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Panose is iso-malto-oligosaccharide contained α-1,6 glycosidic bonds, and α-glucosidase is the key enzyme to produce panose. In this study, the α-glucosidase gene in deep-sea hydrothermal vents thermophilic archaea Thermococcus siculi HJ21 was synthesized, and cloned into the vector pET29a. Then expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and purified by His Trap HP column. The molecular weight of α-glucosidase was determined by SDS-PAGE. The enzymatic properties and transglycosylation were also investigated. The results showed that the gene of α-glucosidase was 729 bp and encoded 242 amino acids. The molecular weight of α-glucosidase was about 27.2 kDa. Its optimal temperature and pH were 40 ℃ and 6.0 respectively. When the receptor was fructose, and the ratio of fructose and maltose was 1:9, the highest yield of panose could reached 79.1% after 10 h reaction. The results provide a basis for producing high-purity panose by α-glucosidase from archaea.

Abstract Background The utilization of liposomes in drug delivery has garnered significant attention due to their efficient drug loading capacity and excellent biocompatibility, rendering them a promising platform for tumor therapy. However, the average size of liposomes ~ 100 nm leads to liposomes being susceptible to hepatic and renal metabolism to excretion outside the body leading to poor drug delivery efficiency with a total utilization rate of less than 0.7%, resulting in unfavorable treatment outcomes. Results We have developed a novel liposome platform equipped with tumor surface nucleolin-targeting capacity to enhance drug accumulation at the tumor in vivo. The encapsulation of doxorubicin through thin film hydration has resulted in the formation of D@L-AS1411. Through in vivo experiments, we have demonstrated the effective accumulation of D@L-AS1411 at the tumor site and its ability to improve doxorubicin utilization rates by 40%. Additionally, D@L-AS1411 induces immunogenic death of tumor cells, release of tumor-associated antigens, upregulation of calreticulin expression, and recruitment of active T cell infiltration, and ultimately improves the therapeutic efficacy against tumors (70%). Conclusions Based on the nucleic acid aptamer AS1411, D@L-1411 is developed to specifically enhance the accumulation of Dox at tumor sites, thereby inhibiting and enhancing the anti-tumor effect. In summary, this study not only provides an efficient tumor-targeting delivery platform but also contributes to the improvement of chemotherapy–immunotherapy combination for tumor treatment strategy in the clinic.

Abstract Background Glioblastoma is an aggressive brain tumor linked to significant angiogenesis and poor prognosis. Anti-angiogenic therapies with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) inhibition have been investigated as an alternative glioblastoma treatment. However, little is known about the effect of VEGFR2 blockade on glioblastoma cells per se. Methods VEGFR2 expression data in glioma patients were retrieved from the public database TCGA. VEGFR2 intervention was implemented by using its selective inhibitor Ki8751 or shRNA. Mitochondrial biogenesis of glioblastoma cells was assessed by immunofluorescence imaging, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis. Results VEGFR2 expression was higher in glioma patients with higher malignancy (grade III and IV). VEGFR2 inhibition hampered glioblastoma cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis. Mass spectrometry and immunofluorescence imaging showed that the anti-glioblastoma effects of VEGFR2 blockade involved mitochondrial biogenesis, as evidenced by the increases of mitochondrial protein expression, mitochondria mass, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, all of which play important roles in tumor cell apoptosis, growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest and cell senescence. Furthermore, VEGFR2 inhibition exaggerated mitochondrial biogenesis by decreased phosphorylation of AKT and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α), which mobilized PGC1α into the nucleus, increased mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) expression, and subsequently enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis. Conclusions VEGFR2 blockade inhibits glioblastoma progression via AKT-PGC1α-TFAM-mitochondria biogenesis signaling cascade, suggesting that VEGFR2 intervention might bring additive therapeutic values to anti-glioblastoma therapy.

