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Rock burst has always been a major problem for deep underground engineering with high stress. In order to effectively predict and evaluate rock burst intensity grade of underground rock mass engineering. In this paper, a cloud model (CM) rock burst intensity evaluation method based on CRITIC method and order relation analysis method (G1) is established. Firstly, the rock's uniaxial compressive strength σc, tangential stress σθ, uniaxial tensile strength σt, ratio of uniaxial compressive strength to tensile strength σc/σt (brittleness coefficient), ratio of tangential stress to uniaxial compressive strength σθ/σc (stress coefficient), elastic deformation energy index Wet and buried depth H are selected as evaluation indexes of rock burst intensity. 95 groups of rock burst measured data at home and abroad are selected, and the objective weight and subjective weight of each index are calculated by using CRITIC method and G1 method respectively. The combined weighting method of game theory is used to calculate the final weight and analyze the sensitivity of each evaluation index. MATLAB software was used to calculate the membership degree of different rock burst grades, and compared with the evaluation results of CRITIC-CM method and G1-CM method and the actual grades. And the rock burst classification ability of the model is analyzed. Finally, the rock burst case of W39 line in Chengchao Iron Mine was analyzed by using this model. The research results show that the rock burst evaluation results based on CRITIC-G1-CM are basically consistent with the actual rock burst grade, and the rock burst intensity grade evaluation model has good practicability and reliability.

In an acidic environment, the mineral components in rock begin to break down. As a result, the microstructure will be damaged, and then the mechanical properties will deteriorate, which will eventually have a negative effect on engineering stability. In order to study acid damage’s effect on this kind of rock, limestone samples were acidified for 0 days, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, and 20 days. The microstructure changes in the limestone after acidification were studied via the wave velocity test and electron microscope scanning, and the damage deterioration mechanism was revealed. The results show that the acoustic signal of acidified samples has an obvious absorption effect at high frequency, and the surface pore structure of acidified samples shows fractal characteristics. The P-wave velocity, main peak amplitude, and fractal dimension of the acidified samples did not gradually decrease with time; however, there was a short-term strengthening phenomenon during immersion, which was mainly caused by the formation of CaSO4 crystals.

Starch from Pueraria lobata (PLS) had polyhedral or spherical granules, displaying a bimodal size distribution within 0.6-30 μm. It showed a trimodal distribution of different molecular weight peaks, with amylose fraction of 18.2 %. PLS had a high crystallinity degree of 37.76 % and consisted of C-type starch, which gelatinized at 64.46-79.61 °C, with a high range of gelatinization (15.15 °C) and high enthalpy (13.98 J/g). A 21-day supplementation of PLS presented a regulative effect on gut microbiota in normal mice, and alleviated DSS-induced murine colitis through attenuating colonic inflammation, maintaining barrier function, preventing gut dysbiosis, increasing the short-chain fatty acids production and inhibiting NF-κB/IL-1β axis. The protective effect of PLS against colitis was in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. Notably, the amylose fraction was responsible for the prebiotic effect of PLS. The results would potentiate new application of PLS and the amylose fraction as functional prebiotics for prevention of colitis.

Protein from Panax ginseng can improve learning, memory, and analgesia. Here, we investigated a fluorescence labeling method that can be used to determine the in vivo distribution of P. ginseng protein (PGP). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to define the amino acid composition and molecular weight of PGP; LC-MS/MS was used to identify the PGP structure, which was fluorescently-labeled using a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) probe. The connection form of the PGP fluorescent marker (PGP-FITC) was identified by ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometry. The in vivo distribution of PGP was observed by fluorescence imaging, and tissue content was determined. Results showed that PGP was enriched in the brain and that vascular epithelial cells showed specific uptake. We provide an experimental method to label and identify the in vivo distribution of PGP, which forms the basis for future studies to determine whether PGP can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and elucidate the transport mechanism.

Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) play an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis via promoting a healthy gut barrier. Within the stem cell niche, gut microbiota linking the crosstalk of dietary influence and host response has been identified as a key regulator of ISCs. Emerging insights from recent research reveal that ISC and gut microbiota interplay regulates epithelial self-renewal. This article reviews the recent knowledge on the key role of ISC in their local environment (stem cell niche) associating with gut microbiota and their metabolites as well as the signaling pathways. The current progress of intestinal organoid culture is further summarized. Subsequently, the key challenges and future directions are discussed.

