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Abstract Deterministic encryption (DET) allows for fast retrieval of encrypted information, but it would cause significant leakage of frequency information of the underlying data, which results in an array of inference attacks. Simply replacing DET with fully randomized encryption is often undesirable in the scenario of an encrypted database since it incurs a large overhead in query and storage. Frequency Smoothing Encryption (FSE) is a practical encryption scheme to protect frequency information. Current FSE constructions still fall short of efficiency and a reasonable security definition. We revisit FSE and propose two security definitions from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Furthermore, we adopt a novel partitioning strategy to construct a new FSE scheme to improve performance. Experimental results show that compared with others, our scheme achieves excellent query performance while attaining security against inference attacks.

Abstract With the rapid development of expressway Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) technology in China, the expressway management system is becoming digital and intelligent, which provides a solid foundation for expressway vehicle infrastructure cooperation and autonomous driving. The gantry position is the key part of the ETC system. However, there are still some problems (e.g. gantry position missing or false), which can seriously affect the intelligent development of expressways. To address these two issues, an ETC gantry positioning method is proposed. First, the ETC transaction data and the GPS data on expressways are preprocessed to remove abnormal data and retrieve missed data. Then, combined with Dead Reckoning (DR) and Median Center, the potential position of the gantry is calculated from ETC transaction data and GPS data. Finally, the switching strategy based on Kalman Filter (KF) is used to capture the final gantry position. By comparing the results of the proposal with the collected gantry position, it is found that the positioning error of the gantry position calculated by this proposal is about 37 m. The positioning accuracy is 98.78% with the threshold of 100 m. The experimental results show that the proposal can effectively locate the expressway gantry.

IntroductionThe microbial interactions within the human microbiome are complex, and few methods are available to identify these interactions within a longitudinal microbial abundance framework. Existing methods typically impose restrictive constraints, such as requiring long sequences and equal spacing, on the data format which in many cases are violated.MethodsTo identify microbial interaction networks (MINs) with general longitudinal data settings, we propose a stationary Gaussian graphical model (SGGM) based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing data. In the SGGM, data can be arbitrarily spaced, and there are no restrictions on the length of data sequences from a single subject. Based on the SGGM, EM -type algorithms are devised to compute the L1-penalized maximum likelihood estimate of MINs. The algorithms employ the classical graphical LASSO algorithm as the building block and can be implemented efficiently. ResultsExtensive simulation studies show that the proposed algorithms can significantly outperform the conventional algorithms if the correlations among the longitudinal data are reasonably high. When the assumptions in the SGGM areviolated, e.g., zero inflation or data from heterogeneous microbial communities, the proposed algorithms still demonstrate robustness and perform better than the other existing algorithms. The algorithms are applied to a 16S rRNA gene sequencing data set from patients with cystic fibrosis. The results demonstrate strong evidence of an association between the MINs and the phylogenetic tree, indicating that the genetically related taxa tend to have more/stronger interactions. These results strengthen the existing findings in literature. DiscussionThe proposed algorithms can potentially be used to explore the network structure in genome, metabolome etc. as well.

This study exploited the use of lysozyme (LYZ) as a material to generate amyloid fibrosis process tuned by acid-heat induction under pH2.0 and 90 ℃. The structural characteristics of the lysozyme amyloid fibrils (A-LYZ) were characterized by nanoparticle size analyzer, atomic force microscopy (AFM), circular dichroism (CD), and fluorescence spectrophotometer. The four performance indicators on original lysozyme film and lysozyme amyloid fibrils film prepared by the flow-casting method, which were tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (E), water vapor permeability (WVP) and water solubility (WS), were inspected. Furthermore, the vanillin was added to lysozyme solution to obtain an antibacterial film, and its inhibitory effects on E. coli and B. subtilis were investigated. The results showed that the average particle size of lysozyme after amyloid fibrosis increased significantly, the structures of proteins changing from spherical to linear were confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Circular dichroism (CD) showed that the protein secondary structure was changed from α-helix to β-sheet. After acid and heat treatment, the surface structure of A-LYZ films was uniform and smooth. The mechanical properties of the films were increased and the WVP and WS of the films were decreased significantly (P

