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This work was supported by Hanns-Seidel-Foundation grant funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Modern cyber-physical systems, such as autonomous vehicles, advanced driver assistance systems, automation systems and battery management systems, result in extended communi- cation requirements regarding the reliability and the availability. The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a broadcast-based protocol which is still used as a standard for serial communication between individual microcontrollers due to its reliability and low power consumption. In addition, it provides mechanisms for detecting transmission errors and retransmitting messages in the event of an error. The enhancement CAN Flexible Data-Rate (CAN FD) offers increased data rates and transmission rates in order to meet the data throughput requirements. In this paper, the mechanisms for reliable data transmission in a CAN FD network are analyzed. To improve reliability, a second identical CAN-FD network is added to the system, using the additional CAN interface already available on common microcontrollers. The redundant communication network is examined in terms of failure rates and the mean time to failure. The reliability over the operation time is calculated for the single and the redundant version of the CAN FD network using the failure rate limits of the ASIL levels.

A 60-year-old man with oligometastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung presented with symptoms of heart failure 6 weeks after initiation of treatment with osimertinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor. A transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed a moderately sized pericardial effusion, mildly increased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness, and mildly depressed LV ejection fraction (45-50%), without tamponade physiology. His TTE prior to treatment initiation was normal. He endorsed chest pain across the entire chest that had started on the second day after initiation of osimertinib and was worse when laying down. His serum troponin I concentration was elevated to 10.6 ng/mL upon admission and ECG showed sinus tachycardia. He was carefully diuresed with some improvement in symptoms. A peripheral eosinophilia was noted, which raised suspicion for eosinophilic myocarditis. A cardiac magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a mildly reduced LVEF of 51% and mildly increased LV wall thickness. There was diffuse late gadolinium enhancement throughout the entire myocardium, with increased T1 and T2 signals and the extracellular volume was increased to 40%, supporting a diagnosis of perimyocarditis. A left and a right heart catheterization were subsequently undertaken. His coronary arteries were normal and the right heart cathetherization showed unremarkable hemodynamics, including a right atrium pressure of 6 mm Hg, right ventricular pressure of 34/6 mm Hg, pulmonary artery pressure of 33/9 mm Hg, and a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 10 mm Hg. A right heart biopsy revealed a dense eosinophilic infiltration of the myocardium, consistent with an eosinophilic hypersensitivity reaction, manifesting as myocarditis. High dose prednisone was initiated and after 2 months of treatment, repeat TTE showed resolution of his pericardial effusion and normalization of the LV wall thickness and LVEF (65%). This case illustrates the value of multi-modality imaging and endomyocardial biopsy to diagnose rare complications of novel, targeted cancer therapeutics.

DC- DC converters control the power flow and thus the power distribution between the components on different voltage levels. They are essential for (dis)charging batteries and influence the safety and stability of the entire battery management system (BMS). Therefore, testing the functionality and the reliability of DC-DC converters is crucial. This is especially true for decentralized battery management systems (DBMS), where multiple nodes communicate to collectively control the system. The used DC-DC converters are modified to parameterize them during operation via microcontroller interfaces. Integrating the communication into the control loop requires an analysis of the control behavior due to additional delays. Therefore, this paper proposes a framework to test DC-DC converters considering the control and communication perspectives. The response time, the control accuracy and stability of these DC-DC converters, e.g., under continuous and abrupt load changes, are measured in automated tests. The dedicated software framework simulates the DBMS and stimulates the hardware components (e.g. electronic loads, data acquisition) via respective interfaces (CAN, RS232). This allows the test of various DC-DC converters with flexibly adaptable load and power generation profiles. An initial application validates the test framework by verifying the aforementioned aspects and thus the applicability of a DC-DC converter within the DBMS.