In the planting of crops, especially medicinal plants, formula fertilization is important for improving the utilization rate of elements, soil quality, crop yield, and quality. Therefore, it is important to study targeted fertilizer application schemes for sustainable agricultural development and environmental protection. In this study, an L

A component from ginseng in which sugars and proteins are covalently bound is named Panax ginseng glycoproteins (PGG). The contents of neutral carbohydrate, acid carbohydrate, and protein were 45.4%, 4.3% and 51.1%. The average molecular weight was 12,690 Da. The structure analysis showed that PGG had more than 1100 glycoproteins with molecular weight between 308.13 Da and 9991.52 Da, it was divided into two parts: long chain structure and short chain structure. These two parts were compared in molecular mass, number of amino acids, theoretical pI, instability index, aliphatic index and GRAVY. The in vivo distribution test of mice showed that PGG was enriched in mice testis, testicular tissue sections showed strong fluorescence signal expression on the surface of seminiferous tubules. We used cyclophosphamide (CP) to establish a mice model of oligoasthenozoospermia to investigate the anti-oligoasthenozoospermic effect of PGG. The results showed that PGG increased the levels of sex hormones T, FSH, PRL and sperm quality. Histopathology demonstrated that PGG promoted the differentiation process. The organ coefficient indicated that PGG had no obvious toxic and side effects. And the mechanism may be to affect the expression of protein levels such as p-ERK/ERK, p-AKT/AKT, Caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax. Therefore, PGG has the potential to develop into drugs for improving spermatogenic disorders.

In recent years, down-converting phosphors have grown rapidly and been still growing for their potential to significantly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of silicon-based solar cells. However, the discovery of new optical materials with optimized properties (in terms of emission intensity, chemical and thermal stability and quantum yield) would still be of the utmost importance. Herein, we report a novel down-converting phosphor Lu2GeO5: Bi3+, Yb3+. Our research results show that the energy transfer efficiency from Bi3+ to Yb3+ in Lu2GeO5 is as high as 65%. Via such an energy transfer from Bi3+ to Yb3+, an absorbed ultraviolet photon gives rise to almost two emitted infrared photons. The theoretical quantum yield of Lu2GeO5: Bi3+, Yb3+ system is calculated to reach up to 165%. The mechanism of the energy transfer from Bi3+ to Yb3+ is proved to be an electric dipole-dipole interaction. Meanwhile, Lu1.87GeO5: 0.03Bi3+, 0.10 Yb3+ phosphor exhibits an excellent resistance against thermal quenching. The present investigation provides people a new down-converting phosphor Bi3+, Yb3+ co-doped Lu2GeO5 with near-infrared quantum cutting to achieve high photoelectric conversion efficiency of silicon-based solar cells.

How to understand the role and impact of information technology and artificial intelligence has triggered a big debate. To explore the pros and cons of artificial intelligence and its applications, this article takes the face mask distribution programs in the COVID-19 pandemic as research objects, conducting a multi-case comparative study of three cities in China. By manual coding of a total of 4560 We Chat official account messages, and by analyzing information related to the distribution process, it was found that: (1) On the demand side, the task complexity, the demand diversity, and the unstructured decision-making process in the public health emergency have exposed some limitations of AI in data collecting and unstructured problem-solving. (2) On the supply side, the procedural and substantive rules designed, together with the reliability of an AI system, will shape the performance of the AI service channel. (3) Though AI and other new technologies are advancing drastically in the pandemic, there is still much room for improvement whether by the optimization of AI systems, or by political control and social participation, and by the supplement of alternative channels such as the community service delivery.

