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The application of attenuated viruses has been widely practiced for protecting crops from infection by related severe strains of the same species. Papaya ringspot virus W-type (PRSV W) and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) devastate cucurbits worldwide. However, the prevailing of these two viruses in cucurbits cannot be prevented by only one protective virus. In this study, we disclosed that co-infection of horn melon plants by two mild strains, PRSV P-type (PRSV P) HA5-1 and ZYMV-ZAC, a previously developed mild mutant of ZYMV, confers concurrent protection against PRSV P-type and ZYMV. Consequently, mild mutants of PRSV W were created by site-directed mutagenesis through modifications of the pathogenicity motifs FRNK and PD in helper component-protease (HC-Pro). A stable PRSV W mutant WAC (PRSV-WAC) with R181I and D397N mutations in HC-Pro was generated, inducing mild mottling, followed by symptomless recovery in cucurbits. Horn melon plants pre-infected by PRSV-WAC and ZYMV-ZAC showed no apparent interference on viral accumulation with no synergistic effects on symptoms. Agroinfiltration assay of mixed HC-Pros of WACHC-Pro+ ZACHC-Pro revealed no additive effect of RNA silencing suppression. PRSV-WAC or ZYMV-ZAC alone only antagonized a severe strain of homologous virus, while co-infection with these two mild strains provided complete protection against both PRSV W and ZYMV. Similar results were reproduced in muskmelon and watermelon plants, indicating the feasibility of a two-in-one vaccine for concurrent control of PRSV W and ZYMV in cucurbits.

Cross protection application of HA5-1, an attenuated mutant of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) HA strain from Hawaii, was withdrawn from Taiwan due to the narrow geographic strain-specificity of HA5-1. Here, to overcome this problem, we created attenuated mutants of PRSV YK, a dominant severe strain from Taiwan, by mutating HC-Pro at F7, R181, F206, and D397 residues critical for potyviral pathogenicity. PRSV YK HC-Pro R181I, F206L, and D397N single mutant viruses induced mild symptoms, but their adverse effects on growth of papaya plants disqualified them as useful protective viruses. However, F7I single and F7I+F206L double mutant viruses displayed mild symptoms followed by recovery and they showed a zigzag pattern of accumulation in papaya plants, indicating their potential to trigger RNA silencing and retain partial antagonistic suppression of host defense. Although F7I+R181I and F7I+D397N double mutant viruses caused symptomless infection, they accumulated barely above mock level, thus not qualified as proper protective viruses. RNA silencing suppression (RSS) analysis by agroinfiltration in N. benthamiana plants revealed that the HC-Pro F7I and F7I+F206L mutant proteins were weaker in RSS ability than the wild type protein. Under greenhouse conditions, F7I and F7I+F206L mutant viruses were genetically stable, but not aphid transmissible. As against HA5-1 mutant’s low degree (10%) of protection to papaya plants, the F7I and F7I+F206L mutants provided complete (100%) protection to papaya and horn melon plants against YK strain. Thus, F7I and F7I+F206L mutants solve the problem of strain-specific protection and have great potential for control of PRSV in Taiwan.

Passionfruit plantings in Vietnam increased to 10,000 ha in 2019. However, outbreaks of passionfruit woodiness disease (PWD) have become a serious threat to production. In this study, five virus isolates (DN1, DN4, NA1, GL1, and GL2) were collected from different areas of Vietnam. Their causal roles in PWD were verified by back-inoculation to passionfruit. Analyses of coat protein (CP) and genomic sequences revealed that the GL1 isolate is closely related to East Asia Passiflora virus (EAPV) AO strain of Japan (polyprotein nt and aa identities of 98.1 and 98.2%, respectively), and the GL2 isolate is related to Telosma mosaic virus (TelMV) isolate PasFru, China (polyprotein nt and aa identities of 87.1 and 90.9%, respectively). CP comparison, host range, and cytological characterization indicated that DN1, DN4, and NA1 are potyviruses but are different from EAPV and TelMV. Phylogenic analyses of their CP and genome sequences indicated that these three isolates and the passionfruit severe mottle-associated virus Fujian isolate of China belong to a distinct clade, which does not meet the threshold (76% nt identity of polyprotein) to be regarded as any of potyviral species. Thus, a new species name, Passiflora mottle virus, (PaMoV), has been proposed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. A rabbit antiserum was produced against the CP of DN1, and it can distinguish PaMoV from TelMV and EAPV in western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) without cross-reactions. Field surveys of 240 samples by ELISA and reverse transcription PCR found that PWD in Vietnam is caused mainly by PaMoV, followed by EAPV, mixed infection of PaMoV and EAPV, and rare cases of TelMV.

