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1. Standardized Nanomechanical Atomic Force Microscopy Procedure (SNAP) for Measuring Soft and Biological Samples

Author

Hermann Schillers, Carmela Rianna, Jens Schäpe, Tomas Luque, Holger Doschke, Mike Wälte, Juan José Uriarte, Noelia Campillo, Georgios P. A. Michanetzis, Justyna Bobrowska, Andra Dumitru, Elena T. Herruzo, Simone Bovio, Pierre Parot, Massimiliano Galluzzi, Alessandro Podestà, Luca Puricelli, Simon Scheuring, Yannis Missirlis, Ricardo Garcia, Michael Odorico, Jean-Marie Teulon, Frank Lafont, Malgorzata Lekka, Felix Rico, Annafrancesca Rigato, Jean-Luc Pellequer, Hans Oberleithner, Daniel Navajas, and Manfred Radmacher

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract We present a procedure that allows a reliable determination of the elastic (Young’s) modulus of soft samples, including living cells, by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The standardized nanomechanical AFM procedure (SNAP) ensures the precise adjustment of the AFM optical lever system, a prerequisite for all kinds of force spectroscopy methods, to obtain reliable values independent of the instrument, laboratory and operator. Measurements of soft hydrogel samples with a well-defined elastic modulus using different AFMs revealed that the uncertainties in the determination of the deflection sensitivity and subsequently cantilever’s spring constant were the main sources of error. SNAP eliminates those errors by calculating the correct deflection sensitivity based on spring constants determined with a vibrometer. The procedure was validated within a large network of European laboratories by measuring the elastic properties of gels and living cells, showing that its application reduces the variability in elastic moduli of hydrogels down to 1%, and increased the consistency of living cells elasticity measurements by a factor of two. The high reproducibility of elasticity measurements provided by SNAP could improve significantly the applicability of cell mechanics as a quantitative marker to discriminate between cell types and conditions.

Published
2017
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2. Salt Sensitivity Determined From Capillary Blood

Author

Hans Oberleithner and Marianne Wilhelmi

Subjects
Hypertension, Sodium buffer capacity, Sodium sensitivity, Glycocalyx, Erythrocyte, Dermatology, RL1-803, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923
Abstract

Background/Aims: A significant rise of blood pressure in response to a given salt load is a weak indication of high salt sensitivity, supposed to foster the development of arterial hypertension and related diseases in later life. In search of an alternative method we recently developed the salt blood test (SBT), a new concept for quantifying salt sensitivity (SS). Based on this concept, namely that red blood cells (RBC) report on salt sensitivity, the SBT-mini was developed. Methods: The SBT-mini utilizes a droplet of capillary blood mixed with a ‘smart' Na+ cocktail. Red blood cells (RBC) of this mixture are allowed to sediment by gravity in a glass tube. SS is quantified by measuring RBC sedimentation rate. 90 healthy volunteers (39 males, 51 females; mean age: 23±0.5 years) were evaluated and ‘standard values' for males and females were derived. Results: Sodium buffer capacity of female blood is about 20 % smaller as compared to male blood due to the lower hematocrit of females. SS of an individual is related to the mean standard value (set to 100 %) of the respective male/female cohort. High SS (> 120 %) has been found in 31 % of males and 28 % of females. Conclusions: SS can be estimated derived from the individual RBC sodium buffer capacity as measured by the SBT-mini. About one third of a healthy test cohort exhibits a high sensitivity to salt. Reduction of sodium consumption to at least two grams per day (equals five grams of NaCl per day as suggested by the WHO) is recommended, particularly for individuals with high salt sensitivity.

Published
2016
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3. Recharging Red Blood Cell Surface by Hemodialysis

Author

Katrin Kliche, Ulrich Gerth, Hermann Pavenstädt, and Hans Oberleithner

Subjects
Glycocalyx, Hypertension, Kidney disease, Salt-blood-test, Plasma sodium, Physiology, QP1-981, Biochemistry, QD415-436
Abstract

Background: Similar as in vascular endothelium the negatively charged glycocalyx of erythrocytes selectively buffers sodium. Loss of glycocalyx (i.e. loss of negative charges) leads to increased erythrocyte sodium sensitivity (ESS) quantified by a recently developed salt-blood-test (SBT). The hypothesis was tested whether a regular 4-hour hemodialysis (4h-HD) alters ESS. Methods: In 38 patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) ESS was measured before and after 4h-HD, together with standard laboratory and clinical parameters (electrolytes, acid-base status, urea, creatinine, hemoglobin, c-reactive protein and blood pressure). Results: Before 4h-HD, 20 patients (out of 38) were classified as “salt sensitive” by SBT. After 4h-HD, this number decreased to 11. Erythrocyte sodium buffering power remained virtually constant in patients with already low ESS before dialysis, whereas in patients with high ESS, 4h-HD improved the initially poor sodium buffering power by about 20%. No significant correlations could be detected between standard blood parameters and the respective ESS values except for plasma sodium concentration which was found increased by 3.1 mM in patients with high salt sensitivity. Conclusions: 4h-HD apparently recharges “run-down” erythrocytes and thus restores erythrocyte sodium buffering capacity. Besides the advantage of efficient sodium buffering in blood, erythrocytes with sufficient amounts of free negative charges at the erythrocyte surface will cause less (mechanical) injury to the negatively charged endothelial surface due to efficient repulsive forces between blood and vessel wall. Hemodialysis improves erythrocyte surface properties and thus may prevent early vascular damage in patients suffering from ESRD.

Published
2015
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5. Nanomechanics of the endothelial glycocalyx in experimental sepsis.

Author

Anne Wiesinger, Wladimir Peters, Daniel Chappell, Dominik Kentrup, Stefan Reuter, Hermann Pavenstädt, Hans Oberleithner, and Philipp Kümpers

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The endothelial glycocalyx (eGC), a carbohydrate-rich layer lining the luminal side of the endothelium, regulates vascular adhesiveness and permeability. Although central to the pathophysiology of vascular barrier dysfunction in sepsis, glycocalyx damage has been generally understudied, in part because of the aberrancy of in vitro preparations and its degradation during tissue handling. The aim of this study was to analyze inflammation-induced damage of the eGC on living endothelial cells by atomic-force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation technique. AFM revealed the existence of a mature eGC on the luminal endothelial surface of freshly isolated rodent aorta preparations ex vivo, as well as on cultured human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC) in vitro. AFM detected a marked reduction in glycocalyx thickness (266 ± 12 vs. 137 ± 17 nm, P

Published
2013
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6. Cortical actin nanodynamics determines nitric oxide release in vascular endothelium.