The key for decentralized battery systems is a robust and communication-less control strategy for autonomous power sharing of parallel-connected DC-DC converters. Battery systems improve the reliability and quality of power supply in renewable energy systems and enable power supply for off-grid, mobile applications, including islanded grids, home storage, and electric vehicles. In many cases, components with different elec trical properties require different voltage levels. An adaptation is consequently essential and is normally implemented in DC grids for the batteries via bidirectional DC-DC converters. The power flow in both directions can thus be ensured. To achieve a power distribution in parallel connected DC-DC converters, a droop control in the form of a virtual internal resistor can be used. This paper presents a novel approach of a DC DC converter with a digitally parameterizable droop resistor, whose voltage regulation is based on an analog operational amplifier circuit to ensure low delays and robustness. The droop resistor is adjusted with a microcontroller, which offers the possibility to apply a higher-level control for load sharing via an interface. Mathematical correlations are used to clearly define the parameters of the control. Furthermore, the circuit was completely simulated and tested in the hardware setup. The shown results verify the functionality and indicate only minor deviations. Therefore, this circuit is important for future use in distributed battery systems.

Due to the transition to renewable energy sources and the increasing share of electric vehicles and smart grids, batteries are gaining in importance. Battery management systems (BMSs) are required for optimal, reliable operation. In this paper, existing BMS topologies are presented and evaluated in terms of reliability, scalability and flexibility. The decentralisation of BMSs and associated advantages are shown. A scalable, reconfigurable BMS based on a distributed architecture of self-organized, locally controlled nodes is proposed. For distributed system control, producers, batteries and consumers each are equipped with a local microcontroller based control unit, which monitors and controls the local parameters with its own computing and communication resources. Features, advantages and challenges to overcome of the proposed approach are described.

Conventional battery management systems typically adopt hierarchical master-slave architectures. With regard to an uninterruptible power supply, the most significant disadvantage of central structures is the dependency of the errorfree function of the superior master board. The decentralized battery management system presented in this paper, consisting of consumers, generators and intelligent battery cells, is controlled without any central coordination authority. For this purpose, an intelligent control algorithm and a leader election algorithm are implemented on the microcontrollers of the battery cells. To test different control and election strategies, a software framework is presented for the complete simulation of the decentralized battery management system consisting of equal participants.