Papaya ( Carica papaya) production is seriously limited by papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) worldwide, including in Vietnam. Control of PRSV by cross protection is dependent on the availability of effective mild strains. Here, an infectious cDNA clone was constructed from PRSV isolate TG5 from South Vietnam. Site-directed mutagenesis with point mutations on the essential motifs of the helper component proteinase (HC-Pro) was performed, with or without deleting five amino acids (d5) from its N-terminal region. Mutants TG-d5, TG-d5I7, and TG-d5L206 containing d5, d5 + F7I, and d5 + F206L, respectively, induced mild mottling followed by symptomless recovery on papaya and infected Chenopodium quinoa without lesion formation. Each mutant accumulated in papaya at reduced levels with a zigzag pattern and was stable beyond six monthly passages. The cross-protection effectiveness of the three mutants in papaya against TG5 was investigated, each with 60 plants from three independent trials. The results showed that each mutant provided complete protection (100%) against TG5, 1 month after the challenge inoculation, as verified by the lack of severe symptoms and lack of local lesions in C. quinoa. Further tests revealed that TG-d5I7 also confers high levels of protection against other severe PRSV isolates from South Vietnam, including isolates DN (97%) and ST2 (50%). However, TG-d5I7 is ineffective or less effective (0 to 33%) against seven other severe PRSV strains from different geographic origins, including the isolate HN from North Vietnam. Our results indicate that the protection by the three mutants is highly strain-specific and suitable for the control of PRSV in South Vietnam.

The global greenhouse effect and air pollution problems have been deteriorating in recent years. The power generation in the future is expected to shift from fossil fuels to renewables, and many countries have also announced the ban on the sale of vehicles powered by fossil fuels in the next few decades, to effectively alleviate the global greenhouse effect and air pollution problems. In addition to electric vehicles (EVs) that will replace traditional fuel vehicles as the main ground transportation vehicles in the future, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have also gradually and more recently been widely used for military and civilian purposes. The recent literature estimated that UAVs will become the major means of transport for goods delivery services before 2040, and the development of passenger UAVs will also extend the traditional human ground transportation to low-altitude airspace transportation. In recent years, the literature has proposed the use of renewable power supply, battery swapping, and charging stations to refill the battery of UAVs. However, the uncertainty of renewable power generation cannot guarantee the stable power supply of UAVs. It may even be very possible that a large number of UAVs need to be charged during the same period, causing congestion in charging stations or battery swapping facilities and delaying the arranged schedules of UAVs. Although studies have proposed the method of that employing moving EVs along with wireless charging technology in order to provide electricity to UAVs with urgent needs, the charging schemes are still oversimplified and have many restrictions. In addition, different charging options should be provided to fit the individual need of each UAV. In view of this, this work attempts to meet the mission characteristics and needs of various UAVs by providing an adaptive flight path and charging plan attached to individual UAVs, as well as reducing the power load of the renewable power generation during the peak period. We ran a series of simulations for the proposed flight path and charging mechanism to evaluate its performance. The simulation results revealed that the solutions proposed in this work can be used by UAV operators to fit the needs of each individual UAV.