Abstract Early detection of sepsis is key to ensure timely clinical intervention. Since very few end-to-end pipelines are publicly available, fair comparisons between methodologies are difficult if not impossible. Progress is further limited by discrepancies in the reconstruction of sepsis onset time. This retrospective cohort study highlights the variation in performance of predictive models under three subtly different interpretations of sepsis onset from the sepsis-III definition and compares this against inter-model differences. The models are chosen to cover tree-based, deep learning, and survival analysis methods. Using the MIMIC-III database, between 867 and 2178 intensive care unit admissions with sepsis were identified, depending on the onset definition. We show that model performance can be more sensitive to differences in the definition of sepsis onset than to the model itself. Given a fixed sepsis definition, the best performing method had a gain of 1–5% in the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC). However, the choice of onset time can cause a greater effect, with variation of 0–6% in AUROC. We illustrate that misleading conclusions can be drawn if models are compared without consideration of the sepsis definition used which emphasizes the need for a standardized definition for sepsis onset.

BackgroundThe simultaneous occurrence of Branchial Cleft Cyst (BCC) and Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC) represents an unusual malignant tumor, with cases featuring associated lymph node metastasis being particularly rare. This combination underscores an increased potential for metastasis, and the assessment of neck masses, particularly on the lateral aspect, may inadvertently overlook the scrutiny of the thyroid. Therefore, healthcare providers should exercise vigilance, especially in patients over the age of 40, regarding the potential for neck masses to signify metastasis from thyroid malignancies. Currently, surgical intervention stands as the primary effective curative method, while the postoperative administration of radioactive iodine therapy remains a topic of ongoing debate.Case reportIn the presented case, a 48-year-old male patient with a right neck mass underwent surgical intervention. The procedure included the excision of the right neck mass, unilateral thyroidectomy with isthmus resection, and functional neck lymph node dissection under tracheal intubation and general anesthesia. Postoperative pathology findings revealed the coexistence of a BCC with metastatic PTC in the right neck mass, as well as papillary carcinoma in the right thyroid lobe. Lymph node metastasis was observed in the central and levels III of the right neck.ConclusionThe rare amalgamation of a BCC with PTC and concurrent lymph node metastasis underscores the invasive nature of this malignancy. Healthcare professionals should be well-acquainted with its clinical presentation, pathological characteristics, and diagnostic criteria. A multidisciplinary approach is strongly recommended to enhance patient outcomes.

In this study, the critical need for precise and accurate prediction of intra‐tumor heterogeneity related to the enhanced permeability and retention effect and spatial distribution of nanoprobes is addressed for the development of effective nanodrug delivery strategies. Current predictive models are limited in terms of resolution and accuracy, prompting the construction of a high‐resolution prediction network (HRPN) that estimates the microdistribution of quantum dots, factoring in tumor vascular and nuclear features. The HRPN algorithm is trained using 27 780 patches and validated on 4920 patches derived from 4T1 breast cancer whole‐slide images, demonstrating its reliability. The HRPN model exhibits minimal error (mean square error = 1.434, root mean square error = 1.198), satisfactory goodness of fit (R2 = 0.891), and superior image quality (peak signal‐to‐noise ratio = 44.548) when compared to a generative‐adversarial‐network‐structured model. Furthermore, the HRPN model offers improved prediction accuracy, broader prediction intervals, and reduced computational resource requirements. Consequently, the proposed model yields high‐resolution predictions that more closely resemble actual tumor microdistributions, potentially serving as a powerful analytical tool for investigating the spatial relationship between the tumor microenvironment and nanoprobes.

Breast angiosarcoma is a rare and highly aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. It can occur spontaneously or be associated with factors such as radiation therapy or chronic lymphedema. The etiology and pathogenesis of this disease are still unclear, the clinical symptoms and imaging findings lack specificity, and the pathological morphology is diverse, which is easy to be confused with other diseases. There is no clear guideline for surgical treatment. Although the optimal surgical approach remains unclear, the ultimate goal is surgical excision with optimal margins, which remains the primary method of treatment. In clinical practice, the choice of the surgical approach should be made by considering the tumor size, pathological type, and patient preferences. In clinical practice, the selection of surgical methods should be carried out with comprehensive consideration of tumor size, pathological types and patients' wishes. There is no clear consensus on whether radiotherapy and chemotherapy should be carried out after surgery, and its optimal program and efficacy are uncertain. This article reviews the etiology, clinical manifestations, pathological features, imaging findings, treatment, prognosis and other aspects of breast angiosarcoma, so as to strengthen clinicians' overall understanding of this disease and avoid missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis.