Author

Johannes Fels, Pia Jeggle, Kristina Kusche-Vihrog, and Hans Oberleithner

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The release of the main vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) by the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is a hallmark of endothelial function. We aim at elucidating the underlying mechanism how eNOS activity depends on cortical stiffness (К(cortex)) of living endothelial cells. It is hypothesized that cortical actin dynamics determines К(cortex) and directly influences eNOS activity. By combined atomic force microscopy and fluorescence imaging we generated mechanical and optical sections of single living cells. This approach allows the discrimination between К(cortex) and bulk cell stiffness (К(bulk)) and, additionally, the simultaneous analysis of submembranous actin web dynamics. We show that К(cortex) softens when cortical F-actin depolymerizes and that this shift from a gel-like stiff cortex to a soft G-actin rich layer, triggers the stiffness-sensitive eNOS activity. The results implicate that stiffness changes in the ∼100 nm phase of the submembranous actin web, without affecting К(bulk), regulate NO release and thus determines endothelial function.

Published
2012
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7. Nanomechanics and sodium permeability of endothelial surface layer modulated by hawthorn extract WS 1442.

Author

Wladimir Peters, Verena Drüppel, Kristina Kusche-Vihrog, Carola Schubert, and Hans Oberleithner

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) plays a pivotal role in the physiology of the vasculature. By binding plasma proteins, the eGC forms the endothelial surface layer (ESL) which acts as an interface between bloodstream and endothelial cell surface. The functions of the eGC include mechanosensing of blood flow induced shear stress and thus flow dependent vasodilation. There are indications that levels of plasma sodium concentrations in the upper range of normal and beyond impair flow dependent regulation of blood pressure and may therefore increase the risk for hypertension. Substances, therefore, that prevent sodium induced endothelial dysfunction may be attractive for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. By means of combined atomic force-epifluorescence microscopy we studied the impact of the hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) extract WS 1442, a herbal therapeutic with unknown mechanism of action, on the mechanics of the ESL of ex vivo murine aortae. Furthermore, we measured the impact of WS 1442 on the sodium permeability of endothelial EA.hy 926 cell monolayer. The data show that (i) the ESL contributes by about 11% to the total endothelial barrier resistance for sodium and (ii) WS 1442 strengthens the ESL resistance for sodium up to about 45%. This mechanism may explain some of the vasoprotective actions of this herbal therapeutic.

Published
2012
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9. Intravascular adhesion and recruitment of neutrophils in response to CXCL1 depends on their TRPC6 channels

Author

Alexander Zarbock, Jan Rossaint, Mike Wälte, Verena Hofschröer, Otto Lindemann, Benedikt Fels, Sandra Schimmelpfennig, Albrecht Schwab, Hans Oberleithner, and Karolina Najder

Subjects
Neutrophils, Chemokine CXCL1, Integrin, Inflammation, Kidney, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, Transient receptor potential channel, 0302 clinical medicine, Drug Discovery, Cell Adhesion, TRPC6 Cation Channel, medicine, Animals, Central element, Genetics (clinical), TRPC, 030304 developmental biology, Mice, Knockout, 0303 health sciences, CXCR2, biology, Chemistry, Chemotaxis, TRPC6 channel, CXCL1, Cell biology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neutrophil recruitment, Reperfusion Injury, biology.protein, Molecular Medicine, Original Article, Calcium, Kidney Diseases, medicine.symptom, Signal transduction, 030215 immunology
Abstract

Abstract Here we report a novel role for TRPC6, a member of the transient receptor potential (TRPC) channel family, in the CXCL1-dependent recruitment of murine neutrophil granulocytes. Representing a central element of the innate immune system, neutrophils are recruited from the blood stream to a site of inflammation. The recruitment process follows a well-defined sequence of events including adhesion to the blood vessel walls, migration, and chemotaxis to reach the inflammatory focus. A common feature of the underlying signaling pathways is the utilization of Ca2+ ions as intracellular second messengers. However, the required Ca2+ influx channels are not yet fully characterized. We used WT and TRPC6−/− neutrophils for in vitro and TRPC6−/− chimeric mice (WT mice with WT or TRPC6−/− bone marrow cells) for in vivo studies. After renal ischemia and reperfusion injury, TRPC6−/− chimeric mice had an attenuated TRPC6−/− neutrophil recruitment and a better outcome as judged from the reduced increase in the plasma creatinine concentration. In the cremaster model CXCL1-induced neutrophil adhesion, arrest and transmigration were also decreased in chimeric mice with TRPC6−/− neutrophils. Using atomic force microscopy and microfluidics, we could attribute the recruitment defect of TRPC6−/− neutrophils to the impact of the channel on adhesion to endothelial cells. Mechanistically, TRPC6−/− neutrophils exhibited lower Ca2+ transients during the initial adhesion leading to diminished Rap1 and β2 integrin activation and thereby reduced ICAM-1 binding. In summary, our study reveals that TRPC6 channels in neutrophils are crucial signaling modules in their recruitment from the blood stream in response to CXCL1. Key point Neutrophil TRPC6 channels are crucial for CXCL1-triggered activation of integrins during the initial steps of neutrophil recruitment.

Published
2020

10. Quantifying salt sensitivity

Author

Hans Oberleithner

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Erythrocytes, Sodium, Clinical Biochemistry, Salt (chemistry), chemistry.chemical_element, engineering.material, Biochemistry, Organ damage, chemistry, Coating, Salt sensitivity, Hypertension, engineering, Biophysics, Humans, Molecular Biology
Abstract

Inner surfaces of blood vessels and outer surfaces of erythrocytes are coated with a negatively charged protective film of proteoglycans, which serves as an effective buffer system for the positively charged sodium ions. If this protective coating is poorly developed or impaired, it loses its buffering capacity. As a consequence, the organism becomes increasingly sensitive to sodium, which in the long run leads to organ damage, especially if daily salt consumption is high. Recently, it has become possible to quantify salt sensitivity using a technically simple method – the salt blood test (SBT). Aim of this mini-review is to explain the physiological concept underlying the SBT and its potential practical relevance in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Published
2021

11. KCa3.1 channel inhibition leads to an ICAM-1 dependent increase of cell-cell adhesion between A549 lung cancer and HMEC-1 endothelial cells

Author

Felix Glaser, Etmar Bulk, Ivan Liashkovich, Hans Oberleithner, Albrecht Schwab, Hermann Schillers, Nadzeya Kramko, and Hans-Joachim Schnittler

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, A549 cell, ICAM-1, Chemistry, Cell, NSCLC, medicine.disease, Extravasation, Metastasis, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Oncology, Cell culture, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Cancer cell, single cell force spectroscopy, medicine, Cancer research, KCa3.1 channels, Cell adhesion, extravasation, Research Paper
Abstract

