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Abstract In the digital age, the escalating accessibility of the Internet to younger populations prompts significant concerns about its potential behavioral repercussions. The objective of this research is to investigate the connection between Internet use and externalizing problem behaviors in early adolescents. A total of 1155 Chinese early adolescents, ranging in age from 11 to 14 years, participated by completing an anonymous self-report questionnaire. The findings reveal that: (1) there is a positive correlation between the extent of Internet use and the prevalence of externalizing problem behaviors, suggesting a potential risk factor inherent in unregulated digital exposure; (2) both self-education expectations and peer relationships mediate the link between Internet use and externalizing problem behaviors, indicating that educational aspirations and social interactions play a pivotal role in mediating this impact; (3) Internet use indirectly influences externalizing problem behaviors through the sequential mediation of self-education expectations and peer relationships, outlining a complex interplay that influences behavioral outcomes; and (4) the influence of Internet use on externalizing problem behaviors shows notable differences based on gender and geographical location, with a greater adverse impact observed in males than in females and in rural settings compared to urban areas. These findings underscore the urgent need for bespoke strategies to mitigate the negative influences of Internet use on youth, tailored to address the specific challenges faced by different demographic groups. The study not only extends the current understanding of digital media’s impact on adolescent behavior but also catalyzes policy discussions aimed at fostering healthier digital environments for the younger generation.

Abstract Background Protein phosphatase class 2 C (PP2C) is the largest protein phosphatase family in plants. Members of the PP2C gene family are involved in a variety of physiological pathways in plants, including the abscisic acid signalling pathway, the regulation of plant growth and development, etc., and are capable of responding to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses, and play an important role in plant growth, development, and response to stress. Apocynum is a perennial persistent herb, divided into Apocynum venetum and Apocynum hendersonii. It mainly grows in saline soil, deserts and other harsh environments, and is widely used in saline soil improvement, ecological restoration, textiles and medicine. A. hendersonii was found to be more tolerant to adverse conditions. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the PP2C gene family and its expression pattern under salt stress and to identify important candidate genes related to salt tolerance. Results In this study, 68 AvPP2C genes and 68 AhPP2C genes were identified from the genomes of A. venetum and A. hendersonii, respectively. They were classified into 13 subgroups based on their phylogenetic relationships and were further analyzed for their subcellular locations, gene structures, conserved structural domains, and cis-acting elements. The results of qRT-PCR analyses of seven AvPP2C genes and seven AhPP2C genes proved that they differed significantly in gene expression under salt stress. It has been observed that the PP2C genes in A. venetum and A. hendersonii exhibit different expression patterns. Specifically, AvPP2C2, 6, 24, 27, 41 and AhPP2C2, 6, 24, 27, 42 have shown significant differences in expression under salt stress. This indicates that these genes may play a crucial role in the salt tolerance mechanism of A. venetum and A. hendersonii. Conclusions In this study, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the AvPP2C and AhPP2C gene families in Apocynum, which provided a reference for further understanding the functional characteristics of these genes.

The primary objective of this study is to present a fresh perspective on the correlation between teacher-student relationships and externalizing problem behaviors among adolescents. While previous research has examined this connection, there is still an insufficient understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Moreover, the crucial role of peer relationships, mental health, and parental knowledge has been overlooked. In this study, a total of 6,919 Chinese rural adolescents aged 13–19 years participated by completing an anonymous self-report questionnaire. The results show that: (1) teacher-student relationship has a protective effect against the development of externalizing problem behaviors; (2) peer relationship and mental health both have a mediating role in the relationship between teacher-student relationship and externalizing problem behaviors; (3) teacher-student relationship can indirectly affect externalizing problem behaviors through the chain mediation of peer relationship and mental health; (4) parental knowledge plays a moderating role between the teacher-student relationship and externalizing problem behaviors. As the level of parental knowledge increases among rural adolescents, the impact of the teacher-student relationship on externalizing problem behaviors becomes more pronounced; and (5) the impact of teacher-student relationship on externalizing problem behaviors has no significant gender differences. Given the study’s empirical outcomes, we discuss potential explanations and advocate for a comprehensive pedagogical approach to mitigate rural adolescent externalizing behaviors. This entails nurturing teacher-student relations, fostering inclusive peer environments, emphasizing mental health literacy, and synergizing with caregivers for a holistic home-school intervention.

