly ash seeds significantly increased both Chao1 and ACE indices (P < 0.05), and the differences between groups were greater than those within groups. The relative content of Bacteriodota decreased, and the relative content of Fusobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, and Euryarchaeota increased. The relative content of Papillibacter and Saccharofermentans was increased at the genus level, and the relative content of Bacteroides and Ruminococcus was decreased. The test group given 3% of prickly ash seeds was superior to the test group given 6% of prickly ash seeds. In addition, the addition of 3% of prickly ash seeds improved the metabolism or immunity of sheep. Fusobacteriota and Acidobacteriota were positively correlated with total weight, dressing percentage, and average daily gain (ADG) and negatively correlated with average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed-to-gain ratio (F/G), and lightness (L*). Methanobrevibacter and Saccharofermentans were positively correlated with ADG and negatively correlated with ADFI and L*. In conclusion, under the present experimental conditions, the addition of prickly ash seeds increased the abundance and diversity of rumen microorganisms in Hu sheep and changed the relative abundance of some genera. However, the addition of 6% prickly ash seeds may negatively affect the digestive and immune functions in sheep rumen.

The application of autonomous navigation technology of electric crawler tractors is an important link in the development of intelligent greenhouses. Aiming at the characteristics of enclosed and narrow space and uneven ground potholes in greenhouse planting, to improve the intelligence level of greenhouse electric crawler tractors, this paper develops a navigation system of electric crawler tractors for the greenhouse planting environment based on LiDAR technology. The navigation hardware system consists of five modules: the information perception module, the control module, the communication module, the motion module, and the power module. The software system is composed of three layers: the application layer, the data processing layer, and the execution layer. The developed navigation system uses LiDAR, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and wheel speed sensor to sense the greenhouse environment and the crawler tractor’s information, employs the Gmapping algorithm to build the greenhouse environment map, and utilizes the adaptive Monte Carlo positioning algorithm for positioning. The simulation test of different global path planning algorithms in Matlab shows that the A* algorithm obtains the optimal overall global path. In the scene of map 5, the path planned by the A* algorithm is the most significant, and the number of inflection points is reduced by 40.00% and 87.50%, respectively; meanwhile, the path length is the same as that of the Dijkstra algorithm, but the runtime is reduced by 68.87% and 81.49%, respectively; compared with the RRT algorithm, the path length is reduced by 7.27%. Therefore, the A* algorithm and the Dynamic Window Approach (DWA) method are used for tractor navigation and obstacle avoidance, which ensures global path optimality while also achieving effective local path planning for obstacle avoidance. The test results suggest that the maximum lateral deviation of the built map is 6 cm, and the maximum longitudinal deviation is 16 cm, which meets the requirement of map accuracy. Additionally, the results of the navigation accuracy test indicate that the maximum lateral deviation of navigation is less than 13 cm, the average lateral deviation is less than 7 cm, and the standard lateral deviation is less than 8 cm. The maximum heading deviation is less than 14°, the average heading deviation is less than 7°, and the standard deviation is less than 8°. These results show that the developed navigation system meets the navigation accuracy requirements of electric crawler tractors in the greenhouse environment.

Variations in the tumor genome can result in allelic changes compared to the reference profile of its homogenous body source on genetic markers. This brings a challenge to source identification of tumor samples, such as clinically collected pathological paraffin-embedded tissue and sections. In this study, a probabilistic model was developed for calculating likelihood ratio (LR) to tackle this issue, which utilizes short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping data. The core of the model is to consider tumor tissue as a mixture of normal and tumor cells and introduce the incidence of STR variants (φ) and the percentage of normal cells (Mxn) as a priori parameters when performing calculations. The relationship between LR values and φ or Mxn was also investigated. Analysis of tumor samples and reference blood samples from 17 colorectal cancer patients showed that all samples had Log10(LR) values greater than 1014. In the non-contributor test, 99.9% of the quartiles had Log10(LR) values less than 0. When the defense’s hypothesis took into account the possibility that the tumor samples came from the patient’s relatives, LR greater than 0 was still obtained. Furthermore, this study revealed that LR values increased with decreasing φ and increasing Mxn. Finally, LR interval value was provided for each tumor sample by considering the confidence interval of Mxn. The probabilistic model proposed in this paper could deal with the possibility of tumor allele variability and offers an evaluation of the strength of evidence for determining tumor origin in clinical practice and forensic identification.