This network meta‐analysis aims to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of suture anchors (SA), tendon grafts (TG), hook plates (HP), Tight‐Rope (TR), and EndoButton (EB) in the treatment of acute acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocation. The Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched from their inception date to June 3, 2022. Studies included all eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies with the comparison of five different fixation systems among SA, TG, HP, TR, and EB were identified. All studies were reviewed, performed data extraction, and assessed the risk of bias independently by two reviewers. The primary outcomes are Constant–Murley score (CMS) improvement for assessing clinical efficacy, and complications. The second outcomes are visual analog scale (VAS) for assessing pain relief and the coracoclavicular distance (CCD) for assessing postoperative joint reduction. Version 2 of the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) and the risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions (ROBINS‐I) were used to assess the RCTs and non‐randomized trials, respectively. The continuous outcomes were presented as mean differences (MD), and risk ratios (OR) were used for dichotomous outcomes, both with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRA) results were calculated to offer a ranking of each intervention. We identified 31 eligible trials, including 1687 patients in total. HP showed less CMS improvement than TR and EB in both the Network Meta‐analysis (NMA) and pairwise meta‐analysis. HP also showed less CMS improvement than SA in NMA. For pain relief, HP performed worse than TR both in pairwise meta‐analysis and NMA. No significant differences were found for the measured value of CCD. Both TR and EB showed a lower incidence of complications than HP in pairwise meta‐analysis. The rank of SUCRA for CMS improvement was as follows: SA, TR, EB, TG, and HP; for pain relief: TR, EB, TG, SA, and HP; for CCD: HP, TR, SA, EB, and TG. For complications, HP showed the highest rank, followed by TG, EB, TR, and SA. SA shows better clinical effectiveness and reliable safety in the treatment of acute ACJ dislocation. Although HP is the most widely used surgical option currently, it should be carefully taken into consideration for its high incidence of complications.

Brassinolide (BR) is a natural plant hormone that enhances stress resistance, preserving the freshness and quality of postharvest fruits. This study investigated the effects of exogenous BR on chilling injury, physiological characteristics, and antioxidant capacity in sweet cherries (Prunus avium L. cv. Tieton) during cold storage. Cherries were treated with distilled water (Control, CK), 2 μmol·L−1 BR (CL1), and 10 μmol·L−1 BR (CL2) for 30 min, then stored at 2 ± 1 °C for 28 d. Sampling occurred every 7 d to assess BR’s impact. BR treatment significantly reduced the chilling injury index (28 d values: CK 39.56%, CL1 14.22%, CL2 21.33%) and weight loss index (28 d values: CK 4.07%, CL1 1.00%, CL2 1.77%), and delayed the decline in fruit firmness and quality. Additionally, BR increased the sugar acid ratio, vitamin C, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents while reducing superoxide anion (O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation. Notably, BR significantly lowered polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities, with CL1 showing superior efficacy. The findings indicate that BR application can potentially reduce postharvest chilling injury in sweet cherries and maintain their quality after harvest, providing a theoretical basis for its application in sweet cherry storage and preservation.

BackgroundWith the rapid development of artificial intelligence, prediction of warfarin dose via machine learning has received more and more attention. Since the dose prediction involve both linear and nonlinear problems, traditional machine learning algorithms are ineffective to solve such problems at one time.ObjectiveBased on the characteristics of clinical data of Chinese warfarin patients, an improved stacking ensemble learning can achieve higher prediction accuracy.MethodsInformation of 641 patients from southern China who had reached a steady state on warfarin was collected, including demographic information, medical history, genotype, and co-medication status. The dataset was randomly divided into a training set (90%) and a test set (10%). The predictive capability is evaluated on a new test set generated by stacking ensemble learning. Additional factors associated with warfarin dose were discovered by feature selection methods.ResultsA newly proposed heuristic-stacking ensemble learning performs better than traditional-stacking ensemble learning in key metrics such as accuracy of ideal dose (73.44%, 71.88%), mean absolute errors (0.11 mg/day, 0.13 mg/day), root mean square errors (0.18 mg/day, 0.20 mg/day) and R2 (0.87, 0.82).ConclusionsThe developed heuristic-stacking ensemble learning can satisfactorily predict warfarin dose with high accuracy. A relationship between hypertension, a history of severe preoperative embolism, and warfarin dose is found, which provides a useful reference for the warfarin dose administration in the future.

