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Abstract For the space charge measurement method with optical excitation for electrical insulation, the distortion of the excitation laser on the measurement signal and the accumulation of space charge have not been discussed before. Both experiment and simulation results show that three types of distorted components introduced by optical excitation can lead to distortion of the upper interface signal. Further, the factors causing distortion of the measured signal and the formation mechanism are analysed. A virtual electrode potential compensation method and a distorted component extraction method are proposed. Meanwhile, an attenuation restoration and charge conversion correction factor is introduced, leading to a novel signal processing algorithm adapted to space charge optical measurement methods. Compared with the traditional algorithm, the novel algorithm has an error of less than 1% in the calculation of charge and electric field strength, with an increase in accuracy of 47.7% and 9.81%, respectively. By applying the novel restoration algorithm, the comparison shows that the space charge accumulation does not change significantly under laser irradiation, verifying the reliability of the optical excitation. The given algorithm can provide a theoretical and technical foundation for the realisation of the optical measurement method for space charge.

Aging is generally regarded as an irreversible process, and its intricate relationship with the immune system has garnered significant attention due to its profound implications for the health and well-being of the aging population. As people age, a multitude of alterations occur within the immune system, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. In the realm of innate immunity, aging brings about changes in the number and function of various immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Additionally, certain immune pathways, like the cGAS-STING, become activated. These alterations can potentially result in telomere damage, the disruption of cytokine signaling, and impaired recognition of pathogens. The adaptive immune system, too, undergoes a myriad of changes as age advances. These include shifts in the number, frequency, subtype, and function of T cells and B cells. Furthermore, the human gut microbiota undergoes dynamic changes as a part of the aging process. Notably, the interplay between immune changes and gut microbiota highlights the gut’s role in modulating immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. The gut microbiota of centenarians exhibits characteristics akin to those found in young individuals, setting it apart from the microbiota observed in typical elderly individuals. This review delves into the current understanding of how aging impacts the immune system and suggests potential strategies for reversing aging through interventions in immune factors.

Abstract This paper studies the equivalent transmission line model of the pulsed electro‐acoustic (PEA) method with its applications. Based on the consistency of acoustic wave behaviour inside lossy acoustic materials and voltage wave propagation in transmission line, an equivalent simulation model of the PEA system is developed, whose reliability is verified by the output from the transducer and amplifier models and the comparison with measured waveforms. For the problem of acoustic impedance mismatch between different modules, simulation indicates that the unequal impedances of semiconducting electrode and sample can affect the amplitude of the measured signal at the upper electrode side, and the reflected acoustic waves caused by the transducer can affect the charge waveform. Further simulation for multi‐layer materials finds that the reflected acoustic waves of different samples and sound absorbing module can superimpose on the charge signal. Accordingly, a selection criterion is proposed to avoid the effect of the reflected waves at the interface. As for the acoustic reflection caused by internal charge, it needs to be dealt with sequentially in calibration process, starting from the result inside the sample near ground electrode. The research can provide a foundation for analyzing the acoustic properties of the PEA method.

Background: Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA) poses significant health risks due to aortic dilation. Recent evidence suggests a pivotal role for the immune-inflammatory response in the mechanism of aortic aneurysm formation. In this study, we aim to investigate the causal relationship between circulating immune cells and TAA. Methods: This study employs a two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach, utilizing genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for 731 immune cell types and two TAA data from large-scale studies. Causal effects of both peripheral immune cells on TAA and TAA on peripheral immune cells are explored. To ensure more accurate results, we intersected the findings from two TAA data from large-scale studies, excluding results where the direction of the odds ratio (OR) was inconsistent. Findings: The study identifies specific immune cells associated with TAA. Notably, CD45+ NKT cell (OR: 0.95, 95CI%: 0.90–0.99 in FinnGen study; OR: 0.91, 95CI%: 0.84–0.99 in CHIP + MGI study) and CD45+ HLA-DR + CD8+ T cells (OR: 0.95, 95CI%: 0.90–0.99 in FinnGen study; OR: 0.90, 95CI%: 0.82–0.99 in CHIP + MGI study) demonstrate a protective role against TAA. In addition, CD28+ CD45RA- CD8+ T cells (relative cell counts and absolute cell counts) and HVEM + CM + CD8+ T cells are adversely affected by TAA. Interpretation: The findings indicate that the potential protective influence exerted by specific subsets of peripheral NKT cells and CD8+ T cells in mitigating the development of TAA, while simultaneously highlighting the reciprocal effects of TAA on peripheral Treg cells subsets and T cell subsets. The complex interaction between immune cells and TAA could provide valuable clues for earlier detection and more efficacious treatment strategies for TAA.

