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The royal Danish-Norwegian flagship Gribshunden, launched in 1485, was amongthe earliest northern European warships purpose-built to carry artillery. However, King Hans employed his vessel as far more than a weapons platform. The ship was his ‘floating castle’, fulfilling all the various purposes of a land redoubt. At its loss in 1495 enroute to a political summit in Kalmar, where Hans expected to be crowned king of Sweden, it was his mobile seat of government, an instrument combining hard and soft power functions. Recent excavations of Gribshunden reveal its martial aspects: artillery, small arms (including several crossbows and hand guns) and personal armour. Soft power is reflected more subtly in other artefacts: silver coins; secular artwork depicting flowers, animals and mythical beasts; and prestige provisions,including copious amounts of exotic imported spices and a large sturgeon. Continuing excavations of the wreck are revealing the structure of the ship itself, while providing insights into the social division of space aboard this royal castle at sea. Combined with archival documents, analyses of all these artefacts deliver deep insight into the people aboard the ship and the late Mediaeval period through which they travelled.

In 2011 SMHI published the Report Oceanography No 42 with a climatological atlas of the oxygen status in the deep water of the Baltic Sea. Subsequently, annual updates have been released as new data have been reported to the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) data centre. This report provides an update for 2022 and presents the preliminary results for 2023. The oxygen data for 2023 were collected from various sources, including ICES coordinated trawl surveys, national monitoring programmes, and research projects involving Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Denmark, Sweden, and Finland. For the autumn period, each profile in the dataset was analyzed for the occurrence of hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) and anoxia (total absence of oxygen). The depths of onset of hypoxia and anoxia were then interpolated between sampling stations to produce two surfaces that represent the depths at which hypoxic and anoxic conditions are present, respectively. The volume and area of hypoxia and anoxia were then calculated and the results transferred to maps and diagrams to visualize the annual autumn oxygen situation during the analyzed period. The updated results for 2022 and the preliminary results for 2023 show that the severe oxygen conditions in the Baltic Proper after the regime shift in 1999 continues. Levels of anoxia and hypoxia decreased somewhat 2023 compared to the high results for 2022. The increase in 2022 was mainly due to large areas in the south eastern Baltic Proper are added, areas were data is sparse and results are uncertain. In 2022 anoxia was found at 23% of the bottom areas and 35% suffered from hypoxia including anoxic areas. Preliminary results for 2023 show that anoxia affected 18% of the bottom areas and 32% suffered from hypoxia (including anoxic areas). The concentration of hydrogen sulphide is extremely high in all the basins around Gotland. In the Eastern and Western Gotland Basin hydrogen sulphide in the bottom water has reached levels not r, I SMHI rapporten Oceanography nr 42 publicerades en klimatologisk atlas över syresituationen i Östersjöns djupvatten år 2011. Sedan dess har årliga uppdateringar släppts när nya data har rapporterats till International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). Denna rapport ger en uppdatering för 2022 och preliminära resultat för 2023. Syredata för 2023 samlades in från olika källor; ICESkoordinerade trålundersökningar, nationella mätprogram och forskningsprojekt med deltagande från Polen, Estland, Lettland, Danmark, Sverige och Finland. Under höstperioden analyserades varje profil i datamängden för förekomst av hypoxi (syrebrist) och anoxi (total frånvaro av syre). Djupet där hypoxi respektive anoxi först påträffades interpolerades sedan mellan provtagningsstationer för att producera två ytor som representerar djupen där hypoxiska respektive anoxiska förhållanden förekommer. Volymen och ytan för hypoxi och anoxi beräknades sedan och resultaten överfördes till kartor och diagram för att visualisera syresituationen under hösten under den analyserade perioden. Resultaten för 2022 och 2023 visar att de allvarliga syreförhållandena i Östersjön efter regimskiftet 1999 fortsätter. Nivåerna av anoxi och hypoxi minskade något 2023 jämfört med de höga resultaten för 2022. Ökningen under 2022 berodde främst på att områden i sydöstra Östersjön lagts till, områden där data är knapphändig och resultaten osäkra. År 2022 påträffades anoxi på 23% av bottenområdena och 35% drabbades av hypoxi (inkl. anoxiska omr). Preliminära resultat för 2023 visar att anoxi påverkade 18% av bottenområdena och 32% av hypoxi (inkl. anoxiska omr.). Koncentrationen av svavelväte är extremt hög i alla djupbassänger. I Östra och Västra Gotlandsbassängen har svavelväte i bottenvattnet nått nivåer som inte tidigare registrerats. De inflöden som inträffade under 2022-2023 påverkade endast syresituationen i södra delarna av Östersjön. Inga inflöden nådde de djupare bassängerna runt Gotland. I slutet a

