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In this study, a 3D + 1D (three-plus-one dimensional) multiphase PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell model is developed, in which the detailed channel two-phase flow is also considered based on the two-phase Darcy’s law. Compared with conventional 3D fuel cell models, the 3D + 1D model improves calculation efficiency and stability. Utilizing this model, the simulation work is conducted on an automobile PEM fuel cell (309.12 cm2) with the full flow field morphology considered. Its accuracy is comprehensively validated at this scale against the experimentally measured polarization curves and HFR (high frequency resistance) under different anode and cathode stoichiometric ratios and pressures and operating temperatures, indicating the model reliability. Subsequently, we numerically investigate the influence of four flow field configurations on cell performance characteristics, including the wave-like, dotted, baffled, and straight flow fields. It is found that the dotted and baffled configuration effectively improved cell performance, but the wave-like flow field has little influence on cell performance compared with straight flow field. Moreover, it is found that decreasing the channel/rib width decreases the concentration loss, but it also increases the ionic ohmic loss, resulting in an optimal channel/rib width for cell performance improvement.

Structure, network modeling and dynamic spectrum of C. militaris sugar transporters were investigated. An allosteric site (H1 region) which guided allosteric pathways between this region and the channel cavity was identified in the Hex subfamily.

As a key component of mechanical system, the extraction and accurate identification of fault characteristic information of rolling bearing is very important to ensure its normal operation. The diagnosis accuracy is occasionally low due to the limitation of information collected by a single type of data source. In this paper, the bearing vibration signal and acoustic emission signal are employed as analysis sources, a novel method based on ICCEMDAN (improved complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise) with optimized SVM (support vector machine) is presented for the fault information fusion, feature extraction, and fault pattern recognition of rolling bearing. Firstly, ICEEMDAN algorithm is developed to decompose the rolling bearing vibration signal and acoustic emission signal for a series of IMF (intrinsic mode function) components. Secondly, the valuable components that can characterize the original signal status are selected based on the correlation coefficient-variance contribution criterion. Thirdly, the singular spectral entropy of the reconstructed component is calculated as the eigenvalue and the two signal eigenvectors are fused as a new eigenvector set. Finally, the feature vector set is input into the optimized SVM classifier model based on PSO optimization for training and pattern recognition, in which the accuracy and efficiency of the classifier model and SVM classifier model are compared. Study of model simulation and fault simulation experiments show that the presented model based on the singular value entropy fusion of ICEEMDAN and PSO-SVM can effectively extract the fault characteristics of rolling bearing signals and has a desired performance in the accurate pattern recognition.

Hydrated tungsten trioxide has been investigated extensively and was demonstrated to exhibit rapid proton conduction. For the purpose of fabricating electrochemical energy storage devices with higher power density, it is crucial to figure out the proton transport and storage mechanisms exactly. In this work, we have characterized the electrochemical performance and microstructure evolution during electrochemical reaction of hexagonal hydrated tungsten trioxide nanorods with different lattice water contents by ex situ XRD and Raman. With the decrease of lattice water content, the contribution of the capacitive charge storage decreases evidently, and both lattice distortion and lattice disorder increase significantly in the process of ion intercalation. Therefore, we suppose that the existence of lattice water in tungsten oxide offers a much more flexible mechanical deformation during the process of proton insertion and proton diffuse in tungsten trioxide based on the bridging oxygen mechanism. Besides that, proton prefer to be inserted/extracted in/from hydrated tungsten trioxide in the form of hydrated hydrogen ions (H3O+) when the lattice water decreases apparently. These results provides significant insight towards the understanding of proton transport in hydrated tungsten trioxide and can serve as a pattern for the compositional design of cathode materials for proton battery and supercapacitor.

We studied the intercalation chemistry of graphitic carbon nitride (gCN), combining theory and experimental methods. A series of new alkali-ethylenediamine-gCN products were prepared using a one-po...