With the ability of monitoring both temperature and photothermal agents, the photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a promising guiding tool for the photothermal therapy (PTT). The calibration line which depicts the relative variation of PA amplitude with the temperature should be obtained before using PA thermometer. In existing study, a calibration line was generated based on the data from one spatial position, and used in the whole region of interesting (ROI). However, the generalization of this calibration line in ROI was not verified, especially for ROI with heterogeneous tissues. Moreover, the relationship between the distributions of photothermal agents and effective treatment area is not clear, hindering using photothermal agents’ distribution to optimize the administration-therapy interval. In this study, the distribution of effective photothermal agents and temperature in subcutaneously transplanted tumor mouse models were continuously monitored by 3D photoacoustic/ ultrasonic dual-modality imaging in 8 h after administration. With multiple micro-temperature probes in tumor and surrounding normal tissue, the PA thermometer was calibrated and evaluated at multiple spatial positions for the first time. The generalization in homologous tissue and tissue specificity in heterogeneous tissues of the PA thermometer calibration line were verified. Our study not only validated the effectivity of PA thermometer by proving the generalization of calibration line, but also removes a major obstacle that prevents applying the PA thermometer to a heterogeneous tissues ROI. The positive correlation between the proportion of effective treatment area and the proportion of effective photothermal agent area in the tumor was observed. Since the latter can be monitored with fast PA imaging, PA imaging can be employed as a convenient tool for seeking optimal administration-treatment interval.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a recalcitrant malignancy with limited treatment options. Bromodomain and extraterminal domain inhibitors (BETis) have shown promising preclinical activity in SCLC, but the broad sensitivity spectrum limits their clinical prospects. Here, we performed unbiased high-throughput drug combination screens to identify therapeutics that could augment the antitumor activities of BETis in SCLC. We found that multiple drugs targeting the PI-3K–AKT–mTOR pathway synergize with BETis, among which mTOR inhibitors (mTORis) show the highest synergy. Using various molecular subtypes of the xenograft models derived from patients with SCLC, we confirmed that mTOR inhibition potentiates the antitumor activities of BETis in vivo without substantially increasing toxicity. Furthermore, BETis induce apoptosis in both in vitro and in vivo SCLC models, and this antitumor effect is further amplified by combining mTOR inhibition. Mechanistically, BETis induce apoptosis in SCLC by activating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. However, BET inhibition leads to RSK3 upregulation, which promotes survival by activating the TSC2-mTOR-p70S6K1-BAD cascade. mTORis block this protective signaling and augment the apoptosis induced by BET inhibition. Our findings reveal a critical role of RSK3 induction in tumor survival upon BET inhibition and warrant further evaluation of the combination of mTORis and BETis in patients with SCLC.

Due to the differences in imaging methods and acquisition areas, remote sensing datasets can exhibit significant variations in both image style and content. In addition, the ground objects can be quite different in scale even within the same remote sensing image. These differences should be considered in remote sensing image segmentation tasks. Inspired by the recently developed domain generalization model WildNet, we propose a domain adaption framework named “Style and Content Domain Adaptation” (SCDA) for semantic segmentation tasks involving multiple remote sensing datasets with different data distributions. SCDA uses residual style feature transfer (RSFT) in the shallow layer of the baseline network model to enable source domain images to obtain style features from the target domain and reduce the loss of source domain content information. Considering the scale difference of different ground objects in remote sensing images, SCDA uses the projection of the source domain images, the style-transferred source domain images, and the target domain images to construct a multiscale content adaptation learning (MCAL) loss. This enables the model to capture multiscale target domain content information. Experiments show that the proposed method has obvious domain adaptability in remote sensing image segmentation. When performing cross-domain segmentation tasks from VaihingenIRRG to PotsdamIRRG, mIOU is 48.64%, and the F1 is 63.11%, marking improvements of 1.21% and 0.45%, respectively, compared with state-of-the-art methods. When performing cross-domain segmentation tasks from VaihingenIRRG to PotsdamRGB, the mIOU is 44.38%, an improvement of 0.77% over the most advanced methods. In summary, SCDA improves the semantic segmentation of remote sensing images through domain adaptation for both style and content. It fully utilizes multiple innovative modules and strategies to enhance the performance and the stability of the model.

Abstract The electronic properties of conjugated polymers depend sensitively on their conformation and morphology. However, control over the morphology of conjugated polymers is highly challenging. Here, we demonstrate a facile approach for assembling conjugated polymers into anisotropic nanostructures. In a water–tetrahydrofuran (H2O–THF) binary solvent, we prepared ellipsoidal nanoparticles, which can subsequently self‐assemble into triangle‐ring and rod‐like nanostructures in a stepwise manner. The transitions among these morphologies can be rationally regulated by tuning the volume ratio of H2O to THF and the polymer concentration. The nanostructures show shape‐dependent absorption from 383 to 403 nm and significant fluorescence enhancement with a quantum yield up to 70%. The oxetane groups in the polymer side chains and the presence of surfactant in the solvent are decisive for the anisotropic assembly. We further demonstrate multicolor fluorescent nanowires with good structural integrity over doping of dye molecules or other fluorescent polymers. Single nanowires were characterized by high‐order super‐resolution optical fluctuation imaging, which revealed spatial distribution of the photooxidation sites along single nanowire for easily generating hole polarons.