The dried roots of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi as an edible medicinal herb are enriched with starch. However, the structure, physiology, and biological bioactivity of P. lobata starch (PLS) has not yet been fully investigated. This study showed that PLS consisted of mixed population of granules with polyhedral or spherical surface. The apparent content of resistant starch was 23.14%, and the molecular weight was 1.93 × 10

Nanophononic materials are promising to control the transport of sound in the GHz range and heat in the THz range. Here we are interested in the influence of a dendritic shape of inclusion on acoustic attenuation. We investigate a Finite Element numerical simulation of the transient propagation of an acoustic wave-packet in 2D nanophononic materials with circular or dendritic inclusions periodically distributed in matrix. By measuring the penetration length, diffusivity, and instantaneous wave velocity, we find that the multi-branching tree-like form of dendrites provides a continuous source of phonon-interface scattering leading to an increasing acoustic attenuation. When the wavelength is far less than the inter-inclusion distance, we report a strong attenuation process in the dendritic case which can be fitted by a compressed exponential function with $\beta>1$., Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures

Antibiotic resistance is becoming significantly prominent and urgent in clinical practice with the increasing and wide application of antibacterial drugs. However, developing and synthesizing new antimicrobial drugs is costly and time-consuming. Recently, researchers shifted their sights to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Here, we summarized the inhibitory mechanism of TCM herbs and their active ingredients on bacteria, discussed the regulatory mechanism of TCM on antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and revealed preclinical results of TCM herbs and their active components against antibiotic-resistant bacteria in mouse models. Those data suggest that TCM herbs and their effective constituents exhibit potential blockage ability on antibiotic-resistant bacteria, providing novel therapeutic ideas for reversing antibiotic resistance.

International audience; Nowadays metamaterials are at the focus of an intense research as promising for thermal and acoustic engineering. However, the computational cost associated to the large system size required for correctly simulating them imposes the use of finite-elements simulations, developing continuum models, able to grasp the physics at play without entering in the atomistic details. Still, a correct description should be able to reproduce not only the extrinsic scattering sources on waves propagation, as introduced by the metamaterial microstructure, but also the intrinsic wave attenuation of the material itself. This becomes dramatically important when the metamaterial is made out of a glass, which is intrinsically highly dissipative and with a wave attenuation strongly dependent on frequency. Here we propose a continuum mechanical model for a viscoelastic medium, able to bridge atomic and macroscopic scale in amorphous materials and describe phonon attenuation due to atomistic mechanisms, characterized by a defined frequency dependence. This represents a first decisive step for investigating the effect of a complex nano- or microstructure on acoustic attenuation, while including the atomistic contribution as well.

One common and reversible type of post-translational modification (PTM) is the addition of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation), and its dynamic balance is controlled by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and glycoside hydrolase O-GlcNAcase (OGA) through the addition or removal of O-GlcNAc groups. A large amount of research data confirms that proteins regulated by O-GlcNAcylation play a pivotal role in cells. In particularly, imbalanced levels of OGT and O-GlcNAcylation have been found in various types of cancers. Recently, increasing evidence shows that imbalanced O-GlcNAcylation directly or indirectly impacts the process of cancer metastasis. This review summarizes the current understanding of the influence of O-GlcNAc-proteins on the regulation of cancer metastasis. It will provide a theoretical basis to further elucidate of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer emergence and progression.

Panax ginseng glycoproteins (PGG) has been shown biological activity, but researches in this field are rarely reported. In this paper, PGG were prepared by reflux and then purified with macroporous resin column. Further separation and purification of PGG using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and two major components (PGG-1, PGG-2) were obtained. The molecular weights were calculated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and the results are 1.5 KDa and 8.2 KDa respectively. The MTT assay was used to study the cytoprotective effects of PGG, the results exhibited that PGG had significant effect (P 0.01), and showed an obvious dose-effect relationship. Anti-apoptosis experiment results showed that PGG and PGG-2 can inhibit Aβ-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells (P 0.05), and PGG-2 displayed better activity. The structures of N- and O-glycan were determined by combination of LC-MS/MS and methylation analysis. The computed parameters of PGG determined by MS including the theoretical isoelectric point (pI), instability index, aliphatic index and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) were summarized systematically. The distinct differences between two parts would affect the behavior of PGG in vivo. The results of activity test and bioinformatics analysis would guide the study of PGG in pharmacokinetics and mechanism.