The shear crystal structure through metal doping can effectively promote the transport speed of ions and electrons in metal oxides, which has important dynamic significance for the design of high-performance energy storage materials. Herein, a 3D urchinlike niobium tungsten oxide (NWO) nanostructure as an efficient hydrogen ion storage material is reported for the first time, which exhibits a capacity of 88mAh g−1 at 20 °C (1 °C = 100 mA g−1). The large specific capacity of the 3D urchinlike NWO nanostructure is ascribed to the reversible reaction of a great quantity of W6+, W5+ and W4+ in the process of protonation and deprotonation processes. In addition, hydrogen ions can still be stored in large and stable quantities, even at rates as high as 100 °C (75 mAh g−1 at 100 °C). The improvement of hydrogen ion storage properties is arising from an optimized morphology of niobium tungsten oxide via tuning of the crystal structure. The high specific superficial area 3D urchinlike shape with rich one-dimensional nanostructures significantly shortens charge-carrier transport distances, ensuring rapid interfacial electronics movement to polish up ion storage kinetics. Consequently, this crystallographic shear structure strategy to boost hydrogen ion storage capacity may be universal and is likely to pave the way toward highly capacity hydrogen ion energy storage systems.

Road classification is essential in outdoor vehicle perception systems to evaluate driving scenarios. A light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor can provide accurate measurements of an environment composed of range, intensity, and angular information. This study proposes a weakly supervised learning algorithm for classifying road surface types based on laser measurements. The proposed algorithm first separates the laser points on the road surface based on the angular structure of the initial range measures obtained using 3D LiDAR in a noniterative manner. Then, a physical-data-driven model that represents the retroreflective nature of the different surface types is abstracted from the intensity measures and their factors. The linear regression parameters of the model are employed as feature descriptions of the road surface. The K-means method is used to classify the different road types. The learning process requires weak supervision at the training centroid stage and is robust to new road types. The classification performance was evaluated in different outdoor scenarios, and the classification accuracies exceeded 98%. The proposed algorithm outperforms similar existing methods, performs at the same frequency as that of LiDAR, and can be implemented in real time.

Summary Porous Cu/Ni foils were made by electroplating Ni on Cu foils and used as templates for chemical vapor deposition growth of porous graphene foam. The walls in the graphene foam were found to be two to five graphene layers thick, interconnected to form a low-density porous network with a wide distribution of pore sizes and a high electrical conductivity. A comprehensive comparison with previously studied materials for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding showed that this graphene foam is among the best EMI shielding materials; its specific EMI shielding effectiveness (>720 dB cm3 g−1) and absolute effectiveness (>45,000 dB cm2 g−1) are superior to those of most other materials. This graphene foam has a large absorption capacity for various organic solvents and oils and adsorbs them within seconds. The synthesis strategy should provide a general approach for generating other 3D porous structures, including those based on a variety of known 2D materials, for various applications.

A sodium-ethylenediamine graphite intercalation compound (Na(ethylenediamine)C15: "GIC") made from graphite flakes was used to study the microwave absorption performance of a GIC for the first time. Compared with the pristine graphite flakes, the neighboring layers in this GIC are pillared by Na(ethylenediamine)+ and possess a larger layer distance and improved electrical conductivity. Owing to the electrical conductivity of this GIC, only half of the loading content, compared to graphite flakes, is needed to achieve an outstanding absorption of -75.6 dB at 9.25 GHz (10.0 wt % GIC in paraffin in a 4.0 mm thick sample), but for graphite, 20.0 wt % is required for an absorption of -37.6 dB.

Although substrate composition can influence the chemical reactivity of graphene, substrate lattice orientation provides a valuable alternative. The effect of Cu surface orientation on the reactivi...

