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Summary: During arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, plant innate immunity is modulated to a prime state to allow for fungal colonization. The underlying mechanisms remain to be further explored. In this study, two rice genes encoding LysM extracellular (LysMe) proteins were investigated.By obtaining OsLysMepro:GUS transgenic plants and generating oslysme1, oslysme2 and oslysme1oslysme2 mutants via CRISPR/Cas9 technique, OsLysMe genes were revealed to be specifically induced in the arbusculated cells and mutations in either gene caused significantly reduced root colonization rate by AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Overexpression of OsLysMe1 or OsLysMe2 dramatically increased the colonization rates in rice and Medicago truncatula.The electrophoretic mobility shift assay and dual‐luciferase reporter assay supported that OsLysMe genes are regulated by OsWRI5a. Either OsLysMe1 or OsLysMe2 can efficiently rescue the impaired AM phenotype of the mtlysme2 mutant, supporting a conserved function of LysMe across monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.The co‐localization of OsLysMe proteins with the apoplast marker SP‐OsRAmy3A implies their probable localization to the periarbuscular space (PAS) during symbiosis. Relative to the fungal biomass marker RiTEF, some defense‐related genes showed disproportionately high expression levels in the oslysme mutants. These data support that rice plants deploy two OsLysMe proteins to facilitate AM symbiosis, likely by diminishing plant defense responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the protein markers in the urine of chronic renal failure (CRF) patients of Chinese medicine damp syndrome (CMDS) based on surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) technique., Methods: The urine was sampled from 90 CRF patients of CMDS and 60 CRF patients of non-CMDS. Then the proteomics of the urine was studied by H4 gene chip. The chips were scanned and analyzed using PBS II (a protein chip reader)., Results: (1) Totally 25 differential protein peaks were identified in the e/m range of 1 000-20 000 of the protein atlas of the two groups (P < 0.01). (2) The urine protein predictive model of CFR patients of CMDS was established after bioinformatic analysis. Totally 4 biomarkers consisting of M/Z 8 654.96, M/Z 2 081.65, M/Z 18 667.3, and M/Z 2 242.14 were obtained, which could better classify the samples of CMDS and those of non-CMDS. Its accuracy rate was 84.7%, the sensitivity was 92.2%, and the specificity was 73.3%. (3) Between the CMDS group and the non-CMDS group, 7 kinds of proteins in the urine were possibly identified by SwissProt Database., Conclusions: This study had primarily screened the protein markers in the urine of CRF patients of CMDS, and established the predictive model. The protein markers in the urine were identified by database, thus providing certain experimental evidence for clinical typing of CRF patients of CMDS.

Objective: To study different protein expressions in urine of chronic renal failure (CRF) patients of different Chinese medicine (CM) syndrome types., Methods: Recruited were 251 CRF inpatients at the Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2009 to January 2010. Of them, there were 34 patients in Gan-Shen yin deficiency group (GSYDG), 75 in Pi-Shen qi deficiency group (PSQDG), 56 in Pi-Shen qi-yin deficiency group (PSQYG), 32 in Pi-Shen yang deficiency group (PSYDG), and 54 in yin-yang deficiency group (YYDG). Another 50 healthy subjects were recruited as the control group. The proteomic study of the urine was performed with H4 gene chip using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS). The gene chips were scanned and analyzed using protein array reader PBSII., Results: A total of 49 differential protein peaks were detected between CM syndrome types groups and the control group (P<0.01). The area under the ROC curve of different CM syndrome types showed that obvious difference existed between GSYDG and PSQDG, PSQYG, PSYDG, and YYDG. Obvious difference existed between PSQYD and PSYDG. General difference existed between PSQDG and PSQDG as well as PSYDG. General difference existed between PSQYD and YYDG or between PSYDG and YYDG. No obvious difference existed between PSQDG and YYDG., Conclusion: Urine protein biomarkers could reflect different biological features of CRF patients of different CM syndrome types to some extent.