Glioma with very short medium survival time consists of 80% of primary malignant types of brain tumors. The unique microenvironment such as the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes the glioma theranostics exhibit low sensitivity in diagnosis, a poor prognosis and low treatment efficacy. Therefore, the development of multifunctional nanoplatform that can cross BBB and target the glioma is essential for the high-sensitivity detection and ablation of cancer cells. In this study, C6 cell membrane-coated conjugated polymer dots (Pdots-C6) were constructed for targeted glioma tumor detection. As a new kind of biomimetic and biocompatible nanoprobes, Pdots-C6 preserve the complex biological functions of natural cell membranes while possessing physicochemical properties for NIR-II fluorescence imaging of glioma. After encapsulating C6 cell membrane on the surface of conjugated Pdots, Pdots-C6 exhibited the most favorable specific targeting capabilities in vitro and in vivo. In particular, this pilot study demonstrates that biomimetic nanoparticles offer a potential tool to enhance specific targeting to the brain, hence improving glioma tumor detection accuracy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new and rapidly developing treatment modality for clinical cancer therapy. Semiconductor polymer dots (Pdots) doped with photosensitizers have been successfully applied to PDT, and have made progress in the field of tumor therapy. However, the problems of severe photosensitivity and limited tissue penetration depth are needed to be solved during the implementation process of PDT. Here we developed the Pdots doped with photosensitizer molecule Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and photochromic molecule 1,2-bis(2,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-3-thiophene)-3,3,4,5-hexafluoro-1-cyclopentene (BTE) to construct a photoswitchable nanoplatform for PDT. The Ce6-BTE-doped Pdots were in the green region, and the tissue penetration depth was increased compared with most Pdots in the blue region. The reversible conversion of BTE under different light irradiation was utilized to regulate the photodynamic effect and solve the problem of photosensitivity. The prepared Ce6-BTE-doped Pdots had small size, excellent optical property, efficient ROS generation and good photoswitchable ability. The cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and photodynamic effect of the Pdots were detected in human colon tumor cells. The experiments in vitro indicated that Ce6-BTE-doped Pdots could exert excellent photodynamic effect in ON state and reduce photosensitivity in OFF state. These results demonstrated that this nanoplatform holds the potential to be used in clinical PDT.

Anterior cruciate ligament deficiency (ACLD) is often accompanied by concomitant meniscal tears. The study aimed to assess the kinematic alterations of patellofemoral joint (PFJ) in anterior cruciate ligament deficiency knees with or without meniscal tears during a single-leg lunge. Sixty unilateral anterior cruciate ligament deficiency patients were recruited for the study, including 15 isolated anterior cruciate ligament deficiency patients (group 1), 15 anterior cruciate ligament deficiency patients with medial meniscal tears (group 2), 15 patients with lateral meniscal tears (group 3) and 15 patients with combined medial/lateral meniscal tears (group 4). The patellofemoral joint kinematics were determined by a single fluoroscopic image system. Patellofemoral joint kinematics of contralateral anterior cruciate ligament-intact (ACLI) and anterior cruciate ligament deficiency knees were compared. With or without meniscal tears, anterior cruciate ligament deficiency knees had significantly smaller patellar flexion than the anterior cruciate ligament-intact knees (∼5°–10°; p < 0.05). anterior cruciate ligament deficiency knees had more patellar lateral tilting by approximately 1°–2° than the anterior cruciate ligament-intact knees (p < 0.05) in groups 2, 3, and 4. anterior cruciate ligament deficiency groups with medial meniscal deficiencies showed consistent increased lateral patellar translations (2–4 mm) compared to the anterior cruciate ligament-intact group during a single-leg lunge. The results indicate that meniscal tears alter anterior cruciate ligament deficiency patients’ patellofemoral joint kinematics and the types of the meniscal injuries also affect the patellofemoral joint kinematics. Considering the varying effects of meniscal tears on the patellofemoral joint kinematics, specific treatments for anterior cruciate ligament deficiency patients with meniscal tears should be proposed in some closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercise programs, such as single-leg lunge.