Zusammenfassung Eine klinisch-pathologische Studie der Schilddrusenerkrankungen bei Hund und Katze Teil I: Pathologie der Thyreoidea Eine histologische Ubersicht uber die Schilddrusen aller in den letzten 6 Monaten sezierten Hunde und Katzen sowie ausgewahlter Falle aus einem Zeitraum von 10 Jahren weist auf das haufige Vorkommen von pathologischen Veranderungen hin. Diese wurden im Hinblick auf ihr Vorkommen klassifiziert, beschrieben, illustriert und analysiert. Die klinischen Erscheinungen werden in einer gesonderten Veroffentlichung beschrieben (Teil II). Die Schadigungen gingen mit Vergreisung, Kropfbildung, Tumoren, Degeneration und Entzundungen einher. Degenerative und entzundliche Schadigungen waren im Vergleich zu Kropf und Tumoren, deren Haufigkeit mit dem Alter anstieg, selten. Dem Tumorenwachstum geht vermutlich ein Kropf voraus. Hierauf weist die grose Verschiedenheit der kropfigen Veranderungen mit ihren Beziehungen zu verschiedenen Tumorarten hin. Das Fehlen von Schilddrusenveranderungen kann nur dann angenommen werden, wenn eine vollstandige makroskopische und histologische Untersuchung durchgefuhrt worden ist, da eine Vergroserung der Schilddruse, die auf eine Erkrankung hinweisen wurde, nur in einem sehr geringen Prozentsatz der Falle vorkommt. Resume Etude clinique et anatomo-pathologique des maladies de la glande thyroide chez le chien et le chat 1e partie: lesions anatomiques Une vue d'ensemble des coupes histologiques de toutes les glandes thyroides des chiens et des chats autopsies au cours des 6 derniers mois et de quelques cas choisis dans une periode de dix ans montre que les lesions anatomiques thyroidiennes sont frequentes. Ces lesions furent classees, decrites, illustrees et analysees. Les observations cliniques sont rapportees dans une publication speciale (2e partie). On observa des lesions de senilite, des goitres, des tumeurs des degenerescences et des processus inflammatoires. Les degenerescences et les inflammations etaient rares par rapport aux goitres es aux tumeurs, dont la frequence augmentait avec l'âge. Les tumeurs sont probablement precedees de la formation d'un goitre. C'est du moins ce que laissent supposer les variations considerables de l'image histologique des goitres et leur rapport avec les differentes sortes de tumeurs. On ne peut etre sur qu'une glande thyroide ne presente pas de lesions qu'apres un examen macroscopique et microscopique complet, car une augmentation de volume de l'organe qui laisserait supposer une maladie n'existe que dans un faible pourcentage des cas. Resumen El cuadro clinico-patologico de las tiropatias en el perro y el gato Parte I: Patologia del tiroides La revision histologica de los tiroides correspondientes a todos los perros y gatos autopsiados durante los 6 ultimos meses y a casos seleccionados entre un periodo de 10 anos indica la frecuente presencia de alteraciones patologicas. Las mismas se han clasificado, descrito, ilustrado y analizado con respecto a su presencia. Los sintomas clinicos se describen por separado en otra publicacion (Parte II). Las lesiones estaban ligadas al envejecimiento, bocio, tumores, degeneracion e inflamacion. Las lesiones degenerativas e inflamatorias eran relativamente raras si se comparan con las del bocio y tumores, cuya frecuencia aumentaba con la edad. Segun se sospecha, al crecimiento tumoral le precede el bocio. Al menos, esto es lo que indica la gran diversidad de alteraciones bociogenas con sus relaciones frente a los diversos tipos tumorales. La ausencia de alteraciones tiroideas puede aceptarse solamente cuando se haya llevado a cabo un detenido estudio macroscopico e histologico, y que la hiperplasia del tiroides, que deberia indicar la enfermedad, solo se da en un porcentaje muy reducido de casos.