BackgroundEmerging evidence showed immune cells were associated with the development of breast cancer. Nonetheless, the causal link between them remains uncertain. Consequently, the objective of this study was to investigate the causal connection between immune traits and the likelihood of developing breast cancer.MethodsA two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to establish the causal relationship between immune cells and breast cancer in this study. Utilizing publicly accessible genetic data, we investigated causal connections between 731 immune cells and the occurrence of breast cancer. The primary approach for exploring this relationship was the application of the inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) method. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses, encompassing the leave-one-out analysis, Cochran Q test, and Egger intercept test were performed to validate the reliability of the Mendelian randomization results. Finally, we used Bayesian Weighted Mendelian Randomization (BWMR) approach to test the results of MR study.ResultsAccording to the Bonferroni correction, no immune trait was identified with a decreased or increased risk of overall breast cancer risk. As for the ER+ breast cancer, 6 immune trait was identified after the Bonferroni method. the IVW method results showed that CD45RA- CD4+ %CD4+ (p-value:1.37×10−6), CD8dim %T cell (p-value:4.62×10−43), BAFF-R on IgD+ CD38- unsw mem (p-value:6.93×10−5), CD27 on PB/PC (p-value:2.72×10−18) lowered the risk of breast cancer. However, CD19 on IgD- CD38br (p-value:1.64×10−6), CD25 on IgD+ CD38dim (p-value: - ∞) were associated with a higher risk of developing breast cancer. As for the CX3CR1 on CD14+ CD16- monocyte (p-value: 1.15×10−166), the IVW method clearly demonstrated a protective effect against ER- breast cancer. For the above positive results, BAFF-R on IgD+ CD38- unsw mem was the sole association linked to reduced breast cancer risk using the BWMR method. The intercept terms’ p-values in MR-Egger regression all exceeded 0.05, indicating the absence of potential horizontal pleiotropy.ConclusionThrough genetic approaches, our study has illustrated the distinct correlation between immune cells and breast cancer, potentially paving the way for earlier diagnosis and more efficient treatment alternatives.

In all living organisms, ferritins are a group of proteins important for maintaining iron homeostasis. Increasing amount of studies has shown that recombinant ferritins can be widely used in multimodal nanomedicine, especially for anticancer treatment and vaccination. Recombinant particles prepared by fusing viral proteins and ferritin subunits produce a better immune response and higher antibody titres. Moreover, actively-targeted ferritin nanoparticles can recognise receptors and deliver natural or chemical drugs specifically to the tumour tissue. In addition, ferritin-linked or loaded with contrast agents or fluorescent dyes can be used as multimodal particles useful cancer theranostics. In this review, we fully summarised the unitisation of recombinant ferritins in multimodal nanomedicine. The research progress of using recombinant ferritins as nanovaccines, nanozymes, and bioengineered nanocarriers for targeted therapy and bioimaging is emphasised.

Characterized by decentration, anonymity, strong robustness and tamper resistance, blockchain accompanied by digital currency is a natural carrier for building the covert communication channel.First, the definition and development history of the network covert channel, the framework of blockchain technology and the traditional network covert channel were introduced and the advantages of the channel in the blockchain were given.Thus, the channel in blockchain was classified on the basis of transaction address, signature algorithm, smart contract and P2P broadcast mechanism.The merits and demerits were analyzed in terms of crypticity, transmission efficiency, and communication costs.Lastly, problems and the future research direction of the network covert channel in blockchain were presented.