Introduction Generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) is a hereditary connective tissue disease in which the range of motion (ROM) of multiple joints exceeds the normal range, and the ROM varies with age, gender, and ethnicity. At present, the six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) of ankle kinematics among people with GJH have not been studied. To investigate the kinematic characteristics in the ankle during treadmill gait of university students with generalized joint hypermobility compared to normal participants. We hypothesized that compared to the participants in the control group, those with GJH would exhibit kinematic characteristics of poorer active motion stability in the ankle during treadmill gait. Methods Healthy university student volunteers aged 18–24 (excluding those with a history of ankle trauma, etc.) were recruited and divided into a control group (50 volunteers) and a GJH group (Beighton score ≥4, 50 volunteers). Data of the 6-DOF kinematics of ankle was collected using a 3D gait analysis system. Variables were evaluated using independent t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Results In the proximal/distal parameter, proximal displacement was significantly increased in the GJH group compared with the control group during 4–9% and 96–97% of the gait phase (loading response and terminal swing phase), with an increase of (0.1–0.2 cm, p < .05). Regarding the proximal/distal, internal/external, plantarflexion/dorsiflexion, and anterior/posterior parameters, the participants with GJH exhibited greater ROM than those in the control group throughout the gait cycle (0.24 ± 0.22 cm vs. 0.19 ± 0.15 cm, p = 0.047, 5.56 ± 2.90° vs. 4.48 ± 3.30°, p = .020, 23.05 ± 5.75° vs. 20.36 ± 4.91°, p < .001, 0.65 ± 0.30 cm vs. 0.55 ± 0.27 cm, p = .018). However, ROM of inversion/eversion translation was found to be decreased in the GJH group compared to the control group (8.92 ± 1.59° vs. 9.47 ± 1.37°, p = .009). In addition, there was no statistical difference between the GJH group and the control group in ROM of medial/lateral translation (0.05 ± 0.06 cm vs. 0.04 ± 0.05 cm, p = .131). Conclusion Our results confirm that our hypothesis is not valid. Although there were a few differences in each gait parameter of the ankle between the GJH group and the control group, the difference was not significant. These results indicate that the presence of GJH has less effect on ankle kinematics and enhance our knowledge of the relationship between GJH and 6-DOF of ankle kinematics.

In recent years, semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) have attracted much attention due to their excellent photophysical properties and applicability, such as large absorption cross section, high brightness, tunable fluorescence emission, excellent photostability, good biocompatibility, facile modification and regulation. Therefore, Pdots have been widely used in various types of sensing and imaging in biological medicine. More importantly, the recent development of Pdots for point-of-care biosensing and in vivo imaging has emerged as a promising class of optical diagnostic technologies for clinical applications. In this review, we briefly outline strategies for the preparation and modification of Pdots and summarize the recent progress in the development of Pdots-based optical probes for analytical detection and biomedical imaging. Finally, challenges and future developments of Pdots for biomedical applications are given.

In this paper, the effect of D0 temperature, Kappa factor and the final pH value on bleaching sulfate bleached pine wood pulp was studied. The results showed that the bleaching efficiency was better when the pH value was 4, and the amount of absorbable organic halogen (AOX) in the bleaching wastewater was decreased. The Kappa factor is linear with the whiteness in the range of 0–0.15. With the increase of the Kappa factor, the amount of AOX in bleaching wastewater of D0 and Ep gradually increases. High temperature bleaching can reduce AOX production, but some fibers are hydrolyzed, leading to a decrease in pulp viscosity. The effects of chlorine dioxide solution adding sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on pulp bleaching were investigated. The results showed that both solutions could reduce the amount of AOX in bleaching wastewater. Among them, the addition of NaH2PO4 in chlorine dioxide increased pulp whiteness, while the addition of DMSO was the opposite. Scanning electron microscope showed that a small amount of hollow cracks and more voids appeared on the surface of pulp fibers after the addition of NaH2PO4. Pulp fibers bleached by the chlorine dioxide adding DMSO have more folds and less voids on the surface. The surface wrinkles of pulp fibers increased with the addition of DMSO and the voids were less. FT-IR showed that the number of chromophore groups in the pulp bleached by chlorine dioxide adding NaH2PO4 were decreased. However, the lignin characteristic absorption peak in the pulp bleached by chlorine dioxide adding DMSO increased at the intensity of 1062 and 1160 cm−1, which indicated that there were more residual chromophore groups.