// Etmar Bulk 1 , Nadzeya Kramko 2 , Ivan Liashkovich 1 , Felix Glaser 1 , Hermann Schillers 1 , Hans-Joachim Schnittler 2 , Hans Oberleithner 1 and Albrecht Schwab 1 1 Institute of Physiology II, University of Muenster, Munster, Germany 2 Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, University of Muenster, Munster, Germany Correspondence to: Etmar Bulk, email: ebulk@uni-muenster.de Keywords: NSCLC; extravasation; single cell force spectroscopy; K Ca 3.1 channels; ICAM-1 Received: July 14, 2017 Accepted: November 14, 2017 Published: November 28, 2017 ABSTRACT Early metastasis leads to poor prognosis of lung cancer patients, whose 5-year survival rate is only 15%. We could recently show that the Ca 2+ sensitive K + channel K Ca 3.1 promotes aggressive behavior of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and that it can serve as a prognostic marker in NSCLC. Since NSCLC patients die of metastases, we investigated whether K Ca 3.1 channels contribute to poor patient prognosis by regulating distinct steps of the metastatic cascade. We investigated the extravasation of NSCLC cells and focused on their adhesion to endothelial cells and on transendothelial migration. We quantified the adhesion forces between NSCLC cells and endothelial cells by applying single cell force spectroscopy, and we monitored transendothelial migration using live-cell imaging. Inhibition of K Ca 3.1 channels with senicapoc or K Ca 3.1 silencing increases the adhesion force of A549 lung cancer cells to human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining and biotinylation assays indicate that the elevated adhesion force is due to increased expression of ICAM-1 in both cell lines when K Ca 3.1 channels are downregulated. Consistent with this interpretation, an anti-ICAM-1 blocking antibody abolishes the K Ca 3.1-dependent increase in adhesion. Senicapoc inhibits transendothelial migration of A549 cells by 50%. Selectively silencing K Ca 3.1 channels in either NSCLC or endothelial cells reveals that transendothelial migration depends predominantly on endothelial K Ca 3.1 channels. In conclusion, our findings disclose a novel function of K Ca 3.1 channels in cancer. K Ca 3.1 channels regulate ICAM-1 dependent cell-cell adhesion between endothelial and cancer cells that affects the transmigration step of the metastatic cascade.

Published
2017

12. Endothelial basement membrane laminin 511 is essential for shear stress response

Author

Erik N. T. P. Bakker, Jacopo Di Russo, Verena Hofschröer, Sigmund Budny, Sebastian Albinsson, Ed van Bavel, Anna Liisa Luik, Per Hellstrand, Frederic Pincet, Anirban Bhattachariya, Lema Yousif, Juergen Klingauf, Hans Oberleithner, Rupert Hallmann, Lydia Sorokin, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neurovascular Disorders, ACS - Microcirculation, and Biomedical Engineering and Physics

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Vascular Biology & Angiogenesis, Integrin β1, Cell junction, Basement Membrane, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, shear stress, Focal adhesion, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Stress, Physiological, Laminin, laminin 511, medicine, Shear stress, VE‐cadherin, Animals, Humans, Mechanotransduction, Molecular Biology, Cells, Cultured, Mice, Knockout, Basement membrane, biology, General Immunology and Microbiology, General Neuroscience, Articles, focal adhesions, Corrigenda, endothelial cells, Cell biology, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Biochemistry, biology.protein, Endothelium, Vascular, Stress, Mechanical, VE-cadherin, Cell Adhesion, Polarity & Cytoskeleton, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Shear detection and mechanotransduction by arterial endothelium requires junctional complexes containing PECAM‐1 and VE‐cadherin, as well as firm anchorage to the underlying basement membrane. While considerable information is available for junctional complexes in these processes, gained largely from in vitro studies, little is known about the contribution of the endothelial basement membrane. Using resistance artery explants, we show that the integral endothelial basement membrane component, laminin 511 (laminin α5), is central to shear detection and mechanotransduction and its elimination at this site results in ablation of dilation in response to increased shear stress. Loss of endothelial laminin 511 correlates with reduced cortical stiffness of arterial endothelium in vivo , smaller integrin β1‐positive/vinculin‐positive focal adhesions, and reduced junctional association of actin–myosin II. In vitro assays reveal that β1 integrin‐mediated interaction with laminin 511 results in high strengths of adhesion, which promotes p120 catenin association with VE‐cadherin, stabilizing it at cell junctions and increasing cell–cell adhesion strength. This highlights the importance of endothelial laminin 511 in shear response in the physiologically relevant context of resistance arteries.

Published
2016

13. Differential response to endothelial epithelial sodium channel inhibition ex vivo correlates with arterial stiffness in humans

Author

Hans Oberleithner, Hermann Pavenstädt, Bernd Kasprzak, Verena Hofschröer, Kristina Kusche-Vihrog, Markus Missler, Eva Brand, Astrid Rohlmann, Malte Lenders, Stefan-Martin Brand, and Boris Schmitz

Subjects
Adult, Male, musculoskeletal diseases, Epithelial sodium channel, medicine.medical_specialty, animal structures, Physiology, Pulse Wave Analysis, Microscopy, Atomic Force, Amiloride, Vascular Stiffness, Internal medicine, von Willebrand Factor, Epithelial Sodium Channel Blockers, Internal Medicine, Humans, Medicine, Epithelial Sodium Channels, Aged, business.industry, Sodium channel, Endothelial Cells, Arteries, Middle Aged, equipment and supplies, musculoskeletal system, medicine.disease, Cell biology, Endocrinology, Arterial stiffness, Female, Endothelium, Vascular, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Ex vivo
Abstract

Recently, the nanomechanical properties (i.e. stiffness) of endothelial cells have been identified as crucial for appropriate endothelial function. One major determinant of endothelial stiffness is the endothelial sodium channel (EnNaC). EnNaC-dependent stiffening leads to reduced nitric oxide release, which is a hallmark for endothelial dysfunction. In the current study, we hypothesized that endothelial function is directly linked to the overall function of the arterial system.Sixty-four human ex-vivo arterial samples were collected from femoral bypass or vein-stripping procedures. Nanomechanical characteristics of ex-vivo endothelium from isolated arterial side branches were determined using atomic force microscopy. The endothelium's potential to respond to EnNaC inhibition by amiloride was defined as endothelial amiloride index. In addition, patients' arterial stiffness was determined by pulse wave velocity (PWV).Fifty-three percentage of the ex-vivo samples responded 'classically' to amiloride with endothelial softening, whereas 47% of the patients' samples did not. Interestingly, a lack of endothelial softening in the presence of amiloride in vitro was observed with higher frequency among samples obtained from individuals with elevated PWV. Further, an increased PWV was associated with impaired renal function and endothelial dysfunction (higher levels of von Willebrand factor).Here, we report differential responses of human ex-vivo vessels to amiloride. Although the mechanism of differential amiloride response is still unknown, the data indicate that drug action on endothelial function could differ strongly among patients, especially in those with a vascular end-organ damage determined by PWV.