In this paper, a universal approach toward constructing a new bilayer device architecture, a few-nanometer-thick third-component layer on a bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) binary blend layer, has been demonstrated in two different state-of-the-art organic photovoltaic (OPV) systems. Through a careful selection of a third component, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the device based on PM6/Y6/layered PTQ10 layered third-component structure was 16.8%, being higher than those of corresponding devices incorporating the PM6/Y6/PTQ10 BHJ ternary blend (16.1%) and the PM6/Y6 BHJ binary blend (15.5%). Also, the device featuring PM7/Y1-4F/layered PTQ10 layered third-component structure gave a PCE of 15.2%, which is higher than the PCEs of the devices incorporating the PM7/Y1-4F/PTQ10 BHJ ternary blend and the PM7/Y1-4F BHJ binary blend (14.2 and 14.0%, respectively). These enhancements in PCE based on layered third-component structure can be attributed to improvements in the charge separation and charge collection abilities. This simple concept of the layered third-component structure appears to have great promise for achieving high-performance OPVs.

This study presents the synthesis of small-molecule acceptors having the structure A–D–A′–D–A—where A, A′, and D represent the end group, the core and π-bridge unit, respectively—that form the active layers with the polymer PM6 for organic photovoltaics. Increasing the number of core perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PDI) units and conjugating them with thienothiophene (TT) or dithiophenepyrrole (DTP) π-bridge units enhanced the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and also increased effective conjugation, thereby, improving the light absorption and molecular packing. The absorption coefficient of hPDI-DTP-IC2F (two PDI with DTP) has the highest value (8 × 104 cm−1) because it featured the greatest degree of ICT, being much larger than that of PDI-TT-IC2F (one PDI with TT), hPDI-TT-IC2F (two PDI with TT) and PDI-DTP-IC2F (one PDI with DTP) (1.64 × 104 cm−1). The PM6:hPDI-DTP-IC2F device provided the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.6%; this value was more than twice that of the PM6:PDI-DTP-IC2F (4.8%) device. This large increase in the PCE of the devices from the one-PDI core to two-PDI core case can be attributed to the two-PDI core case having (i) a stronger ICT, (ii) proper molecular packing that provided higher and more balanced carrier mobilities and (iii) a smaller energy loss than for the one-PDI case. Therefore, increasing the number of PDI units that were conjugated with suitable chromophores for stronger ICT in small molecule acceptors can be an effective way for enhancing the efficiency of organic photovoltaics.

Purpose: Breast immobilization with personalized breast holder (PERSBRA) is a promising approach for normal organ protection during whole breast radiotherapy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the skin surface dose for breast radiotherapy with PERSBRA using different radiotherapy techniques. Materials and methods: We designed PERSBRA with three different mesh sizes (large, fine and solid) and applied them on an anthropomorphic(Rando) phantom. Treatment planning was generated using hybrid, intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) techniques to deliver a prescribed dose of 5000 cGy in 25 fractions accordingly. Dose measurement with EBT3 film and TLD were taken on Rando phantom without PERSBRA, large mesh, fine mesh and solid PERSBRA for (a) tumor doses, (b) surface doses for medial field and lateral field irradiation undergoing hybrid, IMRT, VMAT techniques. Results: The tumor dose deviation was less than five percent between the measured doses of the EBT3 film and the TLD among the different techniques. The application of a PERSBRA was associated with a higher dose of the skin surface. A large mesh size of PERSBRA was associated with a lower surface dose. The findings were consistent among hybrid, IMRT, or VMAT techniques. Conclusions: Breast immobilization with PERSBRA can reduce heart toxicity but leads to a build-up of skin surface doses, which can be improved with a larger mesh design for common radiotherapy techniques.

The continually increased space debris have posed great impact risks to existing space systems and human space flight. Accurate knowledge of propagation errors of space debris orbit is essential for many types of uses, such as space surveillance network tasking, conjunction analysis etc. Unfortunately, propagation error is not available for a two-line element (TLE). In this paper, a new TLE uncertainty estimation method based on neural network model is proposed. Object properties, space environment and predicted time-span are considered as the input of the network, the propagation errors in the direction of downrange, normal and conormal are as the output of the network. In order to assure the chosen orbit for training is not stable, only debris and rocket bodies are used. The network's effciency is demonstrated with some objects with continuous TLE data. Overall, the method proves accurate, computationally fast, and robust, and is applicable to any object in the satellite catalogue, especially for those newly launched objects.