According to the limiting factors of vertical shaft blasting construction and explosive controlled conditions, combined with the characteristics of the existing cutting technology, this paper puts forward the carbon dioxide two-step cylindrical cut blasting technology. First of all , this paper introduce the principle of carbon dioxide blasting technology and the structure of carbon dioxide blasting device ,expounds the core idea of two-step cylindrical cut.“two-step” refers to a description of the cut form from two dimensions of “time and space”. The rock in the cut area is divided into two steps with different depths, and the blasting sequence of the cut hole is divided into two different stages. At the same time, the cut hole is arranged into two rings with different diameters of the double cylinder shape, the center of the cut ring is arranged with a empty hole, the first-order cut hole in the inner ring, while the second-order cut hole in the outer ring, two cut holes are inclined to the center hole at a certain Angle, so that the top area of the cylinder is large and the bottom area is small. The first-order cut hole is blasting first, and the second-order cut hole is blasting later. This two-step cylindrical cut fully combines the advantages of “two-step” and “cylindrical cutting”, that the center hole provides weak free surface and compensation space for the blasting hole, while the first-order and the second-order cut hole are surrounded by a double cylinder.In this case the blasting is carried out in two stages, which effectively combines the shallow blasting and deep blasting, reduces the clamping force of the rock during the second blasting, expands the area of cutting cavity, and improves the blasting effect. Secondly, by analyse the principle of two-step cylindrical cut blasting technology, and deduce the shear resistance formula of cut blasting and the dynamic formula of blasting cavity，and determine the basic conditions for rock ejection from the cavity under the static action of carbon dioxide explosion gas.At last, by comparing the field application effects of dynamite straight cut blasting and carbon dioxide two-step cut blasting, indicate that the two methods have small difference in the three post-detonation indicators of circulating drill footage, hole utilization rate and cut cavity volume, which further proves that the carbon dioxide two-step cylindrical cut blasting technology is suitable for vertical shaft drilling. It provides a new technical way for vertical shaft cut blasting.

Abstract Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is a key enabling technology to reshape the electromagnetic propagation environment and enhance the communication performance. Current single IRS-aided or multiple distributed IRSs-aided wireless communication systems leave inter-IRSs collaboration out of consideration, and as a result, the system performance may be severely restricted. For cooperative double IRSs-aided wireless communication systems, dyadic backscatter channel model is widely used in the performance analysis and optimization. However, the impact of factors such as the size and gain of IRS elements is omitted. As a result, the performance quantification and evaluation are inaccurate. In order to avoid the above limitations, spatial scattering channel model is leveraged to quantify the path loss of the double reflection link in typical application scenarios of double IRSs-aided wireless communication systems. When the near-field condition is satisfied, the electromagnetic wave signal transmitted between IRSs is a spherical wave, which leads to high-rank channel and a lower signal to noise ratio. This paper considers the rank-1 inter-IRSs equivalent channel and derives the closed-form received signal power which reveals its relationship with the deployment of IRSs and the physical and electromagnetic properties of IRSs. Taking the impact of near/far-field effects of IRS on signal propagation further into consideration, the network configurations under which double cooperative IRSs can enhance the system performance are recognized. Simulation results show that whether double IRSs should be selected to assist in the communication between the transmitter and the receiver depends on practical network configurations, and the same number of elements should be assigned to the two IRSs to maximize the system performance if they are adopted.