Published
2015

14. 11 Salz- und Wasserhaushalt

Author

Heimo Mairbäurl, Sven G. Meuth, Kerstin Göbel, Ulf T. Eysel, Michael Gekle, Barbara Walzog, Hans-Christian Pape, Hans Oberleithner, Ulrike Kämmerer, Thomas F. Münte, Theresia Kraft, Dominique Singer, Jürgen Schrader, Karl Meßlinger, Lorenz Rieger, Bernhard Brenner, Heimo Ehmke, Joachim Fandrey, Armin Kurtz, Ulrike M. Krämer, Stefan Silbernagl, Malte Kelm, Jörg Geiger, Ralf Paschke, Heiko J. Luhmann, Pontus B. Persson, Christoph Korbmacher, Gerhard Burckhardt, Andreas Draguhn, Axel Gödecke, Michael Kühl, and Anja Bondke Persson

Published
2018

15. 3 Membranpotenzial und Signalübertragung in Zellverbänden (I)

Author

Bernhard Brenner, Ralf Paschke, Stefan Silbernagl, Theresia Kraft, Michael Kühl, Jörg Geiger, Heiko J. Luhmann, Malte Kelm, Joachim Fandrey, Lorenz Rieger, Heimo Ehmke, Jürgen Schrader, Michael Gekle, Kerstin Göbel, Axel Gödecke, Ulf T. Eysel, Sven G. Meuth, Hans Oberleithner, Christoph Korbmacher, Anja Bondke Persson, Karl Meßlinger, Hans-Christian Pape, Heimo Mairbäurl, Andreas Draguhn, Ulrike M. Krämer, Pontus B. Persson, Gerhard Burckhardt, Thomas F. Münte, Barbara Walzog, Dominique Singer, Armin Kurtz, and Ulrike Kämmerer

Published
2018

16. 1 Wer liest schon Einleitungen?

Author

Ulrike M. Krämer, Pontus B. Persson, Andreas Draguhn, Gerhard Burckhardt, Hans-Christian Pape, Axel Gödecke, Anja Bondke Persson, Kerstin Göbel, Jörg Geiger, Jürgen Schrader, Lorenz Rieger, Ulrike Kämmerer, Michael Kühl, Heimo Ehmke, Hans Oberleithner, Heimo Mairbäurl, Theresia Kraft, Heiko J. Luhmann, Sven G. Meuth, Bernhard Brenner, Michael Gekle, Stefan Silbernagl, Malte Kelm, Christoph Korbmacher, Joachim Fandrey, Barbara Walzog, Ralf Paschke, Thomas F. Münte, Karl Meßlinger, Dominique Singer, Armin Kurtz, and Ulf T. Eysel

Published
2018

17. 13 Wärmehaushalt und Temperaturregulation

Author

Lorenz Rieger, Jürgen Schrader, Heiko J. Luhmann, Ulf T. Eysel, Theresia Kraft, Dominique Singer, Hans Oberleithner, Armin Kurtz, Barbara Walzog, Andreas Draguhn, Ulrike Kämmerer, Karl Meßlinger, Jörg Geiger, Michael Kühl, Axel Gödecke, Joachim Fandrey, Heimo Ehmke, Kerstin Göbel, Ralf Paschke, Thomas F. Münte, Michael Gekle, Ulrike M. Krämer, Pontus B. Persson, Sven G. Meuth, Gerhard Burckhardt, Christoph Korbmacher, Anja Bondke Persson, Heimo Mairbäurl, Hans-Christian Pape, Bernhard Brenner, Stefan Silbernagl, and Malte Kelm

Subjects
Chemistry
Published
2018

18. 16 Leistungsphysiologie

Author

Armin Kurtz, Hans-Christian Pape, Stefan Silbernagl, Anja Bondke Persson, Bernhard Brenner, Gerhard Burckhardt, Andreas Draguhn, Heimo Ehmke, Ulf Eysel, Joachim Fandrey, Jörg Geiger, Michael Gekle, Kerstin Göbel, Axel Gödecke, Malte Kelm, Christoph Korbmacher, Theresia Kraft, Ulrike Krämer, Ulrike Kämmerer, Michael Kühl, Heiko J. Luhmann, Heimo Mairbäurl, Sven G. Meuth, Karl Meßlinger, Thomas Münte, Hans Oberleithner, Ralf Paschke, Pontus B. Persson, Lorenz Rieger, Jürgen Schrader, Dominique Singer, and Barbara Walzog

Published
2018

19. 27 Blut-Hirn-Schranke, Liquor cerebrospinalis, Hirndurchblutung und Hirnstoffwechsel

Author

Theresia Kraft, Bernhard Brenner, Ulrike Kämmerer, Christoph Korbmacher, Stefan Silbernagl, Pontus B. Persson, Ulf T. Eysel, Malte Kelm, Thomas F. Münte, Anja Bondke Persson, Michael Gekle, Gerhard Burckhardt, Barbara Walzog, Dominique Singer, Kerstin Göbel, Jörg Geiger, Armin Kurtz, Hans Oberleithner, Jürgen Schrader, Sven G. Meuth, Karl Meßlinger, Heiko J. Luhmann, Heimo Ehmke, Lorenz Rieger, Andreas Draguhn, Ulrike M. Krämer, Axel Gödecke, Joachim Fandrey, Hans-Christian Pape, Heimo Mairbäurl, Michael Kühl, and Ralf Paschke

Published
2018

20. Vorwort zur 7. Auflage

Author

Hans Oberleithner, Karl Meßlinger, Theresia Kraft, Jürgen Schrader, Ulrike M. Krämer, Jörg Geiger, Axel Gödecke, Ulrike Kämmerer, Thomas F. Münte, Heimo Ehmke, Lorenz Rieger, Barbara Walzog, Hans-Christian Pape, Andreas Draguhn, Pontus B. Persson, Michael Kühl, Christoph Korbmacher, Joachim Fandrey, Heiko J. Luhmann, Ralf Paschke, Gerhard Burckhardt, Ulf T. Eysel, Bernhard Brenner, Stefan Silbernagl, Kerstin Göbel, Malte Kelm, Heimo Mairbäurl, Anja Bondke Persson, Dominique Singer, Michael Gekle, Armin Kurtz, and Sven G. Meuth