To compare the dosimetric characteristics of helical tomotherapy (HT), volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and tangential field-in-field technique (FIF) for the treatment of synchronous bilateral breast cancer (SBBC).Ten patients with early-stage unilateral breast cancer were selected for simulating the patients with SBBC in this retrospective analysis. Treatment plans with HT, VMAT, IMRT, and FIF were generated for each patient with a total dose of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions to the target. Plan quality, namely conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), dose-volume statistics of organs at risk (OARs), and beam-on time (BOT), were evaluated.HT plans showed a lower mean heart dose (3.53 ± 0.31Gy) compared with the other plans (VMAT = 5.6 ± 1.36 Gy, IMRT = 3.80 ± 0.76 Gy, and FIF = 4.84 ± 2.13 Gy). Moreover, HT plans showed a significantly lower mean lung dose (p0.01) compared with the other plans: mean right lung doses were 6.81 ± 0.67, 10.32 ± 1.04, 9.07 ± 1.21, and 10.03 ± 1.22 Gy and mean left lung doses were 6.33 ± 0.87, 8.82 ± 0.91, 7.84 ± 1.07, and 8.64 ± 0.99 Gy for HT, VMAT, IMRT, and FIF plans, respectively. The mean dose to the left anterior descending artery was significantly lower in HT plans (p0.01) than in the other plans: HT = 19.41 ± 0.51 Gy, VMAT = 25.77 ± 7.23 Gy, IMRT = 27.87 ± 6.48 Gy, and FIF = 30.95 ± 10.17 Gy. FIF plans showed a worse CI and HI compared with the other plans. VMAT plans showed shorter BOT (average, 3.9 ± 0.2 minutes) than did HT (average, 11.0 ± 3.0 minutes), IMRT (average, 6.1 ± 0.5 minutes), and FIF (average, 4.6 ± 0.7 minutes) plans.In a dosimetric comparison for SBBC, HT provided the most favorable dose sparing of OARs. However, HT with longer BOT may increase patient discomfort and treatment uncertainty. VMAT enabled shorter BOT with acceptable doses to OARs and had a better CI than did FIF and IMRT.

Control of plant viruses by cross-protection is limited by the availability of effective protective strains. Incorporation of an NIa-protease processing site in the extreme N-terminal region of the helper component protease (HC-Pro) of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) resulted in a mutant virus TuHN

We investigated the organ-sparing effect of the deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) technique among different levels of lung expansion for left-side breast radiotherapy. This retrospective study enrolled 30 patients who received adjuvant left breast radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Simulation scans of both DIBH and deep breathing four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) were acquired, and three treatment plans were generated for each patient. One plan was based on the DIBH images, and the other two plans were based on the mid-lung expansion (ME) and initial lung expansion (IE) phases retrieved from 4DCT data sets. Dosimetric comparisons and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models were conducted. We used image registration for displacement analysis and sought potential factors related to the dose benefit of DIBH. The DIBH plans resulted significantly lower doses to the heart, left ventricle (LV) and left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), including the high- to low-dose areas, followed by the ME plans and IE plans (p < 0.05). DIBH reduced the risk of long-term cardiac mortality by 40% and radiation pneumonitis of the left lung by 37.96% compared with the IE plans (p < 0.001). The reduction in the mean dose to the heart and LV significantly correlated with anterior displacement of the left lung. The DIBH technique is a feasible tool to provide dosimetric and clinical advantages for adjuvant left-sided breast radiotherapy. Breathing pattern and the level of lung expansion seem to play an important role.

