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Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) have played a crucial role in disease control to protect cereals as well as fruit and vegetables for more than a decade. Isoflucypram, the first representative of a newly installed subclass of SDHIs inside the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) family of complex II inhibitors, offers unparalleled long‐lasting efficacy against major foliar diseases in cereals. Herein we report the chemical optimization from early discovery towards isoflucypram and the first hypothesis of its altered binding mode in the ubiquinone binding site of succinate dehydrogenase. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry., Herein we report about the discovery of isoflucypram (1), the first representative of a newly installed subclass of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors inside the FRAC family of complex II inhibitors. The unusual substitution of the carboxamide nitrogen with a cyclopropyl group likely conditions a binding mode that is different to that of classical succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors.

Isoflucypram (ISY) is a new, highly active succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide with two unique structural features. Herein the discovery and the optimization leading to ISY is described, an elegant combination of mix and match approaches with vast experience in SDHI chemistry. The unusual N-cyclopropyl substitution pattern for an SDHI suggests an altered binding of ISY to the ubiquinone binding site. Among many highly efficacious candidates ISY was selected based on its favorable human safety profile. ISY very efficiently controls all relevant leaf disease in cereals, namely, leaf blotch, net blotch, brown and yellow rust. The active translocates slowly but steadily in the cereal leaves, which contributes to a high extent to its long-lasting efficacy from the leaf base up to the leaf tip. ISY-based products have outcompeted in hundreds field trials current market standards regarding efficacy as well as even more importantly regarding yield.

Transitioning is a unidirectional process of mainstreaming sustainability within normative societal behaviour, which communities hope will build resilience, reduce our dependence on distant resources and lead to the transformation towards more sustainable living as an end product. Throughout Europe there are numerous examples and pilot or demonstration projects that illustrate tools, practices, mechanisms, pathways and policies for how transitioning can be guided and a transformation can be achieved. This paper draws on the experience of the TURAS project by illustrating some ofthe diverse open innovation opportunities that have been derived using novel transdisciplinary approaches. The paper concludes with identifying possible ways forward by utilising the TURAS innovations to enable the transformation of urban communities.

During the past decades, geographic information systems (GIS) have developed massively to be used in various fields. In this regard, within the urban planning and geodesign fields, practitioners, urban planners, developers, designers, and scientists started using GIS as a tool to digitalize and analyze reality. Hence, in this research, besides an introduction to GIS-based modelling and geodesign, the authors analyze an example of the “Filder” area in Stuttgart city based on a set of pre-identified parameters. This case study demonstrates how GIS can be used to avoid the employment of complex methods and tools.

Threshold values for nature protection areas are used as indicators for their nature protection value. Several values related to a minimum share of the area in a region or a country have been proposed as basic conditions for a sound development of natural areas. Although the height of these thresholds is still a matter of extended scientific discussion (they range from 5 to 30% of the agricultural area), they have been embraced by political parties and legislation concerning nature protection. This paper highlights the consequences of the practical application of such thresholds. The example of an intensively used agricultural region, the Kraichgau in Baden-Wuerttemberg, is chosen. To improve the actual situation concerning bio-diversity, a selection of sites with a good potential for the development of oligothropic dry grassland was proposed. To evaluate the consequences of this proposal a GIS based modelling tool was used. By the connection of biological, economic and a-biotic models it was possible to describe the reactions of all these factors simultaneously in form of a scenario. The scenario describes an increase of dry grassland area of approximately 10%. Economically, the reduction of acreage leads to a change of crop ratio and a decrease of gross margin. Due to their profitability, row crops remain with their original amount within the rotation of crops and lead, therefore, to intensification within the region. The accompanied increase of erosion rates results in a higher nutrient impact to adjacent bio-topes (hedges, ridges), thus leading to their further deterioration. Consequently, the gain of bio-diversity in some parts of the region is coupled with a loss of bio-diversity in others. Analysing these results, the usefulness of using an integrated economic–ecological modelling system for the evaluation is shown. Later, discussion of the consequences for the economic as well as for the biotic situation provides an idea of the limitations of the thresholds as indicators with respect to their practical performance. Recommendations for the necessary differentiations pertaining to regional context are given to improve the validity of this indicator type.

The readily available sodium salt of 2-(1,3-dithian-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde tosylhydrazone 6 could be thermolysed to transient 2-(2-diazoethylidene)-1,3-dithiane 7 and from there to 1,3-dithian-2-ylidene-substituted ethyl carbene 8. Both species gave cycloadditions with different types of alkenes. Evidence is presented for the electrocyclisation of the vinyl carbene to 4,8-dithiaspiro[2.5]oct-1-ene.

Normally, agricultural land parcels being close to town centers and connected with road systems have higher probability to be converted for newly planned settlements because these land parcels have higher accessibility influenced mainly by the transportation condition. A comprehensive method is proposed to simulate the process of allocating land parcels for the newly planned settlements with the raster data model using some elementary spatial analysis functions provided by ArcGIS. The first step of the method is to construct the distribution of the cost-distance from each transferable land parcel to the centers of administrative units at village level (called 'origin' for short). The second step is to simulate the process to allocate the transferable land parcels for satisfying the land demand resulting from the development at these 'origins'. It is quite possible that more than one origin is interested in the same transferable land parcel. Therefore, how to determine the priority of different origins to get the land parcel focused by more than one origin is emphatically discussed as one key point of the proposed method in this paper. In addition, some other aspects, such as the size of the transferable land parcels, which influences strongly on the results of assignment, are discussed as well. The proposed method has been applied in the Sino-Germany project 'Sustainable Development by Integrated Land Use Planning' and can meet the requirements.

Die Behandlung und der Einsatz Geographischer Informationssysteme (GIS) in der Lehre als Teilbereich Geographischer Informationsverarbeitung, Angewandter Geographischer Informationstechnologie und/oder Geoinformatik nimmt in Disziplinen wie Geographie, Geologie, Photogrammetrie, Landschafts- und Raumplanung zu.

The readily available sodium salt of 2-(1,3-dithian-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde tosylhydrazone 6 could be thermolysed to transient 2-(2-diazoethylidene)-1,3-dithiane 7 and from there to 1,3-dithian-2-ylidene-substituted ethyl carbene 8. Both species gave cycloadditions with different types of alkenes. Evidence is presented for the electrocyclisation of the vinyl carbene to 4,8-dithiaspiro[2.5]oct-1-ene.

Our experience in geographical teachware has started a long time before the boom in Personal Computers. The first implementations of geographical teachware have been on a UNIVAC. So the disadvantages of a main frame had to be tackled by the students.