I maj 2023 genomfördes en arkeologisk forskningsundersökning vid kastalen ”Hagbards källare”, RAÄ 67 i Ronneby socken, Blekinge. Fältarbetena var del av ett projekt som bedrivs vid Lunds universitet kring kastaler i Sverige. Undersökningen innebar en sökschaktsgrävning i området mellan RAÄ67 och RAÄ 668, samt handgrävning av ett antal mindre schakt i anslutning till kastalen. Undersökningarna var en fortsättning på de undersökningar som genomfördes på samma plats 2021.Enstaka skärvor av yngre svartgods antyder att det funnits aktiviteter på platsen redan under högmedeltid, men dessa fynd kan inte säkert kopplas till byggnaden. Det fyndmaterial som tillvaratogs, samt två 14C-dateringar visar att tornet hade en huvudsaklig användningstid under 1600-talet. Byggnaden ska i en första fas ses i samband med det hamnläge som finns vid platsen, i en andra fas byggs tornet om för bostadsändamål. De vetenskapliga resultaten från undersökningen kommer att bearbetas ytterligare i andra sammanhang. Föreliggande rapport är avsedd att presentera det fältarbete som genomfördes.

This paper discusses the medieval castle and town of Sölvesborg in Blekinge. It was a typical motte and bailey castle consisting of a huge brick tower built on an artificial mound surrounded by an inner moat and a large outer bailey. The castle, which was partly excavated in the 1940s, 1970s and 2010s, functioned as the royal Danish castle that controlled Blekinge in the Middle Ages. It has always been seen as a creation of the Danish Crown. The castle is however located on the inside of the town in relation to the Baltic, which raises questions regarding the relationship between the castle and the town, as does the size of the unusually large bailey that surrounds the motte. It is obvious that the castle could not defend the town from an attack from the sea or from the west. This raises questions about how this spatial pattern emerged and what came first, the castle or the town. The existing archaeological and historical and sources regarding the castle and the town are presented and summarized and new hypotheses regardingthe origin of the castle and the town are presented. Perhaps the intention was that commercial activities originally should have been located inside the bailey, and perhaps the builder was the Swedish king Magnus Eriksson, in the years of Danish dissolution in the 14th century.

In 2011 SMHI published the Report Oceanography No 42 with a climatological atlas of the oxygen status in the deep water of the Baltic Sea in 2011. Subsequently, annual updates have been released as new data have been reported to the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) data centre. This report provides an update for 2021 and presents the preliminary results for 2022. The oxygen data for 2022 were collected from various sources, including international ICES coordinated trawl surveys, national monitoring programmes, and research projects involving Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Denmark, Sweden, and Finland. For the autumn period, each profile in the dataset was analyzed for the occurrence of hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) and anoxia (total absence of oxygen). The depths of onset of hypoxia and anoxia were then interpolated between sampling stations to produce two surfaces that represent the depths at which hypoxic and anoxic conditions are present, respectively. The volume and area of hypoxia and anoxia were then calculated and the results transferred to maps and diagrams to visualize the annual autumn oxygen situation during the analyzed period. The updated results for 2021 and the preliminary results for 2022 show that the severe oxygen conditions in the Baltic Proper after the regime shift in 1999 continues. Levels of anoxia increased somewhat compared to the results for 2020, while the extent of hypoxia remained largely unchanged 2021 but increased in 2022. The increase in anoxia was seen in the southern Baltic Proper and in the Gulf of Finland. In 2021 anoxia was found at 21% of the bottom areas and 31% suffered from hypoxia. Preliminary results for 2022 show that anoxia affected 21% of the bottom areas and 34% suffered from hypoxia. The concentration of hydrogen sulphide is extremely high in all the basins around Gotland. In the Eastern and Western Gotland Basin hydrogen sulphide in the bottom water has reached levels not recorded before. The inf, I SMHI rapporten Oceanography nr 42 publicerades en klimatologisk atlas över syresituationen i Östersjöns djupvatten år 2011. Sedan dess har årliga uppdateringar släppts när nya data har rapporterats till International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) datacenter. Denna rapport ger en uppdatering för 2021 och presenterar preliminära resultat för 2022. Syredata för 2022 samlades in från olika källor; internationella ICES-koordinerade trålundersökningar, nationella övervakningsprogram och forskningsprojekt med deltagande från Polen, Estland, Lettland, Danmark, Sverige och Finland. Under höstperioden analyserades varje profil i datamängden för förekomst av hypoxi (syrebrist) och anoxi (total frånvaro av syre). Djupet där hypoxi respektive anoxi först påträffades interpolerades sedan mellan provtagningsstationer för att producera två ytor som representerar djupen där hypoxiska respektive anoxiska förhållanden förekommer. Volymen och ytan för hypoxi och anoxi beräknades sedan och resultaten överfördes till kartor och diagram för att visualisera syresituationen under hösten under den analyserade perioden. De uppdaterade resultaten för 2021 och de preliminära resultaten för 2022 visar att de allvarliga syreförhållandena i Östersjön efter regimskiftet 1999 fortsätter. Utbredningen av anoxi ökade något jämfört med resultaten för 2020, medan omfattningen av hypoxi i stort sett förblev oförändrad 2021 men ökade 2022. Ökningen av anoxi observerades i södra Östersjön och i Finska viken. År 2021 påträffades anoxi på 21% av bottnarna och 31% drabbades av hypoxi. Preliminära resultat för 2022 visar att anoxi påverkade 21% av bottnarna och 34% drabbades av hypoxi. Extremt höga svavelvätehalter, de högsta som påträffats, noterades i både Västra och Östra Gotlandsbassängen. De inflöden som inträffade 2021-2022 påverkade enbart de södra delarna av Egentliga Östersjön. Inga inflöden nådde de djupare delarna omkring Gotland.