Summary Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have attracted considerable attention in recent years. Most reported strategies are from the perspective of the active layers to control the morphology of the donor/acceptor blend, with few methods focusing on modifying the transporting layers. Here, we develop a facile method to enhance both the thermal stability and efficiency of OPVs simultaneously from the perspective of the electron-transporting layer (ETL). Compared with traditional planar ETLs used in OPVs, our mesoporous ETL is designed to serve as a rigid scaffold to inhibit polymer diffusion upon heating. Furthermore, this structure creates more surface-area contact between the active layer and the ETL, potentially enhancing charge-extraction efficiency. As a result, the power-conversion efficiency (PCE) with this structure was enhanced by 11% relative to the planar structure. After being subjected to thermal stability test, the PCE of the mesoporous structure retained 69% of its original value.

Summary A tandem structure was invented to enhance photon utilization efficiency and reduce thermal loss. Considering the unique advantages of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs), the combination of NFAs and the tandem concept shows great potential for organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Herein, a simple strategy to balance the voltage-current trade-off in tandem OPVs by employing mixed NFAs in rear sub-cells is reported. The VOC and JSC of rear sub-cells can be tuned by using the blend of donor/NFA/NFA. This strategy offers an easy approach to balance the VOC and JSC in tandem OPVs toward higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) without rational and careful synthesis of new materials. Tandem OPVs based on mixed NFAs in rear sub-cells exhibited the best PCE of 13.3% in the lab. Importantly, the tandem devices were certified by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) under asymptotic scans, and a PCE of 11.52% was achieved and recognized on the most recent NREL chart.

Because the visible and the infrared (IR) regions take up ∼47% and ∼51% of the energy in the solar spectrum (AM 1.5G standard), respectively, utilizing the visible light for plant growth and the IR light for power generation is potentially extremely exciting. IR-absorbing organic semiconductors, with localized IR absorption and visible-light transmittance, would be promising materials for this purpose. Here, flexible transparent organic photovoltaics (TOPVs) based on IR-absorbing organic materials were proposed, which can be a simple, low-cost, and promising way to utilize the IR light for electricity generation, and the penetrated visible light will be utilized for photosynthesis in plants. A power-conversion efficiency of ∼10% with an average visible transmittance of 34% was achieved for TOPV devices. Meanwhile, the side-by-side comparison showed that plants grown under the TOPVs filtered light, and those under normal sunlight yielded very similar results. These outcomes demonstrated the results from TOPV devices beyond simple photovoltaic applications.

In this paper we report the effect on the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of photovoltaic devices after incorporating hydrogenated two-dimensional (2D) MoSe2 nanosheets into the active layer of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics (OPV). The surface properties of 2D MoSe2 nanosheets largely affect their dispersion in the active layer blend and, thus, influence the carrier mobility, PCE, and stability of corresponding devices. We treated MoSe2 nanosheets with hydrogen plasma and investigated their influence on the polymer packing and fullerene domain size of the active layer. For the optimized devices incorporating 37.5 wt% of untreated MoSe2, we obtained a champion PCE of 9.82%, compared with the champion reference PCE of approximately 9%. After incorporating the hydrogen plasma-treated MoSe2 nanosheets, we achieved a champion PCE of 10.44%—a relative increase of 16% over that of the reference device prepared without MoSe2 nanosheets. This PCE is the one of the highest ever reported for OPVs incorporating 2D materials. We attribute this large enhancement to the enhanced exciton generation and dissociation at the MoSe2–fullerene interface and, consequently, the balanced charge carrier mobility. The device incorporating the MoSe2 nanosheets maintained 70% of its initial PCE after heat-treatment at 100 °C for 1 h; in contrast, the PCE of the reference device decreased to 60% of its initial value—a relative increase in stability of 17% after incorporating these nanosheets. We also incorporated MoSe2 nanosheets (both with and without treatment) into a polymer donor (PBDTTBO)/small molecule (IT-4F) acceptor system. The champion PCEs reached 7.85 and 8.13% for the devices incorporating the MoSe2 nanosheets with and without plasma treatment, respectively—relative increases of 8 and 12%, respectively, over that of the reference. These results should encourage a push toward the implementation of transition metal dichalcogenides to enhance the performances of BHJ OPVs.