Recently, downconversion materials have attracted considerable research due to large promotion of the efficiency of silicon-based solar cells through the absorption of solar radiation via quantum cutting. However, due to lack of ideal downconversion material, it is emergent to seek novel downconversion phosphors with large ultraviolet absorption and high quantum efficiency. Herein, we reported the photoluminescence performance and dynamics of a downconversion phosphor La2GeO5: Bi3+, Nd3+. This phosphor presents a strong ultraviolet absorption and emits a series of intense near infrared emissions by quantum cutting. The emission energy from the Nd3+ matches the energy gap of silicon-based solar cells which can improve the solar cell efficiency. Energy transfer from Bi3+ to Nd3+ in La2GeO5 occurs, proving that energy transfer mechanism of Bi3+→Nd3+ is an electric dipole-dipole (DMSO‑d6) interaction. The energy transfer efficiency of Bi3+→Nd3+ and theoretical quantum efficiency for La2GeO5: Bi3+, Nd3+ are calculated to be as high as 91% and 191%, respectively. La1.92GeO5:0.03Bi3+, 0.05Nd3+ phosphor presents a promising thermal behavior with an activation energy of 0.152 eV. Thus, the development of near-infrared downconversion Bi3+, Nd3+ co-doped phosphors might open up a new approach to achieve high efficiency silicon solar cells by means of quantum cutting.

In the past decades, a great variety of single-phase white-emitting phosphors have been developed, however most them can't satisfy us due to their low quantum efficiency and poor thermal stability. Herein, we reported a promising candidate of a white-emitting La2(GeO4)O:Bi3+/Eu3+ phosphor, exhibiting an efficient energy transfer, good thermal stability and high quantum efficiency. Rietveld structure refinement of La2(GeO4)O:Bi3+ was performed to confirm Bi3+ occupation of La sites in La2(GeO4)O. An analysis on the red-shift of both excitation and emission spectra of La2(GeO4)O:Bi3+ was made by combining the crystal structure and their spectroscopy. Thermal quenching temperature (T50%) of La2(GeO4)O:Bi3+ was approximately 532 K which is higher than that (473 K) of the LED chips under high power current driving and La2(GeO4)O:Bi3+ presented a spectral blue-shift as an increase in temperature. Furthermore, thermal quenching of La2(GeO4)O:Bi3+ was explained in detail by the configurational coordinate. More importantly, single Bi3+ doped La2(GeO4)O presented a blue-greenish broad band at 480 nm with a high quantum efficiency (48%) and excellent thermal stability (ΔE = 0.353 eV). Energy transfer from Bi3+ to Eu3+ in La2(GeO4)O efficiently occurred and energy transfer mechanism of Bi3+→Eu3+ was demonstrated to be dipole-quadrupole interaction. By codoping Eu3+ in La2(GeO4)O:Bi3+, La2(GeO4)O:Bi3+, Eu3+ phosphor exhibited the blue-green and red dual emissions. Fortunately, a single-phase white-emitting phosphor La1.94(GeO4)O:0.03Bi3+, 0.03Eu3+ was obtained with excellent resistance against thermal quenching and a quantum efficiency of 37%.

Driving cycles are important parameters to estimate vehicle emissions. However, most previous driving cycles, which were developed at the city scale or even national scale, cannot resolve the emission variations affected by road types and thus might introduce large uncertainties in the emission estimation. In this study, we proposed a new approach based on road type-based (RT-based) driving cycles to improve the estimation of vehicle emissions. As a case study, RT-based driving cycles for passenger cars were developed using more than 600,000 s of GPS data collected through on-road tests in Guangzhou. Results showed that driving cycles varied across road types (urban arterial road, highway, and other urban road), which featured varied velocities, acceleration, deceleration, and driving mode percentages. The urban arterial road had the lowest velocity (18.7 km/h), but the largest creeping mode proportion (61%). The other urban road had the largest acceleration and deceleration, while the highway had the highest average velocity (43.2 km/h) but the lowest acceleration and deceleration. Evaluations revealed that RT-based driving cycles could accurately depict separate driving patterns and emission factors on different road types. In comparison, city-level driving cycles and standard driving cycles typically overestimated emission factors of highways but underestimated those of other road types in Guangzhou. Consequently, emissions of light-duty gasoline passenger cars could be underestimated by 33% in the downtown and overestimated by approximately 25% in and around the highways. This study highlights the development of RT-based driving cycles to accurately estimate vehicle emissions and characterize their spatial variations.