Abstract It is a critical quality assurance activity to effectively detect the root cause of faults causing the software crashes (i.e. crashing faults). Previous studies extracted features to characterise crash instances and built models to identify whether the residences of crashing faults locate inside the stack traces. These models all belong to supervised learning methods which require labelled crash data to be involved. In this study, the introduction of an unsupervised model, called Transfer Spectral Clustering (TSC), for the task of crashing fault residence identification under the unlabelled data scenario is proposed. Unlike traditional unsupervised methods which are applied to individual project data, TSC transfers the knowledge of auxiliary unlabelled data from the source project to assist the clustering task on the unlabelled data from the target project. TSC is an unsupervised transfer learning method, and simultaneously considers the data manifold information of the individual project and feature manifold information across projects to facilitate the clustering effect. Extensive experiments are conducted on a benchmark dataset containing seven software projects. Five indicators were chosen for performance evaluation. The results show that TSC achieves better performance than four clustering based unsupervised methods, and competitive performance compared with eight supervised cross‐project methods.

A WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) gene family has been implicated in promoting vegetative organs to embryonic transition and maintaining plant embryonic stem cell identity. Using genome-wide analysis, we identified 17 candidates, WOX genes in ramie (Boehmeria nivea). The genes (BnWOX) showed highly conserved homeodomain regions typical of WOX. Based on phylogenetic analysis, they were classified into three distinct groups: modern, intermediate, and ancient clades. The genes displayed 65% and 35% collinearities with their Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa ortholog, respectively, and exhibited similar motifs, suggesting similar functions. Furthermore, four segmental duplications (BnWOX10/14, BnWOX13A/13B, BnWOX9A/9B, and BnWOX6A/Maker00021031) and a tandem-duplicated pair (BnWOX5/7) among the putative ramie WOX genes were obtained, suggesting that whole-genome duplication (WGD) played a role in WOX gene expansion. Expression profiling analysis of the genes in the bud, leaf, stem, and root of the stem cuttings revealed higher expression levels of BnWOX10 and BnWOX14 in the stem and root and lower in the leaf consistent with the qRT-PCR analysis, suggesting their direct roles in ramie root formation. Analysis of the rooting characteristics and expression in the stem cuttings of sixty-seven different ramie genetic resources showed a possible involvement of BnWOX14 in the adventitious rooting of ramie. Thus, this study provides valuable information on ramie WOX genes and lays the foundation for further research.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a mixture of mono-glycerides of butyric-, capric-, and caprylic acid (MMG) on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and cecal microflora of broilers. A total of 960 male Arbor Acre broilers were offered basal diets with or without Chlortetracycline additive (CA) at 500 g/t, and MMG at 3,000, 1,000, or 650 g/t, with 8 replicates of 20 birds per treatment. The results confirmed 500 g/t CA with/without 1,000 g/t MMG increased the average daily weight gain (ADG) of birds compared to the control group 1 during the 42-d experimental period (P < 0.05). Comparing to the control group 1, 500 g/t CA with either 650 g or 1,000 g/t MMG or 1,000 g MMG alone increased the ADG of birds during the late growth stage (22–42 d) (P < 0.05). On d 42, the serum triglyceride levels were higher (P < 0.05) in groups supplemented with CA and CA + 1,000 g/t MMG comparing to the control group; while urea nitrogen level was higher in the control group comparing to the rest of treatment groups Compared to the control group 1, 1,000 g/t MMG alone without CA decreased the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Bacteroides but increased the abundance of Escherichia/Shiegella. About 500 g/t CA alone treatment group had higher abundance of Lactobacillus comparing to the rest of groups. In conclusion, dietary supplement with MMG showed beneficial efficacy on the growth and intestinal function of broilers, demonstrating the potential value of MMG to poultry industry. In terms of dosage, the current trial shows that 3,000 g/t (1–21 d) and 1,000 g/t (22–42 d) MMG without CA was the appropriate dietary supplemented rate for broilers. And the mixed use of 500 g/t CA and 1,000 g/t MMG was benefit for broilers at 22 to 42 d.