Polylactic acid (PLA) composite materials have been used for manufacturing surgical internal fixations owing to their satisfactory mechanical strength and absorbability. This, in turn, reduces the pain and risks associated with the secondary operation on patients. Although the mechanical properties of bioabsorbable materials have been considerably enhanced via modifications and optimization, the strength and stiffness of these materials are considerably inferior to those of metals. Therefore, whether PLA fixation can satisfy the required mechanical properties has been a consistent subject of interest in clinical practice. In this study, the mechanical properties of PLA bioabsorbable (Changchun SinoBiomaterials Co., Ltd., China) and titanium hollow screws (Shanghai Carefix Medical Instrument Co., Ltd., China) were compared in hallux valgus surgery with chevron osteotomy. Three-dimensionally printed osteotomy guides were used for cutting the artificial first metatarsal model (SKU3422, Sawbones) to reduce the errors due to the variations in individual bone densities and osteotomy angles; the cut parts were subsequently fixed with the PLA and titanium alloy screws. A digital image correlation system was used to obtain the full-field strain of the specimen to evaluate the mechanical behaviors under static and fatigue loads. The experimental results demonstrated that, by designing a reasonable osteotomy angle, the compressive strength of the specimen with PLA screws under chevron osteotomy can be as high as that of the specimen with titanium screws. Moreover, their stiffness can reach up to 60%-90% that of titanium screws. After 240,000 cycles of compression, the PLA screws maintained their strength and stiffness. These bioabsorbable fixtures can effectively prevent stress shielding under a suitable osteotomy. Hence, as an optimal substitute for metal fixtures, an increase in clinical applications to surgery is anticipated, along with progressive in-depth research on the biomechanical properties of bioabsorbable materials.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an electrophysiological technique that uses alternating magnetic fields to deliver electric current and stimulate the cerebral cortex. When TMS is used for the evaluation of brain diseases, it is necessary to detect the contraction of the corresponding muscles in the cerebral cortex stimulated by TMS, and the muscle activity referred to as motor evoked potential (MEP). This study simultaneously recorded the mechanomyography (MMG) and electromyography (EMG) from the right abductor pollicis brevis muscle during TMS with different intensities in order to observe whether the MEP parameters from MMG signals showed similar trait of EMG recordings. Moreover, the subspace method (N4SID) and transfer function were used to identify the TMS–MMG system. In this system, the input was a pulse signal of TMS, and the output was the MMG signal detected from the target muscle. The TMS–MMG system was identified as a fourth-order model. This study also analyzed the internal features of the system and demonstrated that the poles of healthy subjects were distributed in a range, and the gain increased with the increase of the TMS intensity. It was found that MMG signals can be used as diagnostic indicators of TMS, and the TMS–MMG model can be used to further explore the details of how TMS generates responses measured with MMG.

Osteoblast has been found to exert indispensable functions during fracture healing. This study aimed to investigate the effects of kaempferol, a natural flavonoid compound, on osteoblast proliferation, migration and differentiation, as well as possible molecular mechanisms. qRT-PCR was performed to measure the expression level of microRNA-101 (miR-101). Cell viability and migration were respectively assessed using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and two-chamber migration assay. Relative alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was evaluated using p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) as substrate. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of key molecules involved in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Kaempferol treatment significantly promoted MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Mechanistically, kaempferol notably enhanced the expression level of miR-101 in MC3T3-E1 cells. Knockdown of miR-101 obviously weakened the promoting effects of kaempferol on MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In addition, kaempferol remarkably activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells via up-regulating miR-101. This research further confirmed the promoting effects of kaempferol on osteoblast proliferation, migration, and differentiation. The up-regulation of miR-101 and activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway caused by kaempferol play critical roles in the promoting effects of kaempferol on osteoblast proliferation, migration, and differentiation.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. There were serious questions about the validity of the data contained in these articles: " … the Western blot bands in … papers are all very regularly spaced and have a smooth appearance in the shape of a dumbbell or tadpole, without any of the usual smudges or stains. All bands are placed on similar looking backgrounds, suggesting they were copy/pasted from other sources, or computer generated". Based on the latter findings, the Editor-in-Chief requested the authors to provide the raw data. However, the authors were not willing and/or able to fulfil this request and therefore the Editor-in-Chief decided to retract the article. As a consequence the writing in this article misled and deceived reviewers and readers of the journal and thus as a whole represents a gross misuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.

Background Antibiotics impregnated calcium phosphate cement (CPC) has emerged as a local treatment of osteomyelitis. However, there is no study investigating the optimal concentrations of vancomycin (VCM) included in CPC to obtain prolonged drug release (≥ 8 weeks) and also with enough compressive strength (> the normal cancellous bone, 11 MPa) for osteomyelitis therapy. Therefore, we bring forward two questions: 1) Was antibiotic activity of the eluates correlated to the load of antibiotics within the cement? 2) Were the mechanical properties of CPC affected by VCM-loading? Hypothesized There was an optimal concentrations of vancomycin (VCM) loaded in CPC which could provide sufficient effective antibacterial time (≥ 8 weeks) and enough compressive strength (> 11 MPa). Materials and methods CPC specimens were obtained by incorporating different doses (weigh ratios of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25 and 30%) of injectable VCM into CPC. The antibacterial effect of released VCM solution against Staphylococcus aureus was assessed by inhibition ring assays. The physicochemical properties such as compressive strengths were characterized and compared among these specimens. Results Drug release profiles showed only 5 and 10% VCM-loaded CPC displayed a long enough drug release time (at least 8 weeks) and maintained the eluate concentrations (> 4 μg/mL) with effective antibacterial ability. The concentration of VCM in 10% group at 8th week was twice higher than 5% group. Compressive strength test showed that the proportional increase of VCM/CPC ratios resulted in a significant decrease of compressive strength (r = −0.906, p Conclusion 10% VCM-loaded CPC offered the optimal physicochemical properties and drug releasing profile and appears as the most suitable concentration for clinical use. Level of evidence III.