BackgroundDue to the limited availability of established research models, very few studies addressed the health effects and underlying mechanisms following exposure to diesel exhaust during the initiation of pulmonary respiration. It is highly demanded to elucidate such health effects and underlying mechanisms, so as to exert protective measures during the early stages of life.ObjectiveTo evaluate the health effects of diesel exhaust very-early-in-life inhalation in hatchling chicken with a novel chicken embryo air cell inhalation exposure model, and to explore the potential roles of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathways in the observed effects with a specific aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibitor.MethodsFertilized chicken eggs were assigned into five groups randomly (15 eggs per group): control group, air control group, aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibitor (PDM2) group, diesel exhaust group, and diesel exhaust + aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibitor (PDM2) group. Fertilized eggs were incubated with standard procedure. At embryonic day 17 (ED17), aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibitor was administered to the corresponding animals. During embryonic day 18-19 (ED18-19), chicken embryos were exposed to diesel exhaust via air cell inhalation, then placed back to incubator until hatch. The air control group received clean air infusion during ED18-19, while the control group did not receive any treatment. Within 24 h post-hatch, 26 hatchling chickens were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, subjected to electrocardiography, and sacrificed to harvest tissue samples of heart and lung. Cardiopulmonary toxicities were evaluated by histopathology, and potential changes in the protein expression levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway molecule cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1) and fibrosis-related pathway molecule phosphorylated SMAD family member 2 (pSMAD2) were assessed by Western blotting. The remaining 29 hatchling chickens were reared until two weeks old, and then subjected to identical treatments.ResultsThe inhalation exposure to diesel exhaust at initiation of pulmonary respiration resulted in thickened right ventricular wall (by 220.3% relative to the control group, same hereafter) and elevated heart rate (17.4%) in one-day-old hatchling chickens. Although no remarkable fibrotic lesions were observed at this point, the expression levels of CYP1A1 and phosphorylation levels of SMAD2 in the lung tissues significantly increased (by 81.3% and 71.6%, respectively). Such changes were effectively abolished by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibitor PDM2 pretreatment. In the two-week-old animals, the thickened right ventricular wall (by 339.3%) and elevated heart rate (by 18.9%) persisted, and significant fibrotic lesions were observed in the lung tissue samples under Masson staining. Again, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibitor PDM2 pretreatment effectively abolished such changes. In addition, no statistically significant changes in CYP1A1 expression levels were observed in the two-week-old chicken lung samples, and a remarkable down-regulation of SMAD2 phosphorylation was observed. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibitor PDM2 pretreatment independently decreased the phosphorylation levels of SMAD2 in the two-week-old chicken lung samples.ConclusionInhalation exposure to diesel exhaust at initiation of pulmonary respiration could result in persistent cardiopulmonary injury in hatchling chickens, and the underlying mechanism might be associated with the regulation of pSMAD2 by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway.

In order to analyze the characteristics of cutting residual stress distribution at the arc-shaped cutout of steel box girder diaphragm and to study its fatigue cracking mechanism. Taking Xia Zhang Bridge as the engineering background, this paper proposes a systematic method for calculating the residual stress field at the arc-shaped cutout of the diaphragm. First, a mathematical model of the cutting heat source was established for predicting the temperature field changes during the cutting process of the diaphragm. Then, a 3D thermoelastic-plastic finite element model was established using Abaqus to parametrically analysis the residual stresses during the fabrication of the transverse spacer. The results show that the cutting heat source creates a “thermal stagnation” effect at the curved notch, which leads to the local metallurgical transformation of the metal surface layer, which is unfavorable to its fatigue performance. The residual stresses are mainly concentrated near the cutting line, and the transverse residual stresses are lower at the free edge of the cutting line, which is easy to crack, and higher in the middle of the arc section of the arc notch. Inside the transverse bulkhead, at 14.5 mm from the free edge of the cut, in addition to the existence of high longitudinal residual tensile stress, its transverse residual tensile stress is also high, with a peak value of 199.3 MPa. Thermal cutting produces high residual tensile stress at the free edge, and the tensile stress cycle formed under the combined effect of wheel load is one of the reasons for the formation of initial fatigue cracks.