The advancements in the field of micro-robots for drug delivery systems have garnered considerable attention. In contrast to traditional drug delivery systems, which are dependent on blood circulation to reach their target, these engineered micro/nano robots possess the unique ability to navigate autonomously, thereby enabling the delivery of drugs to otherwise inaccessible regions. Precise drug delivery systems can improve the effectiveness and safety of synthetic lethality strategies, which are used for targeted therapy of solid tumors. MYC-overexpressing tumors show sensitivity to CDK1 inhibition. This study delves into the potential of Ro-3306 loaded magnetic-driven hydrogel micro-robots in the treatment of MYC-dependent osteosarcoma. Ro-3306, a specific inhibitor of CDK1, has been demonstrated to suppress tumor growth across various types of cancer. We have designed and fabricated this micro-robot, capable of delivering Ro-3306 precisely to tumor cells under the influence of a magnetic field, and evaluated its chemosensitizing effects, thereby augmenting the therapeutic efficacy and introducing a novel possibility for osteosarcoma treatment. The clinical translation of this method necessitates further investigation and validation. In summary, the Ro-3306-loaded magnetic-driven hydrogel micro-robots present a novel strategy for enhancing the chemosensitivity of MYC-dependent osteosarcoma, paving the way for new possibilities in future clinical applications.

The Taitema Lake wetland in the lower reaches of the Tarim River (northwest China) is sensitive to hydrological changes and provides necessary ecosystem functions for biodiversity conservation. Monitoring and evaluating the long-term dynamics of the Taitema Lake wetland is essential for conserving and restoring regional wetland ecosystems. This paper used a dense time series of Landsat images from 1986 to 2021 to map the Taitema Lake wetlands. It analyzed the annual and seasonal variations of the wetlands by ten ecological indicators, which include area extent, vegetation, hydrology, and landscape features. A systematic assessment of the ecological quality of the wetlands over the past 36 years, along with their influencing factors, was conducted from the perspective of wetland health. The results showed that (1) the recovered water areas and the wetlands showed a clear trend of ecological restoration since 2000, accompanied by an increased fragmentation. The total wetland area increased from 69.95 km2 in 1986 to 1164.47 km2 in 2021, with a 15.6-fold increase, and the vegetation area increased twentyfold to 639.84 km2. (2) The wetness in the core zone increased consistently across seasons, coupled with a simultaneous vegetation expansion surrounding the core zone. The areas with increasing wetness levels account for 48 % during winter and spring, and the areas with vegetation expansion account for 81 % and 72 % in summer and autumn, respectively. (3) The wetland ecological health status recovered to a “Good” level in 2021 and has not reached the “Excellent” status. The expansion of the water body is the primary driver behind the promotion of wetland ecological recovery. Small water bodies within the area range of 0.05 to 0.1 km2 notably exhibited the most stimulating effects on the wetlands. Thus, increasing the count of smaller water bodies helps rehabilitate vegetation growth and mitigating the water supply’s stress to sustain large lacustrine bodies.

In this study, oral supplementation of stachyose significantly improved HFD-induced MetS symptom, including overweight, hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis and system-wide inflammation. The subsequent analysis revealed that stachyose supplement significantly enhanced the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier and effectively reversed the gut microbiota dysbiosis, as evidenced by improvements in gut microbial gene richness, microbiota composition, and functional characteristics. The abundance of butyrate-producing strains, such as Bacteroides faecis, Butyomonas faecalis, Parabacteroides distasonis and Phocaeicola coprophilus is significantly increased, concurrently with the activation of the PPAR-γ signaling pathway. The findings of our study suggest that stachyose exhibits potential as a prebiotic agent for the prevention of gut microbiota dysbiosis and the intestinal epithelial barrier disruption in obese. The results of our study suggest that stachyose demonstrates potential as a prebiotic agent for mitigating gut microbiota dysbiosis and preserving the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier in individuals with MetS.