Zusammenfassung Das klinisch-pathologische Bild von Schilddrusenerkrankungen bei Hund und Katze Teil II: Klinische Erscheinungen 1 Bei der klinischen Diagnose ist wegen ihrer Haufigkeit stets auch auf Schilddrusenerkrankungen zu achten; negative Palpationsbefunde sind weit haufiger als positive (Vergroserungen). 2 In einem begrenzten Material von Fallen war die klinische Dysfunktion der Schilddruse unabhangig von Art und Ausdehnung der vorliegenden pathologischen Schadigungen; der histologische Befund entsprach nicht immer der erwarteten funktionellen Storung. 3 Pathologische Schadigungen, die auch Funktionsstorungen hervorrufen konnen, nehmen in der Haufigkeit mit dem Alter zu. Schilddrusen-erkrankungen sollten jedoch auch bei Jungtieren nicht auser acht gelassen werden, wenn sie entsprechende klinische Zeichen zeigen. 4 Die grose Anzahl von Tumoren, von denen einige zur Lunge und anderen inneren Organen (nicht zum Skelett) und selten auch zu den regionalen Lymphknoten metastasieren, ist beachtlich. Die meisten davon nahmen ihren Ausgang von normalen oder nicht palpierbar vergroserten Schilddrusen; auch fehlten klinische Anzeichen einer Dysfunktion. 5 Mehr als die Halfte der bosartigen Schilddrusentumoren von Hund und Katze metastasierten zur Lunge. Metastatische Tumoren wurden vielfach erst beim rontgen festgestellt, wahrend der Primarsitz des Tumors nicht augenfallig war. Differentialdiagnostisch sollte als Ausgangspunkt fur die Entstehung metastatischer Lungentumoren neben den Milchdrusen (mannliche und weibliche Tiere), Perianaldrusen, Schweisdrusen und dem Knochensystem (osteogenes Sarkom) auch die Schilddruse in Betracht gezogen werden. Resume Etude clinique et anatomo-pathologique des maladies de la glande thyroide chez le chien et le chat 2epartie: Les symptomes cliniques 1 Dans les examens cliniques, il est necessaire de toujours preter attention, a cause de leur frequence, aux troubles de la glande thyroide. A la palpation, les resultats negatifs sont beaucoup plus frequents que les positifs (augmentation de volume). 2 Dans un nombre limite de cas, la dysfonction clinique de la thyroide etait independante du genre et de l'etendue des lesions anatomiques existentes. Les resultats de l'examen histologique ne correspondaient pas toujours aux troubles fonctionnels attendus. 3 Les lesions antomiques qui peuvent provoquer egalement des troubles fonctionnels augmentent en frequence avec l'âge. Mais des lesions thyroidiennes ne devraient pas etre negligees meme chez les jeunes animaux, lorsqu'il existe des signes cliniques correspondants. 4 Le nombre des tumeurs dont certaines font des metastases dans le poumon et dans d'autres organes (pas le squelette) et rarement aussi dans les ganglions lymphatiques regionaux est considerable. La plupart d'entre elles ont leur origine dans des glandes normales ou dont l'augmentation de volume n'est pas decelable a la palpation. Les signes cliniques d'une dysfonction manquaient aussi. 5 Plus de la moitie des tumeurs malignes de la thyroide du chien et du chat donnent des metastases pulmonaires. Les tumeurs faisant des metastases furent souvent diagnostiquees seulement a la radiographie, alors que le siege de la tumeur primitive n'etait pas visible sans autre. Pour le diagnostic differentiel des tumeurs pouvant donner des metastases pulmonaires, il faut prendre en consideration outre la glande mammaire (animaux mâles et femelles) les glandes perianales, les glandes sudoripares et le systeme osseux (sarcome osteogene) et aussi la glande thyroide. Resumen El cuadro clinico-patologico de las tiropatias en el perro y el gato Parte II: Sintomas clinicos 1 En el diagnostico clinico siempre deben tenerse en cuenta las enfermedades del tiroides, debido a su frecuencia. Los hallazgos negativos a la palpacion son bastante mas frecuentes que los positivos (hiperplasias). 2 En un material limitado de casos, la disfuncion clinica del tiroides no dependia del tipo y grado de las lesiones patologicas presentes; el hallazgo histologico no siempre correspondia a la alteracion funcional esperada. 3 Las lesiones patologicas que tambien pueden provocar alteraciones funcionales aumentan en frecuencia con la edad. Sin embargo, las tiroiditis tampoco deberian dejarse fuera de consideracion en los animales jovenes, siempre y cuando presenten los sintomas clinicos correspondientes. 4 Es considerable el numero de tumores que dan metastasis en el pulmon y otros organos internos (no al esqueleto) y mas rara vez en los ganglios linfaticos regionales. La mayoria de ellos se iniciaron en tiroides normales o hiperplasiados no palpables; tambien faltaban los sintomas clinicos correspondientes a una disfuncion. 5 Mas de la mitad de los tumores malignos del tiroides del perro y gato dieron metastasis en el pulmon. Los tumores metastaticos casi siempre solo se apreciaron al observarse a los rayos X, mientras que la localizacion primaria del tumor no resulaba visible. Desde el punto de vista del diagnostico diferencial, como punto de partida para la patogenia de los tumores metastaticos pulmonares, al lado de las glandulas perianales, glandulas sebaceas y el sistema oseo (sarcoma osteogeno) tambien deberia tenerse en cuenta el tiroides.

The parallel carbonylation of aryl halides with 6-25 bar of CO in 1-mL vials in a standard autoclave was investigated. 4-Bromoacetophenone and 2-chloropyridine were used as model substrates with 102 different O-nucleophiles (primary and secondary alcohols, phenols). No inertization during the loading was necessary. Fifty esters (43 new, yield up to 60%) were isolated and characterized. Ether, ester, ketone, and sometimes even olefin functions were usually tolerated. The new method is suitable for screening and small scale products synthesis.