International audience; Nanophononic materials have recently arisen as a promising way for controlling heat transport, mirroring the results in macroscopic phononic materials for sound transmission, filtering and attenuation applications. Here we present a Finite Element numerical simulation of the transient propagation of an acoustic Wave-Packet in a 2D nanophononic material, which allows to identify the effect of the nanostructuration on the acoustic attenuation length and thus on the transport regime for the vibrational energy. Assuming elastic behavior in the matrix and in the inclusions, we find that the rigidity contrast between them not only tunes the apparent attenuation length of the wave packet along its main trajectory, but gives rise to different behaviours, from weak to strong scattering, and waves pinning. As a consequence, different energy transport regimes can be identified in the three-parameter space of the excitation frequency, inclusions size and rigidity contrast, leading to the identification of a combination of parameters allowing for the shortest attenuation distance. These results could have applications both in the field of acoustic insulation, and for the control of heat transfer.

25-OH ginsenosides are potent and rare prodrugs in natural sources. However current strategies for such modification always end up in undesirable side products and unsatisfied yield that hinders them from further applications. Herein, ginsenoside Rg1 was thoroughly converted into 20(S/R)-Rh1 and 25-OH-20(S/R)-Rh1 by Cordyceps Sinensis in an optimum medium. The chemical correctness of either 25-OH-20(S/R)-Rh1 epimers was validated by LC-IT-TOF-MSn and 13C NMR spectrometry. The biocatalytic pathway was established as Rg1 → 20(S/R)-Rh1 → 25-OH-20(S/R)-Rh1. The molar bioconversion rate for total 25-OH-20(S/R)-Rh1 was calculated to be 82.5%, of which S-configuration accounted for 43.2% while R-configuration 39.3%. These two 25-OH derivatives are direct hydration products from 20(S/R)-Rh1 without other side metabolites, suggesting this is a highly regioselective process. In conclusion, this biocatalytic system could be harnessed to facilitate the preparation of diversified 25-OH ginsenosides with high yields of the target compound and simple chemical background in the reaction mixture.

The changes of brain metabolism in mice after injection of ginseng glycoproteins (GPr) were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry- (GC/MS-) based metabolomics platform. The relationship between sedative and hypnotic effects of ginseng glycoproteins and brain metabolism was discussed. Referring to pentobarbital sodium subthreshold test, we randomly divided 20 mice into two groups: control and ginseng glycoproteins group. The mice from the control group were treated with normal saline by i.p and GPr group were treated with 60 mg/kg of GPr by i.p. The results indicated that GPr could significantly improve the sleep quality of mice. Through multivariate statistical analysis, we found that there were 23 differential metabolites in whole brain tissues between the control group and the GPr group. The pathway analysis exhibited that GPr may be involved in the regulation of the pathway including purine metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. This work is helpful to understand the biochemical mechanism of GPr on promoting sleep and lay a foundation for further development of drugs for insomnia.

Supplemental material, Supplemental_Material for User testing of the psychometric properties of pictorial-based disability assessment Longshi Scale by healthcare professionals and non-professionals: a Chinese study in Shenzhen by Yulong Wang, Shanshan Guo, Jiejiao Zheng, Qing Mei Wang, Yuling Zhang, Zhenwen Liang, Lihai Zhang, Yi Yang, Haohan Zhai, Miaoling Chen, Yuzhen Wang, Yawei Li, Xing Lyu, Xuhui Li, Hongli Geng, Xiaolong Zhu, Fei Yu, Jian Yuan, Jing Zhou, Fang Liu, Haoming Luo, Jianjun Long, Wensheng Chen, Hua Li, Guanqi Fu, Chunxiu Zhou, Jiehong Zhang, Yao Wang, Yongyang Huo, Xiujun Ke, Yuanyuan Zeng, Jiayu Liu, Hailan Xing, Huixiang Xiao, Rui Jiao, Miao Wu, Qiang Tang and Xun Luo in Clinical Rehabilitation