Abstract Objectives Abdominal palpation is an essential examination to diagnose various digestive system diseases. This study aimed to develop an objective and standardized test based on abdominal palpation simulators, and establish a credible pass/fail standard of basic competency. Methods Two tests were designed using the newly developed Jucheng abdominal palpation simulator (test 1) and the AbSim simulator (test 2), respectively. Validity evidence for both tests was gathered according to Messick’s contemporary framework by using experts to define test content and then administering the tests in a highly standardized way to participants of different experience. Different simulator setups modified by the built-in software were selected from hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, positive McBurney’s sign plus rebound tenderness, gallbladder tenderness (Murphy’s sign), pancreas tenderness, and a normal setup without pathologies, with six sets used in test 1 and five sets used in test 2. Different novices and experienced were included in the tests, and test 1 was also administered to an intermediate group. Scores and test time were collected and analyzed statistically. Results The internal consistency reliability of test 1 and test 2 showed low Cronbach’s alphas of 0.35 and -0.41, respectively. Cronbach’s alpha for palpation time across cases were 0.65 for test 1 and 0.76 for test 2. There was no statistical difference in total time spent and total scores among the three groups in test 1 (P-values (ANOVA) were 0.53 and 0.35 respectively), nor between novices and experienced groups in test 2 (P-values (t-test) were 0.13 and 1.0 respectively). It was not relevant to try to establish pass/fail standards due to the low reliability and lack of discriminatory ability of the tests. Conclusions It was not possible to measure abdominal palpation skills in a valid way using either of the two standardized, simulation-based tests in our study. Assessment of the patient’s abdomen using palpation is a challenging clinical skill that is difficult to simulate as it highly relies on tactile sensations and adequate responsiveness from the patients.

Abstract Polyploidization is a major driver of genome diversification and environmental adaptation. However, the merger of different genomes may result in genomic conflicts, raising a major question regarding how genetic diversity is interpreted and regulated to enable environmental plasticity. By analyzing the genome-wide binding of 191 trans-factors in allopolyploid wheat, we identified like heterochromatin protein 1 (LHP1) as a master regulator of subgenome-diversified genes. Transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses of LHP1 mutants reveal its role in buffering the expression of subgenome-diversified defense genes by controlling H3K27me3 homeostasis. Stripe rust infection releases latent subgenomic variations by eliminating H3K27me3-related repression. The simultaneous inactivation of LHP1 homoeologs by CRISPR–Cas9 confers robust stripe rust resistance in wheat seedlings. The conditional repression of subgenome-diversified defenses ensures developmental plasticity to external changes, while also promoting neutral-to-non-neutral selection transitions and adaptive evolution. These findings establish an LHP1-mediated buffering system at the intersection of genotypes, environments, and phenotypes in polyploid wheat. Manipulating the epigenetic buffering capacity offers a tool to harness cryptic subgenomic variations for crop improvement.

Abstract Transposable elements (TEs) comprise ~85% of the common wheat genome, which are highly diverse among subgenomes, possibly contribute to polyploid plasticity, but the causality is only assumed. Here, by integrating data from gene expression cap analysis and epigenome profiling via hidden Markov model in common wheat, we detect a large proportion of enhancer-like elements (ELEs) derived from TEs producing nascent noncoding transcripts, namely ELE-RNAs, which are well indicative of the regulatory activity of ELEs. Quantifying ELE-RNA transcriptome across typical developmental stages reveals that TE-initiated ELE-RNAs are mainly from RLG_famc7.3 specifically expanded in subgenome A. Acquisition of spike-specific transcription factor binding likely confers spike-specific expression of RLG_famc7.3-initiated ELE-RNAs. Knockdown of RLG_famc7.3-initiated ELE-RNAs resulted in global downregulation of spike-specific genes and abnormal spike development. These findings link TE expansion to regulatory specificity and polyploid developmental plasticity, highlighting the functional impact of TE-driven regulatory innovation on polyploid evolution.

Abstract This paper proposes a wheeled mobile robot (WMR) robust control scheme. The feasible strategy is developed to achieve an efficient and robust autonomous mobile robot motion. To realize kinematic autonomous planning and control of the WMR, a novel controller is designed based on control Lyapunov function. This part can be divided into the following two aspects: 1) considering the nonholonomic constraints in the autonomous mobile robot trajectory tracking, a dynamic feedback‐linearization is adopted by utilizing differential flatness‐based integrated control framework to achieve full‐state controllability; 2) to compensate the structured uncertainties and slippage disturbances related to the robot kinematic model, a robust controller is designed based on control Lyapunov function with quadratic programming. Such a strategy can achieve autonomous motion even with unknown slippage disturbances subject to various constraints. Moreover, the sufficient condition is also analyzed to ensure the WMR system exponential stability. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed method are verified by numerical simulation.