A one-pot, highly selective synthesis of 4-chloro-4′-(chlorodifluoromethoxy)benzophenone suitable for an industrial scale-up was developed. Fluorination of 4-(trichloromethoxy)benzoyl chloride at –20°C with HF to 4-(chlorodifluoromethoxy)benzoyl fluoride followed by an in situ Friedel–Crafts reaction with chlorobenzene in the presence of BF 3 at –5°C yielded the title compound in excellent yield.

Durch die Zusammenführung mechanischer, elektronischer und informationstechnischer Funktionen zu mechatronischen Systemen eröffnen sich neue Marktpotentiale. Jedoch ermöglicht die Integration der genannten Funktionsbereiche nicht nur vorteilhafte Produkteigenschaften, sondern führt auch zu einer Erhöhung der Produktkomplexität. Um dennoch schnell und flexibel hochwertige Produkte entwickeln zu können, ist die Produktentwicklung an die Anforderungen der Mechatronik anzupassen.

Photoelectric properties of one-dimensional bridged polymeric phthalocyanines, [PcML]n, have been measured. Experiments in surface-type photocells show that photocurrents depend on temperature, intensity, voltage and wavelength. Action spectra of photoconductivity are characterized by definite peaks in the visible and near-infrared region. Moreover, it has been noted that by specific combinations of macrocycles, Pc, bridging ligands, L, and central metal atoms, M, photo-conductive gain and spectral response can be tailored.

BACKGROUND: Pinoxaden is a new cereal herbicide that provides outstanding levels of post-emergence activity against a broad spectrum of grass weed species for worldwide selective use in both wheat and barley. RESULTS: Factors influencing activity and tolerance to pinoxaden were in part linked to distinct structural parts of the active ingredient. Three complementary contributions that decisively impact upon the herbicidal potency against grasses were identified: a preferred 2,6-diethyl-4-methyl aromatic substitution pattern, a dione area suitable for proherbicide formation and beneficial adjuvant effects. The uptake and translocation pattern of pinoxaden when coapplied with its tailored adjuvant were analysed by autoradiography, indicating extensive and rapid penetration, followed by effective distribution throughout the plant. Crop injury reduction on incorporation of the [1,4,5]oxadiazepane ring into the aryldione template was reinforced with safener technology. Comparative studies on the behaviour of pinoxaden applied either alone or in combination with the safener cloquintocet-mexyl demonstrated that addition of the safener resulted in significant enhancement of metabolic degradation in wheat and barley, providing excellent crop tolerance and a substantial selectivity margin without adverse effects on weed control. CONCLUSION: The biological potential of pinoxaden and its active principle pinoxaden dione in terms of grass weed control and tolerance in cereals was fully exploited by inclusion of the safener cloquintocet-mexyl in the formulation in combination with a specific and tailor-made tank-mix adjuvant based on methylated rape seed oil. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

Besides the common cyclisation reactions between divalent electrophiles such as Soc12, SC12, etc. and 2,2′-alkylidene-bisphenols 1 with selective attack by the two oxygens yielding dibenzo[d,g][1,3,2]dioxathiocines [1] we observed previously an unusual cyclisation of 1 with S2CI2 with a nucleophilic attack by the ortho- and para-carbon atoms (C(2) and C(4)) of bisphenol 1 [2]. We now report a new type of cyclocondensation reaction of 4,4′,6,6′-tetrasubstituted 2,2′-alkylidene-bisphenols 1 with ClSCOCl affording spiro[1,3-benzoxathiepin-4(5H),1′-cyclohexa[2,4]dien]-2,2′-diones 2 together with the cyclic carbonates 3. The structures of the products were elucidated mainly by l3C-NMR- and 1H-NMR-spectroscopy. The mode of formation of the novel spiro thiocarbonates 2 resp. the known carbonates 3 [3] is discussed.