Fisheries management has historically focused on the population elasticity of target fish based primarily on demographic modeling, with the key assumptions of stability in environmental conditions and static trophic relationships. The predictive capacity of this fisheries framework is poor, especially in closed systems where the benthic diversity and boundary effects are important and the stock levels are low. Here, we present a probabilistic model that couples key fish populations with a complex suite of trophic, environmental, and geomorphological factors. Using 41 years of observations we model the changes in eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua), herring (Clupea harengus), and Baltic sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) for the Baltic Sea within a Bayesian network. The model predictions are spatially explicit and show the changes of the central Baltic Sea from cod- to sprat-dominated ecology over the 41 years. This also highlights how the years 2004 to 2014 deviate in terms of the typical cod–environment relationship, with environmental factors such as salinity being less influential on cod population abundance than in previous periods. The role of macrozoobenthos abundance, biotopic rugosity, and flatfish biomass showed an increased influence in predicting cod biomass in the last decade of the study. Fisheries management that is able to accommodate shifting ecological and environmental conditions relevant to biotopic information will be more effective and realistic. Non-stationary modelling for all of the homogeneous biotope regions, while acknowledging that each has a specific ecology relevant to understanding the fish population dynamics, is essential for fisheries science and sustainable management of fish stocks.

A climatological atlas of the oxygen situation in the deep water of the Baltic Sea was first published in 2011 in SMHI Report Oceanography No 42. Since 2011, annual updates have been made as additional data have been reported to the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) data centre. In this report the results for 2020 have been updated and the preliminary results for 2021 are presented. Oxygen data from 2021 have been collected from various sources such as international ICES coordinated trawl survey, national monitoring programmes and research projects with contributions from Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Denmark, Sweden and Finland.For the autumn period each profile in the dataset was examined for the occurrence of hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) and anoxia (total absence of oxygen). The depths of onset of hypoxia and anoxia were then interpolated between sampling stations producing two surfaces representing the depths at which hypoxic and anoxic conditions respectively are found. The volume and area of hypoxia and anoxia were then calculated and the results transferred to maps and diagrams to visualize the annual autumn oxygen situation during the analysed period.The updated results for 2020 and the preliminary results for 2021 show that the severe oxygen conditions in the Baltic Proper after the regime shift in 1999 continues. Levels of anoxia decreased somewhat compared to the record years 2018-2019, while the extent of hypoxia remained largely unchanged. The decreased in anoxia was seen in the southern Baltic Proper and in the Gulf of Finland.The hydrogen sulphide that had disappeared from the Eastern and Northern Gotland Basin due to the inflows in 2014-2016 continues to increase in the deep water. No major inflow has occurred during 2021., En klimatologisk atlas över syresituationen i Östersjöns djupvatten publicerades 2011 i SMHI:s Report Oceanography No 42. Sedan 2011 har årliga uppdateringar gjorts då kompletterande data från länder runt Östersjön har rapporterats till ”International Council for the Exploration of the Sea” (ICES) datacenter. I denna rapport har resultaten från 2020 uppdaterats och preliminära resultat för 2021 tagits fram. Resultaten för 2021 baseras på preliminära data insamlade under internationella fiskeriundersökningar koordinerade av ICES, nationell miljöövervakning och forskningsprojekt med bidrag från Polen, Estland, Lettland, Danmark, Sverige och Finland.Förekomsten av hypoxi (syrebrist) och anoxi (helt syrefria förhållanden) under höstperioden, har undersökts i varje mätprofil. Djupet där hypoxi eller anoxi först påträffas i en profil har interpolerats mellan provtagningsstationer och kombinerats med en djupdatabas för beräkning av utbredning och volym av hypoxiska och anoxiska förhållanden. Resultaten har överförts till kartor och diagram för att visualisera syresituationen i Östersjöns djupvatten 1960-2021.Resultaten för 2020 och de preliminära resultaten för 2021 visar att den extrema syrebristen som observerats i Egentliga Östersjön, efter regimskiftet 1999, fortsätter. Utbredningen av syrefria områden har minskat något jämfört med rekordåren 2018-2019, medan områden påverkade av syrebrist var ungefär lika stora. Minskningen i utbredning av syrefria bottnar var tydligast i södra delen av Egentliga Östersjön samt i Finska Viken.Mängden svavelväte, som på grund av inflödena 2014-2016, helt försvann från Östra och Norra Gotlandsbassängerna, fortsätter att ökar i dessa bassängers djupvatten. Inget större inflöde till Östersjön har inträffat under 2021.