Abstract Recently, radiotherapy (RT) has entered a new realm of precision cancer therapy with the introduction of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging guided radiotherapy systems into the clinic. Nonetheless, identifying an optimized radiotherapy time window (ORTW) is still critical for the best therapeutic efficacy of RT. Here we describe pH and O2 dual-sensitive, perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB)-based and glycerol-weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) nano-molecular imaging probes (Gly-PFOBs) with dual fluorine and hydrogen proton based CEST MR imaging properties (19F/1H-CEST). Oxygenated Gly-PFOBs ameliorate tumor hypoxia and improve O2-dependent radiotherapy. Moreover, the pH and O2 dual-sensitive properties of Gly-PFOBs could be quantitatively, spatially, and temporally monitored by 19F/1H-CEST imaging to optimize ORTW. In this study, we describe the CEST signal characteristics exhibited by the glycerol components of Gly-PFOBs. The pH and O2 dual-sensitive Gly-PFOBs with19F/1H-CEST MR dual-modality imaging properties, with superior therapeutic efficacy and biosafety, are employed for sensitive imaging-guided lung cancer RT, illustrating the potential of multi-functional imaging to noninvasively monitor and enhance RT-integrated effectiveness.

In order to find the anti-freezing durability differences between concrete in the frequent natural freeze–thaw conditions in the northwest of Sichuan Province, China, and concrete in the rapid freeze–thaw conditions of the standard rapid method, the typical temperature and humidity of the northwest of Sichuan Province were simulated. The results showed that the average number of freeze–thaw cycles in the northwest of this province can reach up to 150 per year. The relative dynamic modulus of C30 ordinary concrete, which is 100% pre-saturated, still remained above 90% after 450 cycles in simulated environments. However, during the rapid freeze–thaw test, even the C30 air-entrained concrete failed after 425 cycles. Compared to the saturation degree of concrete itself, the continuous replenishment of external moisture during freeze–thaw cycles is a key factor affecting the frost resistance of concrete. Rapid freeze–thaw reduces the number of the most probable pore sizes in ordinary concrete, and the pore size distribution curve tends to flatten. The reduction rate of the surface porosity of air-entrained concrete before and after rapid freeze–thaw is only about one third of that of ordinary concrete.

Self-supervised learning has made significant progress in point cloud processing. Currently, the primary tasks of self-supervised learning, which include point cloud reconstruction and representation learning, are trained separately due to their structural differences. This separation inevitably leads to increased training costs and neglects the potential for mutual assistance between tasks. In this paper, a self-supervised method named PointUR-RL is introduced, which integrates point cloud reconstruction and representation learning. The method features two key components: a variable masked autoencoder (VMAE) and contrastive learning (CL). The VMAE is capable of processing input point cloud blocks with varying masking ratios, ensuring seamless adaptation to both tasks. Furthermore, CL is utilized to enhance the representation learning capabilities and improve the separability of the learned representations. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the method in training and its strong generalization ability for downstream tasks. Notably, high-accuracy classification and high-quality reconstruction have been achieved with the public datasets ModelNet and ShapeNet, with competitive results also obtained with the ScanObjectNN real-world dataset.

The intricate composition of wastewater impedes the recycling of agricultural and industrial effluents. This study aims to investigate the potential of sisal leaf wastewater (SLW), both water-treated (WTSLW) and alkali-treated (ATSLW), as a substitute for the alkali activator (NaOH solution) in the production of slag-powder- and fly-ash-based composites, with a focus on the effects of WTSLW substitution ratios and sisal leaf soaking durations. Initially, the fresh properties were assessed including electrical conductivity and fluidity. A further analysis was conducted on the influence of both WTSLW and ATSLW on drying shrinkage, density, and mechanical strength, including flexural and compressive measures. Microstructural features were characterized using SEM and CT imaging, while XRD patterns and FTIR spectra were employed to dissect the influence of WTSLW substitution on the composite’s products. The results show that incorporating 14 wt% WTSLW into the composite enhances 90-day flexural and compressive strengths by 34.8% and 13.2%, respectively, while WTSLW curtails drying shrinkage. Conversely, ATSLW increases porosity and decreases density. Organic constituents in both WTSLW and ATSLW encapsulated in the alkaline matrix fail to modify the composites’ chemical composition. These outcomes underscore the potential for sustainable construction materials through the integrated recycling of plant wastewater and solid by-products.

The mechanical response of the marine reef sand–geogrid (RG) interface can be influenced by a high-temperature climate, grain size, and variable stress environments. These factors are critical to the effectiveness of geogrid reinforcement in reef sand engineering. However, there are few studies on the influences of grain size, temperature, and stress history on the mechanical characteristics of RG interfaces, with most studies centering on the influence of single factors on the mechanical characteristics of RG interfaces. In this paper, based on self-developed temperature-controlled large interface shear equipment, a series of before/post-cyclic shear tests were carried out on RG interfaces in the temperature range of 5–80 °C. The impact of different reef sand grain sizes on the RG interface was explored (S1: 1–2 mm; S2: 2–4 mm). It was shown that temperature and grain size had significant influences on the mechanical characteristics of the RS interface. Compared with the S1 RG interfaces, the S2 RG interfaces had higher sensitivity to temperature changes with respect to the before/post-cyclic maximum shear strength. Moreover, in comparison to the before-cyclic shear strength, the post-cyclic maximum shear strength is more responsive to temperature changes. The before/post-cyclic maximum shear strength of the S2 RG interfaces was greater than the maximum shear strength of the S1 RG interfaces as the temperature changed. Based on the results of physical tests, a machine learning model containing 450 datasets was constructed, which can accurately predict the shear strength of the RG interface.