BackgroundBy comparing the three lateral approaches to thyroidectomy, the feasibility and clinical effects were analyzed, and the advantages of the lateral approach were summarized.MethodsFrom January 2022 to January 2023, 52 patients with thyroid cancer admitted to our department were selected and subjected to Lateral approach for thyroidectomy. Among them, 31 patients underwent thyroidectomy via the supraclavicular approach, 13 patients underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy via the subclavicular approach, and 8 patients underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy via the axillary approach. The basic conditions, surgical conditions, complications, postoperative pain scores and postoperative satisfaction of patients in the three approach surgery groups were recorded and analyzed.ResultsThere were no significant differences among the three approach groups in terms of patient characteristics, number of central lymph node dissections, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, duration of drainage tube placement, length of hospital stay, postoperative pain, satisfaction, and complications. However, the operation time was longest in the subclavicular approach group, followed by the axillary approach group, and shortest in the supraclavicular approach group. The total hospitalization cost was highest in the axillary approach group, followed by the subclavicular approach group, and lowest in the supraclavicular approach group.ConclusionThe lateral approach for thyroidectomy is deemed a safe and effective method. The three different approach paths gradually increase in length, allowing for the accumulation of anatomical experience. This approach has a shorter learning curve for clinical doctors and is a favorable choice for patients seeking aesthetic benefits.

Determining the ultimate bearing capacity of pile is important for reasonable design of the pile. In this paper, a cusp catastrophe theory-based method was proposed for assessing the ultimate bearing capacity of static loading pile. Firstly, a three-parameter quartic polynomial in accordance with the standard form of cusp catastrophe model is proposed and used to fit the experimentally obtained Q–S curve. The parameters which allow the polynomial to produce best fitting to the Q–S curve are taken to identify the stability of the pile following a simple procedure. Then, the proposed method was verified against 10 Q–S curves obtained from field tests at Jinqiao-Meiya and Jinqiao-Chunyu areas of Shanghai. Results show that the ultimate bearing capacities of the piles identified by the proposed method were comparable to those identified by the JGJ 106-2014 standard method. Finally, it is found that the stability of the pile identified by the proposed method and the mechanical state of the pile identified by the Golden Section approach were correlated closely.

AbstractBackground The relationship between dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) and death risk among CKD populations remains unclear.Methods Based on vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) and the component dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) indices, we analyzed two cohorts to investigate the association of DTAC with all-cause and CVD mortality in CKD patients using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2018). VCEAC (n = 6330) and CDAI (n = 6300) cohorts with mortality follow-up data available through 2018 were included. Cox models with restricted cubic splines was used to model the nonlinear association between VCEAC/CDAI and outcomes in CKD patients.Results Our results showed L-shaped associations of DTAC with all-cause mortality among individuals with CKD stages 1–2 in both cohorts. Compared to the lowest quartile, higher dietary total antioxidant intake was associated with lower all-cause mortality risks among CKD stages 1–2 after adjustment for covariates, with HRs (95%CI) of 1.00, 0.91 (0.71,1.17), 0.69 (0.53,0.90), and 0.70 (0.54,0.91) in VCEAC, and similar respective estimate trends in CDAI. After sensitivity and subgroup analyses, there were no benefits for patients with stage 3–5 CKD or albuminuria. Mediation analysis revealed that the proportions mediated in both cohorts were less consistent.Conclusions Moderate dietary total antioxidants intake has potential benefits for early-stage CKD patients. However, further evidence is needed to confirm whether patients with worsening CKD can benefit in the long term.

Abstract Previous studies suggested that upper and lower facial halves might be involved in the human holistic face processing differently. In this study, we replicated and extended the finding above. In Experiment 1, we used the standard composite-face task to measure holistic face processing when participants made judgements on the upper and lower facial halves separately. Results showed that the composite-face effect was stronger for the upper facial half compared to the lower half. In Experiment 2, we investigated how facial information was integrated when participants focused on different features, using the perceptual field paradigm. Results showed that: (1) more “peripheral faces” were chosen when participants fixated at the eyes than when they fixated at the mouth; (2) less “peripheral faces” were chosen for inverted faces regardless of the fixated features. Findings from both experiments together indicate that more peripheral facial information were integrated when participants focused on the upper facial half, highlighting the significance of focusing on the upper facial half in face processing.

