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Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and progressive disease characterized by fibrosis and interstitial pneumonia. It has similar clinical symptoms to “Fei Bi” and “Fei Wei” as described in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) classic Jingui Yaolue written by Zhang Zhongjing in the Han Dynasty. This study explored the potential of Maimendong Decoction (MMDD). MMDD consists of Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f) (ophiopogonis), Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. (pinellia), Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. (ginseng), Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (glycyrrhiza), Zizi phus jujuba Mill. (jujuba), and Oryza sativa L. (oryza sativa), with the function of nourishing the lung and stomach, and reducing the effect of reverse qi. It has been used clinically for over two thousand years to treat conditions like “Fei Bi” and “Fei Wei”. Previous research suggests that MMDD and its individual herbal extracts have anti-fibrotic effects. The main focus of MMDD in treating PF is to reduce inflammatory cytokines, inhibit pro-fibrotic factors and oxidative stress, promote differentiation and homing of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and enhance cell autophagy activity. This review summarized the clinical applications, mechanisms, and pharmacological effects of MMDD in treating PF based on existing clinical applications and experimental research. It also discussed current issues and prospects, aiming to provide a reference for further research on the mechanism of PF, drug development, and clinical trials.

Abstract Topological integrated circuits are integrated-circuit realizations of topological systems. Here we show an experimental demonstration by taking the case of the Kitaev topological superconductor model. An integrated-circuit implementation enables us to realize high resonant frequency as high as 13GHz. We explicitly observe the spatial profile of a topological edge state. In particular, the topological interface state between a topological segment and a trivial segment is the Majorana-like state. We construct a switchable structure in the integrated circuit, which enables us to control the position of a Majorana-like interface state arbitrarily along a chain. Our results contribute to the development of topological electronics with high frequency integrated circuits.

Objective Monitoring natural attenuation (MNA), as a low cost remediation method for groundwater pollution that does not produce secondary pollutants and has little impact on the polluted site environment, has high application value and development prospects, and is worth practicing and studying. Methods This paper adopts a groundwater-contaminated site in Baiyun District of Guangzhou to assess the applicability of MNA. Based on the analysis of hydrogeological conditions and pollution status, a groundwater numerical simulation program MODFLOW was used to establish a groundwater flow model for contaminated sites. The pollutant migration numerical simulation program MT3DMS was used to establish a pollutant migration model for the site. The migration processes of groundwater flow, main pollutants total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and heavy metal nickel (Ni) were simulated, respectively. Based on the model, the performances of the MNA alone and the MNA combined with pump and treat methods were compared. Results The results show that TPH and Ni are both sensitive to changes in the Freundlich constant and Freundlich exponent. The TPH shows good natural attenuation effect and can be substantially attenuated by the MNA alone. The concentration of TPH decreased from the initial value of 1.52 mg/L to the target (0.3 mg/L) after 850 days. Ni decay is relatively slow and it is suitable to adopt to a natural attenuation scheme under monitoring combined with the pump & treat method. The concentration of Ni decreased from the initial value of 0.13 mg/L to the target (0.02 mg/L) after 300 days. For a contaminated site with large natural attenuation capacities and/or low groundwater flow velocities, MNA alone is an appropriate remediation strategy. In contrast, for a contaminated site with low natural attenuation capacities and/or high groundwater flow velocities, the MNA combined with pump and treat may be a better remediation strategy. Conclusion This study provides an appropriate reference for the application of MNA to groundwater pollution remediation.

In the solar wind turbulence, proton temperature fluctuations are highly intermittent, especially at small scales in the inertial range. This phenomenon may contain information about solar wind intermittent heating. However, the physical nature of the temperature intermittency is not yet clear. Based on the measurements from Solar Orbiter between 2020 September and 2022 September, we identify 185 temperature intermittent structures at the scale of 24 s with well-defined minimum variance direction in the fast solar wind and study the nature and kinetic effects of them. According to the variations of proton temperature, the intermittent structures are classified into four types, including temperature bump, step, dip, and chain. When considering the magnetic field configuration together with other plasma properties, we find that, among the bump cases, 46 of them are linear magnetic holes (LMHs) that are mainly related to mirror-mode (MM) instability, and 43 of them are current sheets (CSs) with local temperature enhancement. The step cases are found to be associated with shock-like structures (13 cases) and tangential discontinuities (eight cases) that separate two different parcels of plasma. For the dip cases, 21 of them could be associated with the MM instability, and the rest of the 16 ones may prefer soliton scenario. The 38 chain cases are identified as compressive vortex-like structures and a mixture of LMHs and CSs. These results will help to further understand the intermittent dissipation process in the solar wind turbulence.