Published
2018

21. 5 Das Herz (II)

Author

Armin Kurtz, Hans-Christian Pape, Stefan Silbernagl, Anja Bondke Persson, Bernhard Brenner, Gerhard Burckhardt, Andreas Draguhn, Heimo Ehmke, Ulf Eysel, Joachim Fandrey, Jörg Geiger, Michael Gekle, Kerstin Göbel, Axel Gödecke, Malte Kelm, Christoph Korbmacher, Theresia Kraft, Ulrike Krämer, Ulrike Kämmerer, Michael Kühl, Heiko J. Luhmann, Heimo Mairbäurl, Sven G. Meuth, Karl Meßlinger, Thomas Münte, Hans Oberleithner, Ralf Paschke, Pontus B. Persson, Lorenz Rieger, Jürgen Schrader, Dominique Singer, and Barbara Walzog

Published
2018

22. 6 Das Kreislaufsystem (II)

Author

Armin Kurtz, Hans-Christian Pape, Stefan Silbernagl, Anja Bondke Persson, Bernhard Brenner, Gerhard Burckhardt, Andreas Draguhn, Heimo Ehmke, Ulf Eysel, Joachim Fandrey, Jörg Geiger, Michael Gekle, Kerstin Göbel, Axel Gödecke, Malte Kelm, Christoph Korbmacher, Theresia Kraft, Ulrike Krämer, Ulrike Kämmerer, Michael Kühl, Heiko J. Luhmann, Heimo Mairbäurl, Sven G. Meuth, Karl Meßlinger, Thomas Münte, Hans Oberleithner, Ralf Paschke, Pontus B. Persson, Lorenz Rieger, Jürgen Schrader, Dominique Singer, and Barbara Walzog

Published
2018

23. 29 Maßeinheiten, Kurven und ein wenig Mathematik

Author

Christoph Korbmacher, Heiko J. Luhmann, Kerstin Göbel, Axel Gödecke, Hans Oberleithner, Sven G. Meuth, Jörg Geiger, Bernhard Brenner, Joachim Fandrey, Hans-Christian Pape, Michael Gekle, Lorenz Rieger, Ulrike M. Krämer, Stefan Silbernagl, Heimo Ehmke, Anja Bondke Persson, Malte Kelm, Theresia Kraft, Michael Kühl, Jürgen Schrader, Andreas Draguhn, Ralf Paschke, Pontus B. Persson, Ulrike Kämmerer, Gerhard Burckhardt, Heimo Mairbäurl, Barbara Walzog, Ulf T. Eysel, Dominique Singer, Armin Kurtz, Thomas F. Münte, and Karl Meßlinger

Published
2018

24. 15 Sexualfunktionen, Schwangerschaft und Geburt

Author

Theresia Kraft, Barbara Walzog, Sven G. Meuth, Michael Kühl, Lorenz Rieger, Dominique Singer, Thomas F. Münte, Jörg Geiger, Heimo Mairbäurl, Ulrike Kämmerer, Armin Kurtz, Ulrike M. Krämer, Hans-Christian Pape, Ulf T. Eysel, Michael Gekle, Jürgen Schrader, Hans Oberleithner, Christoph Korbmacher, Andreas Draguhn, Pontus B. Persson, Anja Bondke Persson, Ralf Paschke, Gerhard Burckhardt, Kerstin Göbel, Bernhard Brenner, Heimo Ehmke, Stefan Silbernagl, Malte Kelm, Joachim Fandrey, Axel Gödecke, Karl Meßlinger, and Heiko J. Luhmann

Published
2018

25. 7 Blut: Ein flüssiges Organsystem

Author

Michael Kühl, Heimo Ehmke, Axel Gödecke, Christoph Korbmacher, Hans Oberleithner, Barbara Walzog, Sven G. Meuth, Ulf T. Eysel, Heiko J. Luhmann, Dominique Singer, Thomas F. Münte, Jürgen Schrader, Armin Kurtz, Theresia Kraft, Karl Meßlinger, Michael Gekle, Hans-Christian Pape, Ralf Paschke, Ulrike Kämmerer, Heimo Mairbäurl, Lorenz Rieger, Ulrike M. Krämer, Bernhard Brenner, Stefan Silbernagl, Malte Kelm, Andreas Draguhn, Pontus B. Persson, Gerhard Burckhardt, Joachim Fandrey, Kerstin Göbel, Anja Bondke Persson, and Jörg Geiger

Published
2018

26. 17 Somatoviszerale Sensibilität

Author

Lorenz Rieger, Michael Gekle, Heiko J. Luhmann, Ralf Paschke, Dominique Singer, Ulrike Kämmerer, Bernhard Brenner, Jörg Geiger, Karl Meßlinger, Armin Kurtz, Stefan Silbernagl, Axel Gödecke, Christoph Korbmacher, Joachim Fandrey, Malte Kelm, Hans Oberleithner, Theresia Kraft, Heimo Ehmke, Michael Kühl, Sven G. Meuth, Jürgen Schrader, Ulf T. Eysel, Anja Bondke Persson, Kerstin Göbel, Ulrike M. Krämer, Hans-Christian Pape, Andreas Draguhn, Heimo Mairbäurl, Pontus B. Persson, Gerhard Burckhardt, Barbara Walzog, and Thomas F. Münte

Published
2018

27. 21 Geschmack und Geruch

Author

Michael Kühl, Michael Gekle, Christoph Korbmacher, Bernhard Brenner, Sven G. Meuth, Barbara Walzog, Kerstin Göbel, Ulf T. Eysel, Stefan Silbernagl, Jürgen Schrader, Anja Bondke Persson, Malte Kelm, Theresia Kraft, Ulrike Kämmerer, Heiko J. Luhmann, Thomas F. Münte, Lorenz Rieger, Jörg Geiger, Karl Meßlinger, Dominique Singer, Armin Kurtz, Ralf Paschke, Hans Oberleithner, Heimo Ehmke, Axel Gödecke, Hans-Christian Pape, Pontus B. Persson, Gerhard Burckhardt, Heimo Mairbäurl, Ulrike M. Krämer, Andreas Draguhn, and Joachim Fandrey

Published
2018

28. 2 Funktion und Interaktion von Zellen (I)