In this study, we prepared organic photovoltaics (OPVs) featuring an active layer comprising double bulk heterojunction (BHJ) structures, featuring binary blends of a polymer donor and concentration gradients of two small-molecule acceptors. After forming the first BHJ structure by spin-coating, the second BHJ layer was transfer-printed onto the first using polydimethylsiloxane stamps. A specially designed selenium heterocyclic small-molecule acceptor (Y6-Se-4Cl) was employed as the second acceptor in the BHJ. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the two acceptors formed a gradient concentration profile across the active layer, thereby facilitating charge transportation. The best power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) for the double-BHJ-structured devices incorporating PM6:Y6-Se-4Cl/PM6:Y6 and PM6:Y6-Se-4Cl/PM6:IT-4Cl were 16.4 and 15.8%, respectively; these values were higher than those of devices having one-BHJ structures based on PM6:Y6-Se-4Cl (15.0%), PM6:Y6 (15.4%), and PM6:IT-4Cl (11.6%), presumably because of the favorable vertical concentration gradient of the selenium-containing small-molecule Y6-Se-4Cl in the active layer as well as some complementary light absorption. Thus, combining two BHJ structures with a concentration gradient of the two small-molecule acceptors can be an effective approach for enhancing the PCEs of OPVs.

In this report, we demonstrated that the incorporation of 15 wt % two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenide materials indium selenide (In2Se3) nanosheets into a polymer (PM6)/small molecule (Y6) active layer not only increased its light absorption but also enhanced the long-term stability of the PM6/Y6/In2Se3 ternary blend organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the device was improved from 15.7 to 16.5% for the corresponding PM6/Y6 binary blend device. Moreover, the PM6/Y6/In2Se3 device retained 80% of its initial PCE after thermal treatment at 100 °C for 600 h; in comparison, the binary blend device retained only 62% of its initial value. This relative enhancement of 29% resulted from the In2Se3 nanosheets retarding or facilitating molecule packing in different orientations that stabilizes the morphology of the active layer. We adopted a modified kinetics model to account for the intrinsic degradation of the OPV; the degradation-facilitated energy for the degradation kinetics of the PCE for the ternary blend device was 5.3 kJ/mol, half of that (11.3 kJ/mol) of the binary blend device, indicating a slower degradation rate occurring for the case of incorporating In2Se3 nanosheets. Therefore, the incorporation of transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets having tunable band gaps and large asymmetric shape appears to be a new way to improve the long-term stability of devices and realize the practical use of OPVs.

Several approaches, including the use of small molecule acceptors, novel polymer structures, and tandem cell structures, have been adopted to prepare polymer solar cells displaying high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). The application of ternary blends as the active layer for polymer solar cells—for which the absorption spectra can be tuned by varying the composition ratios of components—is another facile approach toward optimizing the PCEs of devices. The selection of suitable ternary blends active layer often relies on intuition and remains a formidable challenge. Here, we adopted a systemic approach of not only using the same donor chemical units in the two donor-acceptor (D/A) conjugated polymers with complementary light absorption (energy band gaps) but also varying the side chains architectures as a means of tuning the packing of these semi-planar conjugated polymers, thereby influencing the carrier transport and optimizing the PCE. We employed linear, branch and mixed linear-and-branch side-chain attached benzooxadiazole (BO) as the acceptor (A) units in poly[benzodithiophene-thiophene-benzooxadiazole] (PBDTTBO) conjugated polymers and monitored their interactions with poly[benzodithiophene-fluorothienothiophene] (PTB7-TH), both of which featured the same benzodithiophene (BDTT) donor (D) units. We found that incorporating a minor amount (10%) of D/A conjugated PBDTTBO with such side chains into the PTB7-TH with a fullerene allowed us to tune the packing of the two polymers and, thereby, enhance the PCEs of corresponding ternary blend devices; the PCE of the ternary blend device incorporating PBDTTBO with two branched-side chains, PTB7-TH, and PC 71 BM increased to 11.4% from 9.0% for the device incorporating only the binary blend of PTB7-TH and PC 71 BM—a relative increase of more than 25%. This approach of using side chain engineering to tune the structure of a minor conjugated polymer and, thus, influence the packing of another major conjugated polymer that features the same donor chemical units appears to be an effective means of preparing highly efficient polymer cells.