Senescent cells persist and continuously secrete proinflammatory and tissue-remodeling molecules that poison surrounding cells, leading to various age-related diseases, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. The underlying mechanism of cellular senescence has not yet been fully explored. Emerging evidence indicates that hypoxia is involved in the regulation of cellular senescence. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)− 1α accumulates under hypoxic conditions and regulates cellular senescence by modulating the levels of the senescence markers p16, p53, lamin B1, and cyclin D1. Hypoxia is a critical condition for maintaining tumor immune evasion, which is promoted by driving the expression of genetic factors (such as p53 and CD47) while triggering immunosenescence. Under hypoxic conditions, autophagy is activated by targeting BCL-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3, which subsequently induces p21WAF1/CIP1 as well as p16Ink4a and increases β-galactosidase (β-gal) activity, thereby inducing cellular senescence. Deletion of the p21 gene increases the activity of the hypoxia response regulator poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and the level of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) proteins, repairs DNA double-strand breaks, and alleviates cellular senescence. Moreover, cellular senescence is associated with intestinal dysbiosis and an accumulation of D-galactose derived from the gut microbiota. Chronic hypoxia leads to a striking reduction in the amount of Lactobacillus and D-galactose-degrading enzymes in the gut, producing excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducing senescence in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in cellular senescence. miR-424–5p levels are decreased under hypoxia, whereas lncRNA-MALAT1 levels are increased, both of which induce cellular senescence. The present review focuses on recent advances in understanding the role of hypoxia in cellular senescence. The effects of HIFs, immune evasion, PARP-1, gut microbiota, and exosomal mRNA in hypoxia-mediated cell senescence are specifically discussed. This review increases our understanding of the mechanism of hypoxia-mediated cellular senescence and provides new clues for anti-aging processes and the treatment of aging-related diseases.

Raised-floor data centers usually suffer from the local hotspots resulted from uneven cool air delivery. These hotspots not only degrade server performance, but also threat equipment reliability. The commonly used industrial practice of increasing the Computer Room Air Conditioner (CRAC) blower speed for removing hotspots is energy inefficient and may lead to overcooling of some servers. In this paper, we explore the potential of active tiles in data center cooling management. In particular, we deploy a prototype of active tile in a production data center and conduct extensive experiments to investigate the cooling performance. It is shown that deploying the active tiles with even 10% fan speed increases the tile flow by 49%, and sealing the under-rack gap reduces the rack bottom temperature by up to 6°C. Moreover, three machine learning techniques, i.e., Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Multivariate Linear Regression (MLR) are employed to construct end-to-end data-driven thermal models for the active tile. Using field measured data as training and testing data sets, it is concluded that GPR and ANN are competent for accurate thermal modeling of active tiles. Specifically, GPR achieves the smallest prediction error which is around 0.3°C.

BackgroundFrozen elephant trunk technique (FET) has been proven to provide an excellent landing zone for second-stage thoracoabdominal (TA) aortic repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of FET in TA aortic repair with normothermic iliac perfusion.MethodsFrom January 2008 to December 2019, 144 patients undergoing TA repair with normothermic iliac perfusion were enrolled in this study. Early and mid-term outcomes of patients with previous FET implantation (group A, n = 62) were compared with patients without previous FET implantation (group B, n = 82). The logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the risk factors for adverse events, which were defined as early death, permanent stroke, permanent paraplegia, or permanent renal failure necessitating dialysis.ResultsThe proximal aortic clamp time and operating time was 14.26 ± 5.57 min and 357.40 ± 94.51 respectively in group A, which were both significantly shorter than that in group B (18.67 ± 5.24 min and 18.67 ± 5.24 min). The incidence of adverse event was significantly lower in group A than that in group B (9.7% vs. 25.6%, P = 0.027). There was no significant difference between two groups with regard to other complications or late outcomes. In addition, age >50 years, a Ccr

Abstract The charge phenomena under sine and half‐wave sine voltages within the frequency range of 500 Hz are studied here. Based on the pulsed electro‐acoustic method, the traditional circuit design under high‐frequency voltages is first analysed. It is found that the selection of a 186 pF protection capacitor and a 333 kΩ protection resistor can ensure that the actual voltage applied to the sample is consistent with the expected input. Based on this design, experimental results show that the polarity of the charge accumulated in the depth of the sample is determined by that of the upper electrode. Comparison results under special voltages with different amplitudes and frequencies indicate that the amount of accumulated charge under sine voltages are larger than those under positive and negative half‐wave sine and DC conditions, and the samples under lower‐frequency conditions show more charge accumulation. The maximum electric field strengths appear at 90 and 270 degrees of the sine voltage with a frequency of 10 Hz, and their values are 68.55 and 81.82 kV/mm, respectively. Therefore, the charge characteristics are easily affected by the voltage’s waveform and frequency parameters. The results obtained here can provide guidance for the application of insulating materials under special voltage environments.