Author

Bernhard Brenner, Stefan Silbernagl, Malte Kelm, Jürgen Schrader, Heimo Mairbäurl, Thomas F. Münte, Kerstin Göbel, Michael Kühl, Theresia Kraft, Michael Gekle, Heimo Ehmke, Sven G. Meuth, Hans Oberleithner, Ulf T. Eysel, Ralf Paschke, Dominique Singer, Barbara Walzog, Hans-Christian Pape, Jörg Geiger, Joachim Fandrey, Heiko J. Luhmann, Anja Bondke Persson, Armin Kurtz, Christoph Korbmacher, Lorenz Rieger, Ulrike Kämmerer, Karl Meßlinger, Axel Gödecke, Andreas Draguhn, Pontus B. Persson, Gerhard Burckhardt, and Ulrike M. Krämer

Published
2018

29. 12 Funktion des Magen-Darm-Trakts, Energiehaushalt und Ernährung (III)

Author

Armin Kurtz, Hans-Christian Pape, Stefan Silbernagl, Anja Bondke Persson, Bernhard Brenner, Gerhard Burckhardt, Andreas Draguhn, Heimo Ehmke, Ulf Eysel, Joachim Fandrey, Jörg Geiger, Michael Gekle, Kerstin Göbel, Axel Gödecke, Malte Kelm, Christoph Korbmacher, Theresia Kraft, Ulrike Krämer, Ulrike Kämmerer, Michael Kühl, Heiko J. Luhmann, Heimo Mairbäurl, Sven G. Meuth, Karl Meßlinger, Thomas Münte, Hans Oberleithner, Ralf Paschke, Pontus B. Persson, Lorenz Rieger, Jürgen Schrader, Dominique Singer, and Barbara Walzog

Published
2018

30. 20 Sehsystem und Augenbewegungen

Author

Thomas F. Münte, Ulf T. Eysel, Heiko J. Luhmann, Anja Bondke Persson, Theresia Kraft, Ralf Paschke, Jörg Geiger, Bernhard Brenner, Jürgen Schrader, Michael Kühl, Ulrike M. Krämer, Stefan Silbernagl, Kerstin Göbel, Axel Gödecke, Malte Kelm, Sven G. Meuth, Hans Oberleithner, Barbara Walzog, Heimo Ehmke, Andreas Draguhn, Pontus B. Persson, Karl Meßlinger, Lorenz Rieger, Gerhard Burckhardt, Ulrike Kämmerer, Michael Gekle, Joachim Fandrey, Dominique Singer, Armin Kurtz, Heimo Mairbäurl, Hans-Christian Pape, and Christoph Korbmacher

Published
2018

31. 24 Integrative Funktionen des Gehirns

Author

Lorenz Rieger, Ulrike Kämmerer, Heimo Ehmke, Hans Oberleithner, Axel Gödecke, Kerstin Göbel, Heimo Mairbäurl, Ulrike M. Krämer, Bernhard Brenner, Ulf T. Eysel, Theresia Kraft, Jürgen Schrader, Hans-Christian Pape, Stefan Silbernagl, Dominique Singer, Ralf Paschke, Andreas Draguhn, Pontus B. Persson, Malte Kelm, Heiko J. Luhmann, Michael Gekle, Barbara Walzog, Armin Kurtz, Gerhard Burckhardt, Michael Kühl, Sven G. Meuth, Thomas F. Münte, Karl Meßlinger, Jörg Geiger, Christoph Korbmacher, Anja Bondke Persson, and Joachim Fandrey

Published
2018

32. 9 Säuren-Basen-Haushalt

Author

Jörg Geiger, Joachim Fandrey, Ralf Paschke, Thomas F. Münte, Heimo Ehmke, Axel Gödecke, Barbara Walzog, Ulrike Kämmerer, Heiko J. Luhmann, Heimo Mairbäurl, Anja Bondke Persson, Andreas Draguhn, Pontus B. Persson, Gerhard Burckhardt, Ulrike M. Krämer, Karl Meßlinger, Hans-Christian Pape, Dominique Singer, Armin Kurtz, Jürgen Schrader, Sven G. Meuth, Bernhard Brenner, Stefan Silbernagl, Hans Oberleithner, Malte Kelm, Ulf T. Eysel, Christoph Korbmacher, Lorenz Rieger, Michael Gekle, Theresia Kraft, Kerstin Göbel, and Michael Kühl

Published
2018

33. 23 Neurovegetative Regulation

Author

Pontus B. Persson, Heiko J. Luhmann, Gerhard Burckhardt, Anja Bondke Persson, Barbara Walzog, Ulrike M. Krämer, Axel Gödecke, Theresia Kraft, Christoph Korbmacher, Ulf T. Eysel, Thomas F. Münte, Ralf Paschke, Heimo Mairbäurl, Karl Meßlinger, Andreas Draguhn, Michael Kühl, Dominique Singer, Jürgen Schrader, Armin Kurtz, Michael Gekle, Jörg Geiger, Hans-Christian Pape, Heimo Ehmke, Joachim Fandrey, Sven G. Meuth, Ulrike Kämmerer, Kerstin Göbel, Bernhard Brenner, Stefan Silbernagl, Malte Kelm, Hans Oberleithner, and Lorenz Rieger

Published
2018

34. 14 Endokrines System (I)

Author

Heiko J. Luhmann, Michael Kühl, Ulrike Kämmerer, Jürgen Schrader, Axel Gödecke, Ulf T. Eysel, Ralf Paschke, Heimo Ehmke, Hans Oberleithner, Christoph Korbmacher, Jörg Geiger, Heimo Mairbäurl, Andreas Draguhn, Kerstin Göbel, Theresia Kraft, Hans-Christian Pape, Michael Gekle, Karl Meßlinger, Ulrike M. Krämer, Lorenz Rieger, Joachim Fandrey, Pontus B. Persson, Bernhard Brenner, Gerhard Burckhardt, Stefan Silbernagl, Malte Kelm, Anja Bondke Persson, Dominique Singer, Barbara Walzog, Armin Kurtz, Thomas F. Münte, and Sven G. Meuth

Published
2018

35. 10 Die Funktion der Nieren (I)

Author

Heimo Mairbäurl, Jürgen Schrader, Ulrike M. Krämer, Michael Kühl, Christoph Korbmacher, Barbara Walzog, Hans-Christian Pape, Heiko J. Luhmann, Theresia Kraft, Andreas Draguhn, Bernhard Brenner, Anja Bondke Persson, Ralf Paschke, Dominique Singer, Hans Oberleithner, Michael Gekle, Pontus B. Persson, Jörg Geiger, Stefan Silbernagl, Gerhard Burckhardt, Malte Kelm, Sven G. Meuth, Lorenz Rieger, Ulf T. Eysel, Thomas F. Münte, Joachim Fandrey, Axel Gödecke, Armin Kurtz, Kerstin Göbel, Ulrike Kämmerer, Heimo Ehmke, and Karl Meßlinger

