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Eugen Dühring - A handwritten note on ‘Nietzsche’ from 1896. This paper contains the first publication of a yet unknown manuscript, which Eugen Dühring wrote in response to his reading of - in part falsified and decontextualized - passages about him in Koegel’s edition of Nietzsche’s late notes. Dühring’s note reveals blatant anti-Semitism and he vituperates Nietzsche as a ‘lawyer’ of Jews. The note is subsequently used in later publications of Dühring and his followers. The paper continues to reconstruct Dühring’s engagement with Nietzsche and discusses some aspects of Nietzsche’s reading of Dühring. Despite Dühring’s significance for Nietzsche’s philosophical development, initial similarities are outweighed by important differences.

Viewed first purely philosophically and not yet going further into the history of science, the emergence of epistemology as a separate philosophical discipline, even foundational discipline, took place with Neokantianism in Germany. Epistemology became increasingly independent of traditional formal logic, on the one hand, and connected with the theory of science that developed later, on the other. It was in no way identical with the far longer international history of epistemological standpoints; nor can we reduce the characterization and history of Neokantianism, as one of the dominant post-classical philosophical currents in the second half of nineteenth-century Germany in general, solely to the elaboration of a philosophical theory of knowledge in this period. (Incidently, it has a pre- and post-history just as long again.) Nevertheless that direct relation of Neokantianism and epistemology does exist, though it will here be sketched only in its main points; it is simply not explicable from the history of philosophy alone, above all not without far-reaching concrete history of science research as well as horizons of reference to social ideology.