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The Asian economic crisis ravaged numerous economies in the late 1990s. Significant social and political disruption followed the fall in Asian currency prices. The newly industrialized states of Asia were particularly hard hit, yet some also experienced swift turnarounds, reaching pre-crisis currency rates and economic output. The enduring puzzle of the crisis is the role of bureaucratic-business ties as a background cause of the crisis and determinant of governmental policy responses. In this paper, we adapt Tsebelis? veto player model to include bureaucracy as a formal actor in the adjustment process. We argue that states that minimized the control of developmental bureaucracies over finance and direct managerial decision-making weakened the institutional capacity of bureaucrats to veto adjustment policies, both before and after the 1997 crisis. Moreover, we find that a tradition of strategic regulatory guidance is associated with favorable economic performance, provided that bureaucrats had subjected private firms or state-owned enterprises to competition (or even business failure) historically, and where the risks associated with financial decisions were not socialized by the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Florida is an important case study for the evaluation of state-level policies on indigenous reservation gaming operations. The dispute between native tribal governments and states began in Florida and resulted in two very important court rulings on reservation gaming, one which upheld tribal sovereignty, the other which limited it. This study tests an accepted model of tribal-state politics and finds problems with the popular "venue surfing" notion of turning away from the courts in favor of legislative politics. While Florida tribes make campaign contributions to candidates and both parties in state elections, with the majority Republicans having an edge, they have thus far received little from the legislature in the way of tangible legislation or policy outcomes, despite their business success. With diversification to other industries and a rocky relationship with the state over gaming issues, it appears that the demise of Indian gaming in Florida may be imminent. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]