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In recent years, legal scholars dissatisfied with the behavioral assumptions of the rational actor model have increasingly turned to the findings of cognitive psychologists and decision theorists to enhance the accuracy of efficiency analysis. Jon Hanson and Douglas Kysar review those findings in this Article, concluding that scholars have been well justified in incorporating the behavioralist account of human behavior into laws and economics. Nevertheless, Hanson and Kysar argue that those scholars simultaneously have failed to take findings of behavioral research to their logical conclusion. Using the scholarly application of behavioralist insights to products liability theory as an example, the authors demonstrate that legal scholars thus far have treated cognitive anomalies as relatively fixed and independent influences on individual decisionmaking. Rather than such an exogenous analysis, Hanson and Kysar advocate an endogenous examination of behavioralist findings that allows for internal, dynamic effects of cognitive biases within the decisionmaking model. By recognizing that cognitive anomalies influence not only the behavior of biased decisionmakers but also the incentives of other economic actors, Hanson and Kysar reveal the possibility of market manipulation - that is, the possibility that market outcomes can be influenced, if not determined, by the ability of one actor to control the format of information, the framing and presentation of choices, and, more generally, the setting within which market transactions occur. Again using the field of products liability theory as an example, the authors argue that such market manipulation will come to characterize consumer product markets; powerful economic incentives will drive manufacturers to engage in practices that, whether consciously or not, utilize non-rational consumer tendencies to influence consumer preferences and perceptions for gain. The authors conclude by previewing the evidence from their companion article that demonstrates the seriousness of the problem of market manipulation and the need for corrective legal devices such as enterprise liability.

The article presents the discussion on understanding the economic inequalities and mass injustice. Topics include conflagrations of injustice, wealth inequality, environmental destruction, political dysfunction; and challenging by advocates, activists, organizers, and policy entrepreneurs seeking to advance justice.

Little work has been done to assess the impact of elevated [CO.sub.2] on responses of forages to defoliation. This study examines regrowth, biomass partitioning, and labile C and N metabolites in three functional plant-types: a [C.sub.3] grass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love], a [C.sub.4] grass [Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag.], and a forage legume (Medicago sativa L.). Plants were grown from seed, defoliated twice, and grown in a controlled environment under a factorial arrangement of two [CO.sub.2] [low [CO.sub.2] (LC), 355 µmol [mol.sup.-1], and high [CO.sub.2] (HC), 700 µmol [mol.sup.-1]] and two N nutrition regimes [low N (LN), watered twice weekly with half-strength Hoagland's containing 0 N, and high N (HN), half-strength Hoagland's containing 14 mM N]. High N enhanced regrowth in all three species, while high [CO.sub.2] enhanced regrowth only in the two [C.sub.3] species. In M. sativa, [CO.sub.2] and N treatments had no significant effect on k, the allometric growth coefficient. In contrast, k was reduced in P. smithii plants grown under LN (0.63) compared with HN (0.99). In B. gracilis, low N also reduced k, but it interacted with [CO.sub.2] so that k was greatest for plants grown at HN/ HC (0.95) and HN/LC (0.89), intermediate at LN/LC (0.58), and least at LN/HC (0.44). These results indicate greater partitioning to below-ground organs (reduced k) when N is limiting, particularly under elevated [CO.sub.2]. Significant correlations were established between k and several measures of plant N status, suggesting that the effects of [CO.sub.2] on plant biomass partitioning involve N status., DESPITE THE IMPORTANCE of the effect of grazing pressure on the production and ecology of rangelands and pastures (Harris, 1978; Milchunas and Lauenroth, 1993), only a limited amount of attention [...]

Early regrowth following defoliation of forage species often depends on remobilization of nitrogen and non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) reserves stored in roots and crowns. The degree to which TNC and N remobilization contribute to regrowth can depend on internal concentrations and on external [CO.sub.2] and N supplies. We studied the effect of [CO.sub.2] and N supply on reserve remobilization during the first 20 d following defoliation of 9-wk-old alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb) A. Love], and blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag ex Steud]. plants. Reserve remobilization was studied in controlled-environment chambers set at either ambient (350 µmol [mol.sup.-1]) or elevated (700 µmol [mol.sup.-1]) [CO.sub.2]. Plants were fertilized twice weekly with Hoaglands solution containing either 0 mg [L.sup.-1] (low N) or 400 mg [L.sup.-1] N (high N). Elevated [CO.sub.2] increased the total amount and percent of available TNC that was remobilized in alfalfa, and the amount of remobilized TNC in western wheatgrass, but reduced TNC remobilization in blue grama. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on TNC remobilization at ambient [CO.sub.2], but increased remobilization in alfalfa and reduced remobilization in the two grasses under elevated [CO.sub.2]. Alfalfa remobilized a greater percentage of its root and crown N reserves than either grass species. Nitrogen remobilization was highest under high N and ambient [CO.sub.2] conditions for all species. Nitrogen deficiency and elevated [CO.sub.2] reduced N remobilization and the contribution of remobilized N to shoot regrowth., NUTRIENT UPTAKE (Kim et al., 1993) and photosynthesis (Clement et al., 1978; Richards, 1993) can be greatly reduced following defoliation. As a result, early shoot regrowth often depends on remobilization [...]