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Wide availability and uptake of contact lenses came with the development of the first polymethyl methacrylate corneal lenses during the late 1940s. It is less well known that colored contact lenses were developed simultaneously. These innovations allowed both a degree of spectacle independence for ametropes and an ability to vary eye color. The impact on facial and ocular cosmesis was substantial, particularly for public figures such as actors. We have obtained contact lenses and matching casts manufactured by their inventor, Kevin M. Tuohy. Measurements of these suggest they were made for a myope, and we provide indirect evidence that the lenses were made for Marilyn Monroe. We also provide evidence that Monroe is likely to have been myopic, used colored contact lenses to change her eye color and may have been an early sufferer of contact lens overwear syndrome. The importance of ocular cosmesis can be overlooked in ophthalmic practice, yet it is of great interest to and importance for patients. It appears that discomfort, and even risk, will be tolerated to achieve a particular appearance. This is reflected in current techniques aimed at achieving improved cosmesis.

Abstract: Measles, caused by the Morbilli virus, is a highly (about 95 %) contagious disease affecting primarily children, but without proper immunisation, adults can also be infected. The leading symptoms of the disease are high fever that presents after an incubation period of 9–10 days and the red rash that begins several days after the fever starts. Beyond specific generalized symptoms, measles may have ocular symptoms. The most commonly occurring conjunctivitis, the so-called “red eye symptom”, is not characteristic only for measles infection, however, by taking the generalized symptoms it can suggest the diagnosis at the beginning of the disease. Conjunctivitis of varying severity is noticed in the half of the cases without using ophthalmological instrumentation. Using ophthalmological instrumentation, the mild forms of conjunctivitis can be diagnosed, by meticulous ophthalmological examination, further eye diseases can be discovered. The viral conjunctivitis can progress to keratitis and bacterial superinfection can occur. If the infection presents in childhood it can affect the posterior segment. The fight against measles is very effective in Hungary since the vaccination has been introduced, and the lack of vaccination is also the primary cause of the risk to the disease. In the diagnosis, symptomatic treatment of the disease and the curbing of possible mass infections, the practicing physician (general practitioner) has a key role. The correct care of the infected patient in Hungary is provided by a methodological letter, professional information and legal guides. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(39): 1523–1527.

Measles, caused by the Morbilli virus, is a highly (about 95 %) contagious disease affecting primarily children, but without proper immunisation, adults can also be infected. The leading symptoms of the disease are high fever that presents after an incubation period of 9-10 days and the red rash that begins several days after the fever starts. Beyond specific generalized symptoms, measles may have ocular symptoms. The most commonly occurring conjunctivitis, the so-called "red eye symptom", is not characteristic only for measles infection, however, by taking the generalized symptoms it can suggest the diagnosis at the beginning of the disease. Conjunctivitis of varying severity is noticed in the half of the cases without using ophthalmological instrumentation. Using ophthalmological instrumentation, the mild forms of conjunctivitis can be diagnosed, by meticulous ophthalmological examination, further eye diseases can be discovered. The viral conjunctivitis can progress to keratitis and bacterial superinfection can occur. If the infection presents in childhood it can affect the posterior segment. The fight against measles is very effective in Hungary since the vaccination has been introduced, and the lack of vaccination is also the primary cause of the risk to the disease. In the diagnosis, symptomatic treatment of the disease and the curbing of possible mass infections, the practicing physician (general practitioner) has a key role. The correct care of the infected patient in Hungary is provided by a methodological letter, professional information and legal guides. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(39): 1523-1527.

Ocular signs and symptoms of Ebola infection initially suggest banal conjunctivitis, but in advanced cases severe haemorrhagic conjunctivitis appears and, in the final stage of the disease, retinal and chorioidal haemorrhages may occur which can cause even blindness. Although the viral infection accompanied by ocular symptoms of a non-specific conjunctivitis, the high fever present from the onset of the disease should raise the suspicion of Ebola infection. There is no causal therapy know so far, and the only adjunctive treatment may be delivered by an ophthalmologist. Because the virus can be detected in the tear, it can theoretically be the mediator of the infection and, therefore, ophthalmological examinations should be carried out with the highest caution. In case of suspected Ebola infection the nearest competent healthcare authority should be immediately alerted in order to take further actions.Az Ebola-fertőzés szemészeti tünetei kezdetben banális kötőhártya-gyulladásként jelentkeznek, előrehaladott állapotban azonban súlyos vérzéses kötőhártya-gyulladás jelenik meg, majd a betegség végső fázisában chorioidealis és retinavérzések léphetnek fel, amelyek vaksággal is járhatnak. A betegség kezdetétől megjelenő magas láz azonban már a betegség kezdeti stádiumában fellépő enyhe nem specifikus kötőhártya-gyulladásos tünetek megjelenésével együtt segít a betegség lehetőségének felvetésében. A betegség kezelésére nincs oki terápia és szemészetileg is csak tüneti kezelést lehet végezni. Mivel a vírus a könnyből is kimutatható, és elvileg fertőzés közvetítője is lehet, a szemészeti vizsgálatokat nagy körültekintéssel kell végezni. Ebola-fertőzés gyanúja esetén haladéktalanul riasztani kell a legközelebbi illetékes egészségügyi hivatalt, hogy a további szükséges intézkedéseket megtegye. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(11), 431–433.