Presenting a versatile method to make soft, deformable, functional metallic “putty” from liquid gallium and nonmetallic fillers., We report a versatile method to make liquid metal composites by vigorously mixing gallium (Ga) with non-metallic particles of graphene oxide (G-O), graphite, diamond, and silicon carbide that display either paste or putty-like behavior depending on the volume fraction. Unlike Ga, the putty-like mixtures can be kneaded and rolled on any surface without leaving residue. By changing temperature, these materials can be stiffened, softened, and, for the G-O–containing composite, even made porous. The gallium putty (GalP) containing reduced G-O (rG-O) has excellent electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness. GalP with diamond filler has excellent thermal conductivity and heat transfer superior to a commercial liquid metal–based thermal paste. Composites can also be formed from eutectic alloys of Ga including Ga-In (EGaIn), Ga-Sn (EGaSn), and Ga-In-Sn (EGaInSn or Galinstan). The versatility of our approach allows a variety of fillers to be incorporated in liquid metals, potentially allowing filler-specific “fit for purpose” materials.

We report a comprehensive analysis of the Electromagnetic (EM) properties of graphene aerogel-based shielding materials prepared by freeze casting. Controlling the freeze casting temperature allows for tailoring the pore sizes of graphene aerogels, which further affects the permittivity and EM shielding properties. To protect the aerogel structures from collapsing during high temperature heat-treatment, we used Melamine sponge (MS) as a supporting strut. Through a comparison with bare aerogels, we find that the presence of MS can significantly modify both the reflection and absorption performances and that an absorption-dominated shielding material can be obtained. After heat-treatment at 1000 °C for two hours, the MS-supported aerogel sample (MS-aero) showed a shielding efficiency of 55.8 dB. Our work shows that the material composition and the microstructural architecture of aerogels crucially influence their electromagnetic shielding efficiency.

Introduction: It is well known that foot massage is a very prevalent stress relief method in China. Literatures have reported various massage-inducted peripheral nerve injuries. However, massage-inducted lateral plantar nerve (LPN) injury is very rare. Here, we represent an unusual case of massage-inducted LPN damage, and we also report the diagnostic method of this patient using musculoskeletal ultrasonography combined with electromyography (EMG). Patient concerns: A 21-year-old woman presented symptoms of redness, swelling, pain and numbness in the medial right ankle joint for 2 days. Diagnosis: The results of musculoskeletal ultrasonography and EMG provide great help for doctors to make accurate diagnosis. The patient was eventually diagnosed with LPN injury. Interventions: No further foot massage was allowed. Vitamin B12 was taken orally for 2 months. Conservative therapy, including electrical stimulation therapy and infrared therapy, was conducted. Besides, active rehabilitation training was also performed. Outcomes: The discomfort symptoms were relieved significantly after 2 months conservative treatment. Clinical symptoms and EMG examination illustrated satisfactory result during follow up time. Conclusion: The report showed that the masseur should be very careful when doing foot massage to prevent nerve damage. Besides, musculoskeletal ultrasonography combined with EMG can provide important evidence for accurate and effective diagnosis of LPN injury.