The root of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey (Araliaceae) has medicinal value in complex system of Traditional Chinese medicines for its use in improving cognitive function. A glycoproteins named PGL-1 was extracted from ginseng which subjected to through a macroporous resin, hollow-fiber ultrafiltration and dialyzed. The glycoproteins has a molecular weight in the range from 0.4 to 4.4kDa, with an average molecular mass of 1.6kDa. HPLC analysis revealed that the compositions of glycoproteins included fucose, mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galacturonic acid, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine. Glycan of PGL-1 has a backbone of →4)-Rha-(1→, →4)-Fuc -(1→, →6)-Gal-(1→, →4)-GalA-(1→, →4)-GlcNAc-(1→ and →4)-GalNAc-(1→,and (→3,6)-Man-(1→) was distributed in branches. The (1→)-Fuc, (1→)-Glc and (1→)-GlcNAc or (1→)-GalNAc were regarded as a terminal residue. The Morris water maze test revealed that the PGL-1 can effectively alleviate the memory impairment symptoms of rats induced by Aβ25-35. All dose groups showed significant activity of protective effect on apoptosis SH-SY5Y induced by Aβ25-35, and obviously inhibited the S phase arrest. Compared with Aβ25-35 treatment alone, a significant reduction in NO concentration and NOS activity was detected in cells co-administered with glycoproteins. Thus, glycoproteins derived from ginseng might be a promising anti-AD reagent.

The aim of this paper is to study low molecular mass carbohydrate polymer from Panax ginseng root. The aqueous extracts of P. ginseng root were loaded onto a macroporous resin, then forced through a Cellulose Super Filtration System, and loaded onto a Carbon–Celite column and eluted with water, 5% ethanol, 30% ethanol and 95% ethanol. To determine if 30% ethanol elution from a Carbon–Celite column could enhance memory in scopolamine-induced memory deficit rats, Mirros water maze task was used. The purification of the 30% ethanol elution was performed on Sephadex G-15 and Bio-gel P2 columns. GC–MS analysis of methylated derivatives as well as ESI-MS measurement were used for structural confirmation. Results showed that 30% ethanol elution could enhance memory in scopolamine-induced memory deficit rats with intraperitoneal administration. Oligosaccharides and peptides were isolated from 30% ethanol elution. The oligosaccharides were identified as maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose.

The root of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey has various beneficial pharmacological effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the analgesic activities of glycoproteins from the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey in mice.Glycoproteins were isolated and purified from the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. Physicochemical properties and molecular mass were determined by chemical assay and HPLC. Acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate tests were employed to study the analgesic effect of glycoproteins and compared with that of aspirin or morphine. The locomotor activity was tested in mice by using actophometer.Four glycoproteins were obtained. The glycoproteins which protein content was the highest (73.04%) displayed dose-dependent analgesic effect. In writhing test, the glycoproteins significantly inhibited writhes (P0.001) at the dose of 20 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection. In hot-plate test, only at the dose of 20 mg/kg prolong the hot-plate latency (P0.05, at 30 min). In the locomotor activity test, the glycoproteins were significant decrease of motility counts at the dose of 20 and 40 mg/kg.These findings collectively indicate that the glycoproteins from the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey exhibited significant analgesic activities and the proteins were the active site, providing evidence for its pharmacal use.

The body of tremella were decocted with water, and hydrolyzed with 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid for different times, giving tremella polysaccharides with six molecular mass values. The structures of all the tremella polysaccharides had non-reducing terminals of β-D-pyranglucuronide, the backbone was composed of (1 → 3)-linked β-D-manno-pyranoside, and the side chain composed of (1 → 6)-linked β-D-xylopyranoside was attached to the C(2) of the backbone mannopyranoside. Immunomodulatory effect studies indicated that tremella polysaccharides increased the counts of leukocytes in the peripheral blood which were significantly lowered by cyclophosphamide, and the lower the molecular mass of the tremella polysaccharide, the better this effect was.