In the hydrology field, hydrological forecasting is regarded as one of the most challenging engineering tasks, as runoff has significant spatial–temporal variability under the influences of multiple physical factors from both climate events and human activities. As a well-known artificial intelligence tool, Gaussian process regression (GPR) possesses satisfying generalization performance but often suffers from local convergence and sensitivity to initial conditions in practice. To enhance its performance, this paper investigates the effectiveness of a hybrid GPR and cooperation search algorithm (CSA) model for forecasting nonstationary hydrological data series. The CSA approach avoids the premature convergence defect in GPR by effectively determining suitable parameter combinations in the problem space. Several traditional machine learning models are established to evaluate the validity of the proposed GPR-CSA method in three real-world hydrological stations of China. In the modeling process, statistical characteristics and expert knowledge are used to select input variables from the observed runoff data at previous periods. Different experimental results show that the developed GPR-CSA model can accurately predict nonlinear runoff and outperforms the developed traditional models in terms of various statistical indicators. Hence, a CSA-trained GPR model can provide satisfying training efficiency and robust simulation performance for runoff forecasting.

Abstract Background Obesity is dramatically increasing worldwide, and more obese patients may develop aortic dissection and present for surgical repair. The study aims to analyse the impact of body mass index (BMI) on surgical outcomes in patients with acute Stanford type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). Methods From January 2017 to June 2019, the clinical data of 268 ATAAD patients in a single centre were retrospectively reviewed. They were divided into three groups based on the BMI: normal weight (BMI 18.5 to

ObjectiveHybrid total arch replacement (HTAR) was an alternative for type A aortic dissection (TAAD). This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiographical outcomes of HTAR for TAAD and to evaluate the clinical outcomes of performing this procedure under mild hypothermia.MethodsA total of 209 patients who underwent HTAR for TAAD were retrospectively analyzed and stratified into mild (n = 48) and moderate (n = 161) hypothermia groups to evaluate the effects of mild hypothermia on the clinical outcomes. Long-term clinical outcomes were evaluated by the overall survival and adverse aortic events (AAEs). A total of 176 patients with preoperative and at least one-time postoperative aortic computed tomography angiography in our institute were included for evaluating the late aortic remodeling (aortic diameter and false lumen thrombosis).ResultsThe median follow-up period was 48.3 (interquartile range [IQR] = 28.4–73.7) months. The overall survival rate was 88.0, 83.2, and 77.1% at the 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively, and in the presence of death as a competing risk, the cumulative incidence of AAEs was 4.8, 9.9, and 12.1% at the 1, 5, and 10 years. The aortic diameters were stable in the descending thoracic and abdominal aorta (P > 0.05 in all the measured aortic segments). A total of 100% complete false lumen thrombosis rate in the stent covered and distal thoracic aorta were achieved at 1 year (64/64) and 4 years (18/18), respectively after HTAR. The overall composite adverse events morbidity and mortality were 18.7 and 10.0%. Mild hypothermia (31.2, IQR = 30.2–32.0) achieved similar composite adverse events morbidity (mild: 14.6 vs. moderate: 19.9%, P = 0.41) and early mortality (mild: 10.4 vs. moderate: 9.9%, P = 1.00) compared with moderate hypothermia (median 27.7, IQR = 27–28.1) group, but mild hypothermia group needed shorter cardiopulmonary bypass (mild: 111, IQR = 93–145 min vs. moderate: 136, IQR = 114–173 min, P < 0.001) and aortic cross-clamping (mild: 45, IQR = 37–56 min vs. moderate: 78, IQR = 54–107 min, P < 0.001) time.ConclusionHybrid total arch replacement achieved desirable early and long-term clinical outcomes for TAAD. Performing HTAR under mild hypothermia was as safe as under moderate hypothermia. After HTAR for TAAD, dissected aorta achieved desirable aortic remodeling, presenting as stable aortic diameters and false lumen complete thrombosis. In all, HTAR is a practical treatment for TAAD.