Background Unsufficient wetting of the ocular surface is very frequent. Artificial tears are commonly used for therapy. The influence on symptoms and tolerablity of a product formulated with polyvidon and electrolytes resembling natural tears were investigated. Methode Efficacy and local tolerability of a polyvidon (polyvinylpyrrolidon) formulation in the treatment of the dry-eye syndrome were tested in an open multicenter study on 586 patients with dry-eye conditions of various etiology. Patients were treated under the conditions of daily usage with the tear substitutes Oculotect fluid or Oculotect fluid sine which are formulations with electrolytes in a composition which resembles natural tears. The duration of treatment was 8 weeks and application frequency was dependent on severity of dry-eye syndrome. The therapeutic effect was evaluated before treatment and after one. four and eight weeks by tear film break-up time (BUT test). Schirmer-I test and by ratings of patient's self assessment of their complaints. Additionally patients general and ophthalmological history was recorded. Results Before the start of the treatment the BUT test and Schirmer-I test yielded mean values of 9.0 (±5.2) sec and 6.2 (±3.8) mm respectively. These values increased over the course of the approximately 8-week treatment period to 12.3 (±5.6) sec and 10.1 (±4.8) mm respectively. Both parameters increased as highly significant (p≤0.0001, Wilcoxon-Test). Before treatment patients rated the following complaints as medium strong or strong: sensation of foreign body (66%), burning (69%), sensation of pressure (48%) and/or conjunctival hyperemia (48%). Some 8 weeks later, only 5% (sensation of foreign body), 8% (burning), 5% (sensation of pressure) and 6% (conjunctival hyperemia) of the patients with all examination time points rated these complaints similarly. The efficacy and tolerability were rated by the ophthalmologist on visual analog scales (minimum 0, very poor to a maximum of 100, very good). The average efficacy rating was 72.9 (±21.5), Oculotect fluid and Oculotect fluid sine were rated practically identically. The tolerability was rated high at 81.6 (±17.6). Reports of undiserable side-effects were given by 15 patients (3%), none of these side-effects were serious. Conclusions In patients typically met in ophthalmologists' office, treatment with preserved or unpreserved artifical tear with polyvidone resulted in distinct improvement of their complaints.

Hans-Walter Roth1, Taryn Conway2, David A Hollander21Institut für Wissenschaftliche Kontaktoptik Ulm, Ulm/Donau, Germany; 2Allergan, Inc, Irvine, CA, USABackground: Artificial tears are commonly used for the symptomatic treatment of dry eye. This study compared the efficacy and safety of two preservative-free formulations of artificial tears, carboxymethylcellulose 0.5%/glycerin 0.9% (CMC/glycerin) and sodium hyaluronate 0.18% (sodium hyaluronate), in patients with mild to moderate dry eye symptoms.Methods: This multicenter, investigator-masked, randomized, parallel-group, active-controlled, clinical study enrolled patients with mild to moderate dry eye symptoms. At baseline, patients received both treatments (one in each eye) and completed an Acute Preference Questionnaire. Patients were then randomized 1:1 to treatment with one drop of CMC/glycerin or sodium hyaluronate at least three times per day for 2 weeks. Efficacy outcomes included Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal staining, conjunctival staining, conjunctival hyperemia, Dry Eye Symptom and Bothersomeness Survey, Patient Acceptability Questionnaire, and Patient Global Assessment of Change. Safety outcomes included the number and frequency of adverse events.Results: CMC/glycerin and sodium hyaluronate produced statistically significant improvements in OSDI (P < 0.0001), TBUT (P < 0.0001), corneal staining (P < 0.0001), conjunctival staining (P < 0.0001 at Week 1; P < 0.01 at Week 2), and conjunctival hyperemia (P < 0.0001 at Week 1; P < 0.05 at Week 2) relative to baseline. No statistically significant between-group differences in any evaluated variable, including clinical and patient-reported outcomes, were observed. Following a single-drop instillation, there was a trend in favor of sodium hyaluronate for which each drop produced less blurring (P = 0.055). At Day 14, there were trends in favor of CMC/glycerin for questions about how many hours the eyedrops controlled symptoms (P = 0.057), whether the eyedrops effectively relieved dryness (P = 0.053), and which drop provided a cushion of moisture on eyes (P = 0.052). No treatment-related adverse events were reported.Conclusion: Both CMC/glycerin and sodium hyaluronate effectively relieved dry eye symptoms. Scores were consistently similar across all measures, and both artificial tears were highly acceptable to patients.Keywords: artificial tears, dry eye, safety, efficacy, carboxymethylcellulose 0.5%/glycerin 0.9%, sodium hyaluronate 0.18%

More than 100 years ago Helmholtz1 noted that any alteration of corneal physiology results in a change in corneal thickness. These changes are dependent not only on aging, refractive errors and the multitude of endogenous and exogenous factors but also on the status of the preocular tear film.2,3

Die Storungen der Tranensekretion und ihre Therapie sind ein besonderes Problem fur den Kontaktlinsentrager, weil fur das erfolgreiche Tragen einer Kontaktlinse die Intaktheit des Tranenfilms von wesentlicher Bedeutung ist. So benotigen harte Kontaktlinsen ein Tranenpolster, auf dem sie vor der Hornhaut schwimmen konnen, weiche Linsenkunststoffe ein gewisses Wasserangebot, damit sie elastisch und transparent bleiben.