Published
2018

36. 2 Funktion und Interaktion von Zellen (II)

Author

Armin Kurtz, Hans-Christian Pape, Stefan Silbernagl, Anja Bondke Persson, Bernhard Brenner, Gerhard Burckhardt, Andreas Draguhn, Heimo Ehmke, Ulf Eysel, Joachim Fandrey, Jörg Geiger, Michael Gekle, Kerstin Göbel, Axel Gödecke, Malte Kelm, Christoph Korbmacher, Theresia Kraft, Ulrike Krämer, Ulrike Kämmerer, Michael Kühl, Heiko J. Luhmann, Heimo Mairbäurl, Sven G. Meuth, Karl Meßlinger, Thomas Münte, Hans Oberleithner, Ralf Paschke, Pontus B. Persson, Lorenz Rieger, Jürgen Schrader, Dominique Singer, and Barbara Walzog

Published
2018

37. 8 Atmung (II)

Author

Armin Kurtz, Hans-Christian Pape, Stefan Silbernagl, Anja Bondke Persson, Bernhard Brenner, Gerhard Burckhardt, Andreas Draguhn, Heimo Ehmke, Ulf Eysel, Joachim Fandrey, Jörg Geiger, Michael Gekle, Kerstin Göbel, Axel Gödecke, Malte Kelm, Christoph Korbmacher, Theresia Kraft, Ulrike Krämer, Ulrike Kämmerer, Michael Kühl, Heiko J. Luhmann, Heimo Mairbäurl, Sven G. Meuth, Karl Meßlinger, Thomas Münte, Hans Oberleithner, Ralf Paschke, Pontus B. Persson, Lorenz Rieger, Jürgen Schrader, Dominique Singer, and Barbara Walzog

Published
2018

38. 25 Wachheit und Schlaf: Rhythmen des Gehirns im Muster des Elektroenzephalogramms

Author

Stefan Silbernagl, Malte Kelm, Heimo Mairbäurl, Pontus B. Persson, Gerhard Burckhardt, Hans Oberleithner, Ulrike M. Krämer, Christoph Korbmacher, Jörg Geiger, Andreas Draguhn, Kerstin Göbel, Axel Gödecke, Ulrike Kämmerer, Michael Kühl, Theresia Kraft, Hans-Christian Pape, Dominique Singer, Thomas F. Münte, Armin Kurtz, Jürgen Schrader, Heiko J. Luhmann, Lorenz Rieger, Sven G. Meuth, Ulf T. Eysel, Joachim Fandrey, Barbara Walzog, Karl Meßlinger, Anja Bondke Persson, Heimo Ehmke, Michael Gekle, Ralf Paschke, and Bernhard Brenner

Published
2018

39. 26 Psychophysik

Author

Armin Kurtz, Hans-Christian Pape, Stefan Silbernagl, Anja Bondke Persson, Bernhard Brenner, Gerhard Burckhardt, Andreas Draguhn, Heimo Ehmke, Ulf Eysel, Joachim Fandrey, Jörg Geiger, Michael Gekle, Kerstin Göbel, Axel Gödecke, Malte Kelm, Christoph Korbmacher, Theresia Kraft, Ulrike Krämer, Ulrike Kämmerer, Michael Kühl, Heiko J. Luhmann, Heimo Mairbäurl, Sven G. Meuth, Karl Meßlinger, Thomas Münte, Hans Oberleithner, Ralf Paschke, Pontus B. Persson, Lorenz Rieger, Jürgen Schrader, Dominique Singer, and Barbara Walzog

Published
2018

40. Physiologie

Author

Armin Kurtz, Hans-Christian Pape, Stefan Silbernagl, Anja Bondke Persson, Bernhard Brenner, Gerhard Burckhardt, Andreas Draguhn, Heimo Ehmke, Ulf Eysel, Joachim Fandrey, Jörg Geiger, Michael Gekle, Kerstin Göbel, Axel Gödecke, Malte Kelm, Christoph Korbmacher, Theresia Kraft, Ulrike Krämer, Ulrike Kämmerer, Michael Kühl, Heiko J. Luhmann, Heimo Mairbäurl, Sven G. Meuth, Karl Meßlinger, Thomas Münte, Hans Oberleithner, Ralf Paschke, Pontus B. Persson, Lorenz Rieger, Jürgen Schrader, Dominique Singer, and Barbara Walzog

Published
2018

41. 28 Reifung, Altern und Tod

Author

Michael Kühl, Ralf Paschke, Lorenz Rieger, Axel Gödecke, Hans-Christian Pape, Hans Oberleithner, Heimo Ehmke, Jörg Geiger, Heiko J. Luhmann, Christoph Korbmacher, Jürgen Schrader, Theresia Kraft, Kerstin Göbel, Andreas Draguhn, Pontus B. Persson, Ulf T. Eysel, Thomas F. Münte, Michael Gekle, Ulrike Kämmerer, Heimo Mairbäurl, Gerhard Burckhardt, Bernhard Brenner, Karl Meßlinger, Joachim Fandrey, Stefan Silbernagl, Malte Kelm, Ulrike M. Krämer, Barbara Walzog, Dominique Singer, Armin Kurtz, Anja Bondke Persson, and Sven G. Meuth

Published
2018

42. 5 Das Herz (I)

Author

Theresia Kraft, Christoph Korbmacher, Axel Gödecke, Bernhard Brenner, Stefan Silbernagl, Michael Kühl, Malte Kelm, Sven G. Meuth, Heiko J. Luhmann, Anja Bondke Persson, Jürgen Schrader, Ulf T. Eysel, Michael Gekle, Karl Meßlinger, Heimo Ehmke, Ralf Paschke, Kerstin Göbel, Joachim Fandrey, Thomas F. Münte, Ulrike Kämmerer, Barbara Walzog, Jörg Geiger, Heimo Mairbäurl, Pontus B. Persson, Dominique Singer, Hans-Christian Pape, Gerhard Burckhardt, Armin Kurtz, Andreas Draguhn, Ulrike M. Krämer, Lorenz Rieger, and Hans Oberleithner

Published
2018

43. 6 Das Kreislaufsystem (I)