Soil visible and near–infrared reflectance spectroscopy is an effective tool for the rapid estimation of soil organic carbon (SOC). The development of spectroscopic technology has increased the application of spectral libraries for SOC research. However, the direct application of spectral libraries for SOC prediction remains challenging due to the high variability in soil types and soil–forming factors. This study aims to address this challenge by improving SOC prediction accuracy through spectral classification. We utilized the European Land Use and Cover Area frame Survey (LUCAS) large–scale spectral library and employed a geographically weighted principal component analysis (GWPCA) combined with a fuzzy c–means (FCM) clustering algorithm to classify the spectra. Subsequently, we used partial least squares regression (PLSR) and the Cubist model for SOC prediction. Additionally, we classified the soil data by land cover types and compared the classification prediction results with those obtained from spectral classification. The results showed that (1) the GWPCA–FCM–Cubist model yielded the best predictions, with an average accuracy of R2 = 0.83 and RPIQ = 2.95, representing improvements of 10.33% and 18.00% in R2 and RPIQ, respectively, compared to unclassified full sample modeling. (2) The accuracy of spectral classification modeling based on GWPCA–FCM was significantly superior to that of land cover type classification modeling. Specifically, there was a 7.64% and 14.22% improvement in R2 and RPIQ, respectively, under PLSR, and a 13.36% and 29.10% improvement in R2 and RPIQ, respectively, under Cubist. (3) Overall, the prediction accuracy of Cubist models was better than that of PLSR models. These findings indicate that the application of GWPCA and FCM clustering in conjunction with the Cubist modeling technique can significantly enhance the prediction accuracy of SOC from large–scale spectral libraries.

The species of the adaptive male–female sex ratio has different effects on the bio-community. This paper is aimed at figuring out these effects through mechanism analysis and Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE). Hence, the ODE environmental model is created by combining the Lotka–Volterra model, the interspecific model, and other external factors. The stability is used to characterize these effects. According to this model, effects on bio-community stability under different male–female sex ratios are roughly observed. By innovatively considering different living environments during the species’ lifecycle, the ODE environmental model is optimized, and the effects of different male–female sex ratios on the bio-community are further analyzed by phase-track maps and relative standard deviation. It is found that there are different findings and features in resource-rich and resource-scarce living environments during the lifecycle. Meanwhile, bio-communities in these two types of environments are in a stable state based on different male–female sex ratios. Based on these findings, directive opinions can be used to manage and help relevant bio-communities.

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is not only the biomarker of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and expression activity in hepatocytes, but it also contributes to viral specific T cell exhaustion and HBV persistent infection. Therefore, anti-HBV therapies targeting HBsAg to achieve HBsAg loss are key approaches for an HBV functional cure. In this study, we found that YZH-106, a rupestonic acid derivative, inhibited HBsAg secretion and viral replication. Further investigation demonstrated that YZH-106 promoted the lysosomal degradation of viral L- and M-HBs proteins. A mechanistic study using Biacore and docking analysis revealed that YZH-106 bound directly to the PreS2 domain of L- and M-HBsAg, thereby blocking their entry into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and promoting their degradation in cytoplasm. Our work thereby provides the basis for the design of a novel compound therapy to target HBsAg against HBV infection.

Infrared images are susceptible to interference from a variety of factors during acquisition and transmission, resulting in the inclusion of mixed noise, which seriously affects the accuracy of subsequent vision tasks. To solve this problem, we designed a mixed noise removal algorithm for infrared images based on improved CycleGAN. First, we proposed a ResNet-E Block that incorporates the EMA (Efficient Multi-Scale Attention Module) and build a generator based on it using the skip-connection structure to improve the network’s ability to remove mixed noise of different strengths. Second, we added the PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) as an extra calculation item of cycle consistency loss, so that the network can effectively retain the detailed information of infrared images while denoising. Finally, we conducted experimental validation on both synthetic noisy images and real noisy images, which proved that our algorithm can effectively remove the mixed noise in infrared images and the denoising effect is better than other similar methods.