Given the desirable results of using probiotics and enzyme preparations as feed supplements in poultry health, here, the effects of Bacillus and Non-starch Polysaccharase (NSPase) on the growth performance, serum antioxidant profiles, and gut microbial communities of early stage ducks is investigated. A total of 400 Zhijiang ducks (of similar body weight and 1 day age) was selected and randomly divided into four groups. The feeding period was 28 days. Each group contained 10 replicates of 10 birds. Control group (I) was fed with basal diet, while treatment groups II to IV were fed, respectively, with 150 mg/kg NSPases, 25 mg/kg Bacillus probiotics, and 150 mg/kg NSPases + 25 mg/kg Bacillus probiotics in their basal diet. The results demonstrated that dietary Bacillus (25 mg/kg) increased average final weight, average daily gain (ADG), and decreased the malonaldehyde (MDA) in birds (P < 0.05). Dietary Bacillus (25 mg/kg) and NSPases + Bacillus (150 mg/kg + 25 mg/kg) presented much higher glutathione (GSH) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in birds (P < 0.05). Additionally, as revealed by β-diversity indices and analysis of similarities, dietary NSPases + Bacillus could affect the ileum microbial abundances and diversities at the genera level (P < 0.05), but it had no effect on the caecal microbiota. Also, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that dietary Bacillus and NSPases + Bacillus increased the populations of Ruminococcaceae genera in the cecum (P < 0.05), and S24-7_group and Lactobacillus genera in the ileum (P < 0.05). However, dietary NSPases and Bacillus alone and in combination could significantly decrease the content of Bacteroides in the ileum (P < 0.05). According to Spearman correlation analysis, 7 ilea bacterial microbiomes (S24-7 group, Lactobacillus, Subgroup 2, Subgroup 1, Kitasatospora, Candidatus Solibacter, and Akkermansia) were positively correlated with SOD (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Bacillus (25 mg/kg) and NSPases (150 mg/kg) included in the diet could efficiently enhance the growth performance by altered gut microbiota composition at the genera level and antioxidant indices of ducks.

Plant polyphenols have promoting health features, including anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anti-atherogenic, and anti-allergic effects. These polyphenols improve the immune system by affecting the white blood cell proliferation, as well as by the synthesis of cytokines and other factors, which contribute to immunological resistance. Olive trees are one of the most famous trees in the world. Whereas, olive olive oil and derivatives represent a large group of feeding resource for farm animals. In recent years, remarkable studies have been carried out to show the possible use of olive oil and derivatives for improvement of both animal performance and product quality. In vivo application of olive oil and its derived products has shown to maintain oxidative balance owing to its polyphenolic content. Consumption of extra virgin olive oil reduces the inflammation, limits the risk of liver damage, and prevents the progression of steatohepatitis through its potent antioxidant activities. Also, the monounsaturated fatty acids content of olive oil (particularly oleic acid), might have positive impacts on lipid peroxidation and hepatic protection. Therefore, this review article aims to highlight the nutritional applications and beneficial health aspects of olive oil and its effect on poultry production.

This study aims to provide a new perspective on the relationship between perceived teacher emotional support and externalizing problem behaviors among adolescents. Some studies have focused on the relationship between perceived teacher emotional support and externalizing problem behaviors. However, research on the underlying mechanism is still insufficient. Additionally, peer relationship, mental health, and parental knowledge have been ignored as a crucial factors. Altogether, 7101 Chinese rural adolescents aged 13-19 years completed an anonymous self-report questionnaire. The results show that: (1) perceived teacher emotional support has a protective effect against the development of externalizing problem behaviors; (2) peer relationship and mental health both have a mediating role in the relationship between perceived teacher emotional support and externalizing problem behaviors in rural adolescents; (3) perceived teacher emotional support can indirectly affect externalizing problem behaviors through the chain mediation of peer relationship and mental health; (4) parental knowledge has the potential to moderate the indirect impact by diminishing the association between perceived teacher emotional support and externalizing problem behaviors; and (5) the impact of perceived teacher emotional support on externalizing problem behaviors has significant gender differences. The protective impact was greater on boys than on girls. In relation to these findings, this study has discussed the possible reasons and made some practical suggestions to improve teacher emotional support among rural adolescents.