Objective. Ovarian cancer (OC) is usually called the “silent killer” due to its asymptomatic characteristics until advanced stages, thus being a significant threat to female health worldwide. In this work, we characterized an oncogenic DARS-AS1 role in OC. Methods. The aggressiveness behaviors of the OC cell model were examined by CCK-8 assay, transwell invasion assay, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting analysis of apoptosis-related proteins. Interactions of miR-194-5p with lncRNA DARS-AS1 or TSPAN1 and of TSPAN1 with ITGA2 were validated by using a luciferase activity assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Results. The OC cell model exhibited overexpressed lncRNA DARS-AS1 compared to normal cells. lncRNA DARS-AS1 knockdown led to reduced OC cell growth and metastasis while inducing the apoptosis in the OC cell model. lncRNA DARS-AS1 positively regulated TSPAN1 expression by binding with miR-194-5p and TSPAN1-mediated ITGA2 hypomethylation in OC cells. Further rescue function studies demonstrated that lncRNA DARS-AS1 affected OC cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis ability by modulating miR-194-5p and TSPAN1 expressions. Conclusion. Our work demonstrates that lncRNA DARS-AS1 promotes OC progression by modulating TSPAN1 and ITGA2 hypomethylation by binding with miR-194-5p.

Background: To assess whether intraoperative monitoring and intervention of regional cerebral oxygen saturation levels can reduce the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery and contribute to patient prognosis. Methods: The Cochrane Library, PubMed, and the Web of Science were systematically searched for relevant randomized controlled trials involving the effects of cerebral oxygen saturation on the cognitive function of patients after cardiovascular surgery from January 1, 2000 to May 1, 2022. The primary outcome was the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. The secondary outcomes were length of hospital stay, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, length of mechanical ventilation, length of cardiopulmonary bypass, and other major postoperative outcomes such as renal failure, infection, arrhythmia, hospital mortality, and stroke. Data were pooled using the risk ratio or standardized mean difference with 95% confidence interval (CI). The original study protocol was registered prospectively with PROSPERO (CRD42020178068). Results: A total of 13 randomized controlled trials involving 1669 cardiovascular surgery patients were included. Compared with the control group, the risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction was significantly lower in the intervention group (RR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.30 to 0.85; p = 0.01; I2 = 71%). The Duration of stay in intensive care units in the intervention group was also significantly shorter than that in the control group (standard mean difference (SMD) = –0.14; 95% CI: –0.26 to –0.01; p = 0.03; I2 = 26%). Univariate meta-regression analyses showed that age is a major source of heterogeneity. Conclusions: Our current study suggests that intraoperative cerebral oxygen saturation monitoring and intervention can significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction, and the length of intensive care unit stay after intervention is considerably reduced. Given that some limits in this review, more high-quality, and long-term trials are still needed to certify our findings.

Background: Stanford type A aortic dissection (AAD) is a catastrophic disease. An immune infiltrate has been found within the aortic wall of dissected aortic specimens. The recall and activation of macrophages are key events in the early phases of AAD. Herein, the immune filtration profile of AAD was uncovered.Methods: Gene expression data from the GSE52093, GSE98770 and GSE153434 datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of each dataset were calculated and then integrated. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established with the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING), and the hub genes were identified in Cytoscape. Furthermore, gene ontology (GO) functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of hub genes were performed. Finally, we set GSE52093 and GSE98770 as the training set and GSE153434 as the validation set to assess immune infiltration in AAD using CIBERSORTx and analyzed the correlations between immune cells and hub genes in both the training and validation sets.Results: Sixty-one integrated DEGs were identified. The top 10 hub genes were selected from the PPI network, and 140 biological process (BP) terms and 12 pathways were enriched among the top 10 hub genes. The proportions of monocytes and macrophages were significantly higher in AAD tissues than in normal tissues. Notably, this result was consistent in the training set and the validation set. In addition, we found that among the hub genes, CA9, CXCL5, GDF15, VEGFA, CCL20, HMOX1, and SPP1 were positively correlated with CD14, a cell marker of monocytes, while CA9, CXCL5, GDF15, and VEGFA were positively correlated with CD68, a cell marker of macrophages in the training set. Finally, according to the results of the GO and KEGG analysis of hub genes, we found that the monocyte/macrophage-related genes were involved in immune-inflammatory responses through degradation of the extracellular matrix, endothelial cell apoptosis, hypoxia and the interaction of cytokines and chemokines.Conclusion: The monocyte-macrophage system plays a major role in immune-inflammatory responses in the development of AAD. Several hub genes are involved in this process via diverse mechanisms.