In this paper, four tri-axis accelerometers are used to collect mechanomyography (MMG) signal of four thigh muscles during gait movements. Three time-domain features, two frequency-domain features, and 64 time-frequency domain features of the MMG were extracted, and the features were ranked by feature importance using random forest (RF). In addition, RF and a support vector machine (SVM) are utilized as classifiers, and the relationship between the number of features and the recognition accuracy is analyzed. After the feature importance analysis, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to perform the dimensionality reduction, and the relationship between the reduced dimension and the accuracy was studied, moreover, RF and SVM were compared. The conclusion in the paper can help to select the features that have the greatest contribution to the gait recognition: zero-crossing rate, mean power frequency, median frequency, and energy coefficients of wavelet packet, providing theoretical basis for researchers to select suitable features in the future.

The first structural and compositional details of a low-stage graphite interaction compound (GIC) containing Mg are reported, with the GIC obtained by combining magnesium metal and graphite powder in ethylenediamine (en) at 100 °C under an inert atmosphere. Thermal analyses indicate the bottle-green stage 1 product has a composition of [Mg(en)1.0]C13. X-ray diffraction shows a c-axis expansion of 0.55 nm, indicating the presence of intercalate monolayers with the en cointercalate oriented perpendicular to the encasing graphene layers. Redox titration indicates two electrons are transferred per Mg. A structural model is proposed with dimeric [Mg2(en)2]2+ intercalate species.

Diffusion of alkali metals in graphite layers is significant for the chemical and electrochemical properties of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs). Crown ethers co-intercalate into graphite with alkali metal (Na and K) cations and form ternary GICs. The structures and molecular dynamics of 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 ether coordinating to Na+ or K+ in GICs were investigated by DFT calculations and 1H solid state NMR analyses. DFT calculations suggest a stacked structure of crown ether–metal complex with some offset. 1H NMR shows two kinds of molecular motions at room temperature: isotropic rotation with molecular diffusion and axial rotation with fluctuation of the axis. The structure and dynamics of crown ether molecules in GIC galleries are strongly affected by the geometry of the crown ether molecules and the strength of the interaction between alkali metal and ligand molecules.

New graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) containing 1-alkyl-2,3-dimethyl imidazolium cations (Im1-1-a, a = alkyl length) are obtained from [Na(ethylenediamine)1.0]C15 by cation exchange. Exchange reactions occur rapidly, but require higher temperature than for substituted alkylammoniums. Powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and structural modeling indicate that [Im1-1-4]C47 is a stage-2 GIC with 0.36 nm monolayer galleries and cations oriented parallel to graphene sheets. [Im1-1-12]C44 is a stage-1 GIC with a gallery expansion of 0.40 nm. The lower sheet charge density for [Im1-1-12]C44 is commensurate with its larger intercalate. Imidazolium cations without alkyl substitution at the imidazolium ring C2 do not form stable GICs by this route.

The surface modification of polymeric materials has become critical for improving the bone repair capability of materials. In this study, we used a poly-L-lysine (PLL) coating method to prepare functional poly (lactic acid-glycolic acid) (PLGA) cell microcarriers, and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) and ponericin G1 were immobilized on the surface of microcarriers. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle measurement, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used to analyse the surface morphology of PLL-modified PLGA microcarriers (PLL@PLGA) and their ability to promote mineralization. At the same time, the growth factor binding efficiency and antimicrobial activity of the microcarriers were studied. The effects of microcarriers on cell behaviors were evaluated by cultivating MC3T3-E1 cells on different microcarriers. The results showed that the hydrophilicity, protein adsorption, and mineralization induction capability of the microcarriers were significantly improved by PLL surface modification. The biological experiments revealed that BMP-7 and ponericin G1 immobilized-PLL modified microcarriers can effectively inhibit the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms while enhancing the ability of the microcarriers to promote cell proliferation and osteogenesis differentiation. Therefore, we believe that PLL-modified PLGA cell microcarriers loaded with BMP-7 and ponericin G1 (PLL@PLGA/BMP-7/ponericin G1) have great potential in the field of bone repair.

Osteoblast has been found to exert indispensable functions during fracture healing. This study aimed to investigate the effects of kaempferol, a natural flavonoid compound, on osteoblast proliferation, migration and differentiation, as well as possible molecular mechanisms. qRT-PCR was performed to measure the expression level of microRNA-101 (miR-101). Cell viability and migration were respectively assessed using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and two-chamber migration assay. Relative alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was evaluated using p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) as substrate. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of key molecules involved in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Kaempferol treatment significantly promoted MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Mechanistically, kaempferol notably enhanced the expression level of miR-101 in MC3T3-E1 cells. Knockdown of miR-101 obviously weakened the promoting effects of kaempferol on MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In addition, kaempferol remarkably activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells via up-regulating miR-101. This research further confirmed the promoting effects of kaempferol on osteoblast proliferation, migration, and differentiation. The up-regulation of miR-101 and activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway caused by kaempferol play critical roles in the promoting effects of kaempferol on osteoblast proliferation, migration, and differentiation.