Author

Hans-Christian Pape, Kerstin Göbel, Michael Gekle, Christoph Korbmacher, Dominique Singer, Lorenz Rieger, Ulrike M. Krämer, Jürgen Schrader, Anja Bondke Persson, Armin Kurtz, Jörg Geiger, Heiko J. Luhmann, Ulf T. Eysel, Theresia Kraft, Pontus B. Persson, Barbara Walzog, Karl Meßlinger, Hans Oberleithner, Gerhard Burckhardt, Heimo Mairbäurl, Axel Gödecke, Heimo Ehmke, Thomas F. Münte, Ulrike Kämmerer, Bernhard Brenner, Michael Kühl, Andreas Draguhn, Joachim Fandrey, Stefan Silbernagl, Malte Kelm, Sven G. Meuth, and Ralf Paschke

Published
2018

44. 14 Endokrines System (II)

Author

Theresia Kraft, Pontus B. Persson, Hans-Christian Pape, Sven G. Meuth, Anja Bondke Persson, Barbara Walzog, Heiko J. Luhmann, Gerhard Burckhardt, Lorenz Rieger, Ulrike Kämmerer, Jörg Geiger, Axel Gödecke, Heimo Ehmke, Dominique Singer, Joachim Fandrey, Michael Kühl, Heimo Mairbäurl, Michael Gekle, Ulf T. Eysel, Jürgen Schrader, Andreas Draguhn, Hans Oberleithner, Thomas F. Münte, Ulrike M. Krämer, Ralf Paschke, Karl Meßlinger, Christoph Korbmacher, Armin Kurtz, Kerstin Göbel, Bernhard Brenner, Stefan Silbernagl, and Malte Kelm

Published
2018

45. 18 Hören und Sprechen: Kommunikation des Menschen

Author

Ulf T. Eysel, Axel Gödecke, Anja Bondke Persson, Theresia Kraft, Heiko J. Luhmann, Jürgen Schrader, Dominique Singer, Hans-Christian Pape, Armin Kurtz, Jörg Geiger, Karl Meßlinger, Joachim Fandrey, Michael Gekle, Barbara Walzog, Hans Oberleithner, Ulrike Kämmerer, Thomas F. Münte, Lorenz Rieger, Ralf Paschke, Ulrike M. Krämer, Heimo Ehmke, Heimo Mairbäurl, Michael Kühl, Bernhard Brenner, Christoph Korbmacher, Stefan Silbernagl, Malte Kelm, Andreas Draguhn, Pontus B. Persson, Gerhard Burckhardt, Kerstin Göbel, and Sven G. Meuth

Published
2018

46. 10 Die Funktion der Nieren (II)

Author

Armin Kurtz, Hans-Christian Pape, Stefan Silbernagl, Anja Bondke Persson, Bernhard Brenner, Gerhard Burckhardt, Andreas Draguhn, Heimo Ehmke, Ulf Eysel, Joachim Fandrey, Jörg Geiger, Michael Gekle, Kerstin Göbel, Axel Gödecke, Malte Kelm, Christoph Korbmacher, Theresia Kraft, Ulrike Krämer, Ulrike Kämmerer, Michael Kühl, Heiko J. Luhmann, Heimo Mairbäurl, Sven G. Meuth, Karl Meßlinger, Thomas Münte, Hans Oberleithner, Ralf Paschke, Pontus B. Persson, Lorenz Rieger, Jürgen Schrader, Dominique Singer, and Barbara Walzog

Published
2018

47. Sachverzeichnis

Author

Armin Kurtz, Hans-Christian Pape, Stefan Silbernagl, Anja Bondke Persson, Bernhard Brenner, Gerhard Burckhardt, Andreas Draguhn, Heimo Ehmke, Ulf Eysel, Joachim Fandrey, Jörg Geiger, Michael Gekle, Kerstin Göbel, Axel Gödecke, Malte Kelm, Christoph Korbmacher, Theresia Kraft, Ulrike Krämer, Ulrike Kämmerer, Michael Kühl, Heiko J. Luhmann, Heimo Mairbäurl, Sven G. Meuth, Karl Meßlinger, Thomas Münte, Hans Oberleithner, Ralf Paschke, Pontus B. Persson, Lorenz Rieger, Jürgen Schrader, Dominique Singer, and Barbara Walzog

Published
2018

48. 12 Funktion des Magen-Darm-Trakts, Energiehaushalt und Ernährung (I)

Author

Kerstin Göbel, Theresia Kraft, Andreas Draguhn, Michael Gekle, Bernhard Brenner, Ralf Paschke, Ulrike Kämmerer, Jürgen Schrader, Ulrike M. Krämer, Jörg Geiger, Stefan Silbernagl, Axel Gödecke, Heimo Ehmke, Karl Meßlinger, Michael Kühl, Pontus B. Persson, Heimo Mairbäurl, Anja Bondke Persson, Ulf T. Eysel, Malte Kelm, Hans-Christian Pape, Heiko J. Luhmann, Gerhard Burckhardt, Christoph Korbmacher, Sven G. Meuth, Barbara Walzog, Dominique Singer, Armin Kurtz, Thomas F. Münte, Hans Oberleithner, Lorenz Rieger, and Joachim Fandrey

Published
2018

49. 3 Membranpotenzial und Signalübertragung in Zellverbänden (II)

Author

Armin Kurtz, Hans-Christian Pape, Stefan Silbernagl, Anja Bondke Persson, Bernhard Brenner, Gerhard Burckhardt, Andreas Draguhn, Heimo Ehmke, Ulf Eysel, Joachim Fandrey, Jörg Geiger, Michael Gekle, Kerstin Göbel, Axel Gödecke, Malte Kelm, Christoph Korbmacher, Theresia Kraft, Ulrike Krämer, Ulrike Kämmerer, Michael Kühl, Heiko J. Luhmann, Heimo Mairbäurl, Sven G. Meuth, Karl Meßlinger, Thomas Münte, Hans Oberleithner, Ralf Paschke, Pontus B. Persson, Lorenz Rieger, Jürgen Schrader, Dominique Singer, and Barbara Walzog

Published
2018

50. 4 Muskulatur

Author

Armin Kurtz, Hans-Christian Pape, Stefan Silbernagl, Anja Bondke Persson, Bernhard Brenner, Gerhard Burckhardt, Andreas Draguhn, Heimo Ehmke, Ulf Eysel, Joachim Fandrey, Jörg Geiger, Michael Gekle, Kerstin Göbel, Axel Gödecke, Malte Kelm, Christoph Korbmacher, Theresia Kraft, Ulrike Krämer, Ulrike Kämmerer, Michael Kühl, Heiko J. Luhmann, Heimo Mairbäurl, Sven G. Meuth, Karl Meßlinger, Thomas Münte, Hans Oberleithner, Ralf Paschke, Pontus B. Persson, Lorenz Rieger, Jürgen Schrader, Dominique Singer, and Barbara Walzog

Published
2018

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