A surface discharge non-equilibrium plasma model of air–polyimide under pulsed electrical stress is established, by considering the reaction of charged particles on the dielectric surface and the secondary electron emission caused by the condition that high-energy particles bombard the material surface. The model defines the chemical reaction of air discharge by using simplified set of reactions, which greatly reduces the complexity of the model. To avoid the negative value of particle density in the process of solution, the logarithmic finite-element method is used to solve the model established, so as to implement the dynamic simulation of the surface discharge process. Also, the temporal and spatial evolution of the microparameters such as charge and electric field distribution during discharge are obtained, and the reliability of the model is verified by experiments in terms of discharge development pattern and surface charge accumulation. By comparing the development process of surface discharge under single pulse and repetitive pulses, it can be seen that surface discharge develops from needle electrode to ground electrode under both repetitive pulses and single pulse stress, but the relationship between the discharge propagation time under repetitive pulses and pulse repetition rate is a ‘u’ curve, and the inflection point moves to higher repetition rate region with the increase of voltage.

In this article, we present a study of the equivalent dielectric constant of two nematic liquid crystals (LCs) with different thicknesses, in the region from 90 to 140 GHz. The equivalent dielectric constant of the LCs was measured using a frequency selective surface (FSS). The LC-based tunable FSS with 22 × 25 unit cells was printed on a quartz substrate with an area of 4 × 4 cm2 and a thickness of 480 µm; the LC layer with thicknesses ranging from 30 to 100 µm acted as a substrate. The FSS featured a maximum frequency-shifting range of 8.15 GHz and 30 µm-thick LC layers with mutually orthogonal rubbing directions were deposited on it. The results show that the initial equivalent dielectric constant of the LC layer increased with the LC layer thickness, while the saturation-equivalent dielectric constant remained almost constant. This work provides LC parameters that can be useful for the design of LC-based devices in the millimeter and terahertz ranges.

In this paper, we studied the space charge phenomena of a solid polymer under thermal and electrical stresses with different frequencies and waveforms. By analyzing the parameter selection method of a protection capacitor and resistor, the newly built pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) system can be used for special electrical stresses under 500 Hz, based on which the charge phenomena are studied in detail under positive and negative DC and half-wave sine and rectangular wave voltages. Experimental results show that the charge accumulated in the polyimide polymer under DC conditions mainly comes from the grounded electrode side, and the amount of charge accumulated with electric field distortion becomes larger in a high-temperature environment. At room temperature, positive charges tend to accumulate in low-frequency conditions under positive rectangular wave voltages, while they easily appear under high-frequency situations of negative ones. In contrast, the maximum electric field distortion and charge accumulation under both half-wave sine voltages occur at 10 Hz. When the measurement temperature increases, the accumulated positive charge decreases, with a more negative charge appearing under rectangular wave voltages, while a more positive charge accumulates at different frequencies of half-wave sine voltages. Therefore, our study of the charge characteristics under different voltage and temperature conditions can provide a reference for applications in the corresponding environments.

Fashion plays such a crucial rule in the evolution of culture and society that it is regarded as a second nature to the human being. Also, its impact on economy is quite nontrivial. On what is fashionable, interestingly, there are two viewpoints that are both extremely widespread but almost opposite: conformists think that what is popular is fashionable, while rebels believe that being different is the essence. Fashion color is fashionable in the first sense, and Lady Gaga in the second. We investigate a model where the population consists of the afore-mentioned two groups of people that are located on social networks (a spatial cellular automata network and small-world networks). This model captures two fundamental kinds of social interactions (coordination and anti-coordination) simultaneously, and also has its own interest to game theory: it is a hybrid model of pure competition and pure cooperation. This is true because when a conformist meets a rebel, they play the zero sum matching pennies game, which is pure competition. When two conformists (rebels) meet, they play the (anti-) coordination game, which is pure cooperation. Simulation shows that simple social interactions greatly promote cooperation: in most cases people can reach an extraordinarily high level of cooperation, through a selfish, myopic, naive, and local interacting dynamic (the best response dynamic). We find that degree of synchronization also plays a critical role, but mostly on the negative side. Four indices, namely cooperation degree, average satisfaction degree, equilibrium ratio and complete ratio, are defined and applied to measure people's cooperation levels from various angles. Phase transition, as well as emergence of many interesting geographic patterns in the cellular automata network, is also observed.