Background Fracture healing is a very important process after fracture. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) has been reported to possess beneficial impact on osteoblasts growth. Our study investigated the effects of Tan IIA on fracture healing. Methods In vitro, mouse pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with Tan IIA. Then, the protein levels of Runx2, Osx, Collagen I, JNK and c-Jun, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition were detected, respectively. Furthermore, the roles of microRNA-424 (miR-424) and Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) in Tan IIA-caused MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation were probed. In vivo, mice open osteotomy at femur diaphysis model was established. The callus area, callus intensity, low-density bone volume/callus total volume (BV1/TV), tissue mineral density (TMD) and bone mineral density (BMD) were tested. Results In vitro, Tan IIA promoted MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation via increasing the Runx2, Osx and collagen I expression, along with enhancing ALP activity and calcium deposition. In addition, Tan IIA activated JNK pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells, while inhibition of JNK pathway mitigated the Tan IIA-caused MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. Moreover, Tan IIA declined the miR-424 expression in MC3T3-E1 cells. Overexpression of miR-424 also weakened the Tan IIA-caused MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. BMP-2 was a target gene of miR-424. BMP-2 silence reversed the Tan IIA-caused activation of JNK pathway. In vivo, Tan IIA increased the callus area, callus intensity, BV1/TV, TMD and BMD. Conclusion Tan IIA could promote fracture healing. In vitro, Tan IIA promoted MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation might be via down-regulating miR-424, up-regulating BMP-2 and then activating JNK pathway.

Sinomenine (SIN) is an isoquinoline derived from Caulis Sinomenii that has been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis for several decades in China. This study aims to reveal the effects of SIN on mouse chondrogenic ATDC5 cells growth and inflammation. SIN was used to treat ATDC5 cells injured by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The following parameters were determined for evaluating the treatment effects of SIN: cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species generation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines release. Besides, the expression of LPS-sensitive miRNA (miR-192) and the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling were studied to explain SIN's function. SIN with concentration of 30 μM significantly attenuated LPS-induced cell damage via increasing cell viability, inhibiting apoptosis and reactive oxygen species generation, and declining IL-6 and TNF-α release. miR-192 was downregulated by SIN treatment. Restoration of miR-192 expression by miRNA transfection could significantly impede SIN's protective action. Besides, the inhibitory effects of SIN on the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling were attenuated by miR-192 overexpression. Furthermore, GDF11 was found to be a target gene of miR-192. LPS-mediated injury to chondrogenic ATDC5 cells can be relieved by SIN via downregulating miR-192 and subsequently repressing the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling.

Multi-channel mechanomyography (MMG) signals were acquired from the forearm when the subjects were performing eight classes of hand movements related to rehabilitation training. Ten time domain (TD) features and wavelet packet node energy (WPNE) features were extracted from each channel of MMG, and the hand movements were classified by support vector machine (SVM), extreme learning machine (ELM), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and [Formula: see text]-nearest neighborhood (KNN) and the classifying results of three methods of collecting MMG (sensors directly on skin, sensors on cotton fabric and sensors on acrylic fiber) were compared. When all TD features were selected and SVM was adopted as the classifier, the total recognition rates of hand movements were 94.0%, 93.9% and 93.6%, respectively, of three collection methods. Using ELM can obtain similar results as SVM, with the recognition rates of 94.3%, 94.3% and 94.1%, respectively, better than using LDA (88.5%, 88.6% and 88.0%) or KNN (88.9%, 89.4% and 89.0%). For each algorithm, using TD features can acquire the highest recognition rates. Once the feature set and the classifier were selected, the total recognition rates were almost equally among three collection methods (especially for some feature sets, the differences are smaller than 1%). The results confirmed that satisfactory effects could be acquired even when the MMG was collected from sensors on fabrics with specific material, thus indicating that MMG has a unique potential value for developing wearable devices.