Introduction: Although communal smoking of hookah by means of water pipes is perceived to be a safe alternative to cigarette smoking, the effects of hookah smoke in respiratory epithelia have not been well characterized. This study evaluated epigenomic and transcriptomic effects of hookah smoke relative to cigarette smoke in human respiratory epithelial cells. Methods: Primary normal human small airway epithelial cells from three donors and cdk4 and hTERT-immortalized small airway epithelial cells and human bronchial epithelial cells were cultured for 5 days in normal media with or without cigarette smoke condensates (CSCs) or water pipe condensates (WPCs). Cell count, immunoblot, RNA sequencing, quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques were used to compare effects of hookah and cigarette smoke on cell proliferation, global histone marks, gene expression, and promoter-related chromatin structure. Results: CSC and WPC decreased global H4K16ac and H4K20me3 histone marks and mediated distinct and overlapping cancer-associated transcriptome signatures and pathway modulations that were cell line dependent and stratified across lung cancer cells in a histology-specific manner. Epiregulin encoding a master regulator of EGFR signaling that is overexpressed in lung cancers was up-regulated, whereas FILIP1L and ABI3BP encoding mediators of senescence that are repressed in lung cancers were down-regulated by CSC and WPC. Induction of epiregulin and repression of FILIP1L and ABI3BP by these condensates coincided with unique epigenetic alterations within the respective promoters. Conclusions: These findings support translational studies to ascertain if hookah-mediated epigenomic and transcriptomic alterations in cultured respiratory epithelia are detectable and clinically relevant in hookah smokers.

Summary: Clonal evolution of osimertinib-resistance mechanisms in EGFR mutant lung adenocarcinoma is poorly understood. Using multi-region whole-exome and RNA sequencing of prospectively collected pre- and post-osimertinib-resistant tumors, including at rapid autopsies, we identify a likely mechanism driving osimertinib resistance in all patients analyzed. The majority of patients acquire two or more resistance mechanisms either concurrently or in temporal sequence. Focal copy-number amplifications occur subclonally and are spatially and temporally separated from common resistance mutations such as EGFR C797S. MET amplification occurs in 66% (n = 6/9) of first-line osimertinib-treated patients, albeit spatially heterogeneous, often co-occurs with additional acquired focal copy-number amplifications and is associated with early progression. Noteworthy osimertinib-resistance mechanisms discovered include neuroendocrine differentiation without histologic transformation, PD-L1, KRAS amplification, and ESR1-AKAP12, MKRN1-BRAF fusions. The subclonal co-occurrence of acquired genomic alterations upon osimertinib resistance will likely require targeting multiple resistance mechanisms by combination therapies.

Food safety has attracted attention worldwide, and how to detect various kinds of hazardous substances in an efficient way has always been a focus. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are a class of hybrid porous materials formed by organic ligand and metal ions. Nanoscale MOFs (NMOFs) exhibit great potential in serving as fluorescence sensors for food safety due to their superior properties including high accuracy, great stability, fast response, etc. In this review, we focus on the recent development of NMOFs sensing for food safety. Several typical methods of NMOFs synthesis are presented. NMOFs-based fluorescence sensors for contaminants and adulterants, such as antibiotics, food additives, ions and mycotoxin etc. are summarized, and the sensing mechanisms are also presented. We explore these challenges in detail and provide suggestions about how they may be surmounted. This review could help the exploration of NMOFs sensors in food related work.

In this study, we investigated the barrier properties of a montmorillonite-reinforced biomass material, starch. Organically modified montmorillonite materials were prepared from natural montmorillonite by reacting it with dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride or octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride under ultrasonic conditions. The composite starch films incorporated with these organically modified montmorillonite samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the introduction of montmorillonite decreases the transmittance of the composite film by 10% in the visible region and significantly inhibits UV-light transmittance. The decomposition temperature of the composite film ranges from 200 to 500 °C, with a weight loss rate of 80%. The distance between the montmorillonite layers increases from 0.14 nm in the non-magnetized state to 1.49 nm after magnetization. The oxygen permeability of the starch film modified by organic montmorillonite (0.067 cm3/m2·d) is lower than that of the montmorillonite starch film without magnetization (0.097cm3/m2·d). The oxygen barrier capacity is close to zero. Particularly in the ordered magnetic montmorillonite starch composite film, the oxygen barrier ability is the best. Therefore, modified montmorillonite could serve as an excellent reinforcing agent for cassava starch films and effectively improve the oxygen barrier performance of the films.