Abstract Fast spin manipulation in magnetic heterostructures, where magnetic interactions between different materials often define the functionality of devices, is a key issue in the development of ultrafast spintronics. Although recently developed optical approaches such as ultrafast spin‐transfer and spin–orbit torques open new pathways to fast spin manipulation, these processes do not fully utilize the unique possibilities offered by interfacial magnetic coupling effects in ferromagnetic multilayer systems. Here, ultrafast optically controlled interfacial exchange interactions in the ferromagnetic Co2FeAl/(Ga,Mn)As system at low laser fluence levels are experimentally demonstrated. The excitation efficiency of Co2FeAl with the (Ga,Mn)As layer is 30–40 times higher than the case with the GaAs layer at 5 K due to the modification of exchange coupling interaction via photoexcited charge transfer between the two ferromagnetic layers. In addition, the coherent spin precessions persist to room temperature, excluding the drive of pump‐modulated magnetization in the (Ga,Mn)As layer and indicating a proximity‐effect‐related optical excitation mechanism. The results highlight the importance of interfacial exchange interactions in ferromagnetic heterostructures and how these magnetic coupling effects can be utilized for ultrafast, low‐power spin manipulation.

The power spectra of the magnetic field at ion kinetic scales have been found to be significantly influenced by Alfvén ion–cyclotron (AIC) waves. Here, we study whether and how this influence of the AIC wave depends on the θVB angle (the angle between the local mean magnetic field and the solar wind velocity direction). The wavelet technique is applied to the high time-resolution (11 vectors per second) magnetic field data from WIND spacecraft measurements in a fast solar wind stream associated with an outward magnetic sector. It is found that around the ion kinetic scales (0.52 Hz–1.21 Hz), the power spectrum in the parallel angular bin 0∘<θVB<10∘ has a slope of −4.80±0.15. When we remove the left-handed polarized AIC waves (with normalized reduced magnetic helicity smaller than −0.9) from the fluctuations, the spectral index becomes −4.09±0.11. However, the power spectrum in the perpendicular angular bin 80∘<θVB<90∘ changes very little during the wave-removal process, and its slope remains −3.22±0.07. These results indicate that the influence of the AIC waves on the magnetic spectral index at the ion kinetic scales is indeed dependent on θVB, which is due to the anisotropic distribution of the waves. Apparently, when the waves are removed from the original data, the spectral anisotropy weakens. This result may help us to better understand the physical nature of the spectral anisotropy around the ion scales.

Finite element software was used to model the scaling dynamics of a composite-laminated shell of a solid rocket motor to investigate the modal frequencies of a thin-walled carbon fiber laminated shell. The accuracy of finite element simulations was verified through modal experiments. The effect of the lay-up angle and number of plies on the modal frequency of thin-walled carbon fiber laminated shells was investigated, and the corresponding empirical equations were determined. The results revealed that at each order, the variation in the modal frequencies of the composite-laminated shells was due to a change in the lay-up angle for a provided ply. The maximum frequency variation reached 276 Hz, and the modal frequencies of the shells changed when the number of layers varied from 5 to 10 when the total wall thickness of the shell remained constant. Furthermore, changes in the lay-up angle resulted in a pronounced effect on the modal frequencies of the shells of all orders. The expected modal frequencies and vibration patterns of laminated shells of thin-walled carbon fibers were obtained by varying the lay-up angle with the number of layers.

We report on the detection of electric field–induced second harmonic generation (EFISHG) from the anode interfaces of reduced and oxidized Fe-doped SrTiO3 (Fe:STO) single crystals. For the reduced crystal, we observe steady enhancements of the susceptibility components as the imposed dc-voltage increases. The enhancements are attributed to a field-stabilized electrostriction, leading to Fe:Ti-O bond stretching and bending in Fe:Ti-O6 octahedra. For the oxidized crystal, no obvious structural changes are observed below 16 kV/cm. Above 16 kV/cm, a sharp enhancement of the susceptibilities occurs due to local electrostrictive deformations in response to oxygen vacancy migrations away from the anode. Differences between the reduced and oxidized crystals are explained by their relative oxygen vacancy and free carrier concentrations which alter internal electric fields present at the Pt/Fe:STO interfaces. Our results show that the optical SHG technique is a powerful tool for detecting structural changes near perovskite-based oxide interfaces due to field-driven oxygen vacancy migration.

The light reflection oscillations resulting from the coherent scattering of polariton states and propagating coherent acoustic phonons (CAPs) in a ZnO single crystal are studied by using a two-color femtosecond pump-probe technique. The oscillation frequency manifested in the photoinduced reflectance shows a nonlinear dependence on the probe-beam wave vector owing to the variation of the refractive index near the band gap. The oscillation amplitude is affected by the refractive index modulation derived from the CAP-detuning polariton states. The larger oscillation for shorter probe-beam wavelengths is consistent with the stronger scattering between the CAP and excitonlike polariton states closer to the band gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]