Modern agriculture dramatically increases food production and continuously plays a critical role to remit the food crisis in the world. However, agricultural modernization also consumes more energy and land than the traditional small-scale peasant farming. The integration of photovoltaics into modern agriculture is a promising method to utilize the vast agricultural land efficiently and provide extra energy for crop production. Due to the tunable energy of the organic molecules, semitransparent organic solar cell serves as an ideal candidate. Rationally designed devices can allow sunlight with selected wavelengths to pass though and get absorbed by the plants for photosynthesis. Meanwhile, relatively high photovoltaic performances are also preferred for energy generation. In this article, important studies of semitransparent organic solar cells for agricultural applications are reviewed, and the design routes and strategies are summarized. The perspectives for the future research on agricultural photovoltaics are also presented.

The NSs protein and the nucleocapsid protein (NP) of orthotospoviruses are the major targets for serological detection and diagnosis. A common epitope of KFTMHNQIF in the NSs proteins of Asia orthotospoviruses has been applied as an epitope tag (nss-tag) for monitoring recombinant proteins. In this study, a monoclonal antibody TNP MAb against the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) NP that reacts with TSWV-serogroup members of Euro-America orthotospoviruses was produced. By truncation and deletion analyses of TSWV NP, the common epitope of KGKEYA was identified and designated as the np sequence. The np sequence was successfully utilized as an epitope tag (np-tag) to monitor various proteins, including the green fluorescence protein, the coat protein of the zucchini yellow mosaic virus, and the dust mite chimeric allergen Dp25, in a bacterial expression system. The np-tag was also applied to investigate the protein–protein interaction in immunoprecipitation. In addition, when the np-tag and the nss-tag were simultaneously attached at different termini of the expressed recombinant proteins, they reacted with the corresponding MAbs with high sensitivity. Here, we demonstrated that the np sequence and TNP MAb can be effectively applied for tagging and detecting proteins and can be coupled with the nss-tag to form a novel epitope-tagging system for investigating protein–protein interactions.

Penetration testing is a crucial defense against common web application security threats such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting attacks. A proposed web vulnerability scanner automatically generates test data with combinative evasion techniques, significantly expanding test coverage and revealing more vulnerabilities.

Purpose: To analyze and compare the characteristics of dose distributions for Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion (LGK-PFX) and CyberKnife (CK) in treating arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Subjects and Methods: Twenty-four patients with AVMs who received CK radiosurgery at a prescribed dose (PD) of 16-25 Gy in a single fraction were selected. A LGK-PFX treatment plan with the same PD was designed for each patient. Dosimetric values for both systems were compared with respect to the conformity index (CI); selectivity index (SI); gradient index (GI) of 75, 50, and 25% of the PD; heterogeneity index; volume of the brain tissue covered by doses of 10 and 12 Gy; maximum dose delivered to the brainstem; and beam-on time. Results: The CIs of LGK-PFX and CK were 0.744 ± 0.075 and 0.759 ± 0.071 (p = 0.385), respectively. The SIs of LGK-PFX and CK were 0.764 ± 0.081 and 0.780 ± 0.076 (p = 0.424), respectively. The GI75%, GI50%, and GI25% values of LGK-PFX and CK were 1.028 ± 0.123 and 2.439 ± 0.338 (p < 0.001), 3.169 ± 0.265 and 4.972 ± 0.852 (p < 0.001), and 8.650 ± 0.914 and 14.261 ± 2.476 (p < 0.001), respectively. Volumes of the brain tissue covered by 10 Gy and 12 Gy for LGK-PFX and CK (p < 0.001) exhibited a significant difference. Conclusions: LGK-PFX and CK exhibited similar dose conformity. LGK-PFX showed superior normal tissue sparing.