Dextranase (EC 3.2.1.11) is primarily applied in food, sugar, and pharmaceutical industries. This study focuses on using a cold shock Escherichia coli expression system to express marine dextranase SP5-Badex; enzyme activity increased about 2.2-fold compared to previous expression. This enzyme was employed to produce sweet potato porous starch, with special emphasis on the pore size of the starch. The water and oil adsorption rates of the porous starch increased by 1.43 and 1.51 times, respectively. Extensive Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed that the crystal structure of the sweet potato starch was unaltered by enzymatic hydrolysis. The adsorption capacities of the porous starch for curcumin and proanthocyanidins were 9.59 and 12.29 mg/g, respectively. Notably, the stability of proanthocyanidins was significantly enhanced through their encapsulation in porous starch. After 2.5 h of ultraviolet irradiation, the free radical scavenging rate of the encapsulated proanthocyanidins remained at 95.10%. Additionally, after 30 days of sunlight exposure, the free radical scavenging rate of the encapsulated proanthocyanidins (84.42%) was significantly higher than that (24.34%) observed in the control group. These research findings provide substantial experimental evidence for preparing sweet potato porous starch using marine dextranase.

Fructus psoraleae (FP) is a commonly used herb with potential reproductive toxicity. Bavachin (BV), one of essential active ingredients of FP, was found to exhibit estrogenic activity, but its effect on female reproductive system remains unknown. In this study, the impact of BV on the female zebrafish reproductive system and underlying molecular mechanism were determined in vivo and ex vivo. The results showed that BV could accumulate in zebrafish ovary, leading to obvious follicular atresia and increase in gonadal index and vitellogenin content. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) swelling and hypertrophy were observed in the BV-treated zebrafish ovary, accompanied by an increase in the expressions of ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) related genes, namely atf6, ire-1α and xbp1s. In the ex vivo study, BV was found to decrease the survival rate and maturation rate of oocytes, while increasing the expression of Ca2+. Additionally, BV led to an elevation in the level of estrogen receptor ESR1 and the expressions of genes involved in ER stress and UPR, including atf6, ire-1α, xbp1s, chop and perk. Moreover, molecular docking revealed that BV could directly bind to immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP) and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1). Besides, the alterations induced by BV could be partially reversed by fulvestrant (FULV) and 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), respectively. Thus, long-termed BV-containing medicine treatment could generate reproductive toxicity in female zebrafish by causing follicular atresia through BiP- and ESR-mediated ER stress and UPR, providing a potential target for the prevention of reproductive toxicity caused by BV.

Optical bistability and multistability are numerically investigated based on periodic superconducting photonic multilayers with graphene in cryogenic environments. Bandgap edge resonances are sensitive to circumstance temperature and can localize the electric field greatly, which is utilized to enhance the nonlinearity of graphene. Consequently, low threshold optical bistability and double-bistability are realized. Optical multistability subsequently arises by increasing the value of circumstance temperature as well. The thresholds of bistability and multistability lower further by decreasing the chemical potential of graphene or promoting the period number of photonic multilayers. The thresholds can be decreased as low as several hundred MW/cm2. The complex structure has a great potential for the development of two- and multiple-valued all-optical switches in low-temperature condition.

Designing ultrathin and flexible antenna is of great interest for efficient wireless data communication and transmission at fast-growing IoT applications. The authors report a flexible ultrawideband Ti3C2 monopole antenna by combining strategies of interfacial modification and advanced extrusion printing technology.

Hexafluoropropylene oxide tetramer acid (HFPO-TeA) is an emerging environmental contaminant, with environmental presence but limited toxicological information. To investigate its potential developmental toxicities, various doses of HFPO-TeA exposure were achieved in chicken embryos via air cell injection, and the exposed embryos were incubated until hatch. Within 24 h of hatch, the hatchling chickens were assessed with electrocardiography and histopathology for toxicological evaluation. For mechanistic investigation, in ovo silencing of PPARα was achieved via lentivirus microinjection, then the morphological/functional endpoints along with protein expression levels of PPARα-regulated genes were assessed. HFPO-TeA exposure in chicken embryo resulted in developmental cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Specifically, decreased right ventricular wall thickness, increased heart rate and hepatic steatosis were observed, whereas silencing of PPARα resulted in alleviation of observed toxicities. Western blotting for EHHADH and FABPs suggested that developmental exposure to HFPO-TeA effectively increased the expression levels of both targets in hatchling chicken heart and liver tissue samples, while PPARα silencing prevented such changes, suggesting that PPARα and its downstream genes are playing critical roles in HFPO-TeA induced developmental toxicities.