This paper discusses early medieval stone towers on Gotland. It summarizes the scholarly interpretations of their functions and dating,and analysis the towers in different spatial settings; towers at farmsteads, at churches and at harbours. Generally, we should see the towers on Gotland as concrete symbols of the presences of different types of elite. The towers at churches and farms reflects the presence of wealthy tradesmen and farmers that for security reasons fortified their farmsteads. In somecases, this included the local church, which was built beside the tower. In other cases they were built by a group of local elite families, in order to serve a more common function. This was most likely the case with the towers at harbours. While the former towers gives a more private and defensive impression, the latter must be seen as more offensive and public. The closed architecture, with few openings, entrances on the second floor, loopholes and crenelated walls clearly shows that the towers were connected to the martial side of medieval society.

This analysis comprises part of a larger project on the placement of rune-stones in the local area of Tiohärad. It considers two rune-stones, Sm 36 and Sm 37, in Bolmaryd. The older stone, Sm 36, is placed in the grounds of what would have been a large farmhouse or village and could only have been seen by its householders and visitors. The text is short and simply refers to a family relationship. The younger stone, Sm 37, meanwhile, like several of the rune-stones in Tiohärad, is placed in a communicatively strategic position on a larger road. It has a more extensive text which focuses on the social rank of the commemorated thane Vend. Both of the stones show how location and message can vary according to the intended recipients of the message., https://doi.org/10.33063/diva-438876

Oxygen deficiency, in the form of hypoxia and anoxia, is a direct consequence of the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. There is ongoing debate concerning the increasing extent of hypoxia. We analyse the integral metrics of hypoxia and anoxia: (1) temporal evolution of the hypoxic and anoxic area and volume, (2) the spatial distribution of the probabilities of hypoxia and anoxia occurrence in the Baltic Sea. The results are based on the state-of-the-art coupled physical and biogeochemical numerical model reanalysis data from Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service for the period of 1993-2017. Statistical analysis showed that the variability of hypoxic and anoxic areas since the year 2000 represents stationary processes around their respective mean levels. From 2000 to 2017, the hypoxic area varies between 50000 and 80000 km(2) and the anoxic area varies between 10000 and 50000 km(2). Different methods and data sources indicate that the uncertainties of the estimates account for about 10000 km(2). We suggest that the loss of stationarity of the time series of the hypoxic area would be an indication of the regime change of hypoxia development in the Baltic Sea. Probability distribution maps of hypoxia and anoxia provide detailed information about the persistency of hypoxia and anoxia in different parts of the Baltic Sea. The probability of hypoxia exceeds 0.9 in the eastern and western Gotland basins and in the deep area of the Bornholm basin. The Gulf of Finland and the shallower areas that connect different deep basins of the Baltic Sea exhibit seasonal and episodic hypoxia. The 80 m and 120 m isobaths are the approximate bathymetry limits of hypoxia and anoxia occurrence, respectively. Our study supports previous knowledge that hypoxia development is controlled to a large degree by the depth of the permanent halocline.