A one-pot, highly selective synthesis of 4-chloro-4′-(chlorodifluoromethoxy)benzophenone suitable for an industrial scale-up was developed. Fluorination of 4-(trichloromethoxy)benzoyl chloride at –20°C with HF to 4-(chlorodifluoromethoxy)benzoyl fluoride followed by an in situ Friedel–Crafts reaction with chlorobenzene in the presence of BF 3 at –5°C yielded the title compound in excellent yield.

Experiments on the effect of chemical structure to photoconductivity have been carried out on one-dimensional bridged polymeric phthalocyanines [PcML]n. It is shown that by specific combinations of macrocycles, Pc, bridging ligands, L, and central metal atoms, M, photoconductive gain and spectral response to specific wavelength regions can be tailored.

The 12H-dibenzo [d, g] dioxathiocines 2 and 4 are prepared by condensation of the corresponding bis[phenols] 1 and 3 with SOCl2 and SCl2, respectively. X-Ray analysis reveals the presence of the boat-chair (BC) form as the only conformer in the solid state of the cyclic thiodioxy derivative 4a, whereas the sulfinyldioxy compound 2a exists in the asymmetric axial boat (B) form, i. e. with endo (axial) orientation of the exocyclic O-atom. Conformational analysis using 1H-NMR spectroscopy indicates the presence of a boat form for compounds 2, whereas compounds 4 again exist in the boat chair form. A comparison of 1H-NMR and thermodynamic parameters with those of the cyclic sulfinyldioxy compound 5 with an equilibrium between e-BC and a-BC form (i.e. BC form with equatorial and axial orientation of the exocyclic O-atom) is made.

In summary, we see that there are many cases where industrial applications of the dark- and photoconductivity of organic dyes can be envisaged. Of course, inorganic materials which are technologically well understood are still superior in most fields. However, we should not forget that organic semiconductors are in the development stage and that we are only beginning to understand the mechanism of dark- and photoconductivity in organic solids and to recognize the fundamental correlations between electronic conductivity and the structure of the organic compounds. Much remains to be done, but the potential due to the variety of organic compounds available and their observed effects is clear. The search for practical applications of the dark- and photoconductive properties of dyes and other organic compounds looks very promising.

Meloxicam (5), an NSAID in the enol-carboxamide class, was developed on the basis of its antiinflammatory activity and relative safety in animal models. In subsequent screening in microsomal assays using human COX-1 and COX-2, we discovered that it possessed a selectivity profile for COX-2 superior to piroxicam and other marketed NSAIDs. We therefore embarked on a study of enol-carboxamide type compounds to determine if COX-2 selectivity and potency could be dramatically improved by structural modification. Substitution at the 6- and 7-positions of the 4-oxo-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide, alteration of the N-methyl substituent, and amide modification were all examined. In addition we explored several related systems including the isomeric 3-oxo-1,2-benzothiazine-4-carboxamides, thienothiazines, indolothizines, benzothienothiazines, naphthothiazines, and 1,3- and 1,4-dioxoisoquinolines. While a few examples were found with greater potency in the COX-2 assay, no compound tested had a better COX-2/COX-1 selectivity profile than that of 5.

Keywords: leaky surface acoustic waves, physical behavior, low-loss SAW filter applications

Photoconductivity of bridged polymeric phthalocyaninesHans Meier and Wolfgang AlbrechtStaatliches Forschungsinstitut fur Geochemie I Aufienstelle desBayerischen Geologischen Landesamtes, D-8600 Bamberg, FRGMichael HanackInstitut fur Organische Chemie der Universitat Tubingen,D-7400 Tubingen, FRGABSTRACTResults of experiments on photoconductivity of one—dimensionalbridged polymeric phthalocyanines [PcML1 consisting of different com-binations of macrocycles, Pc, bridging ligands, L, and central metalatoms, M, are described. It is shown that the spectral response andphotoconductive gain strongly depend on the type of bridging the planarphthalocyanine rings. Therefore, rules for the development of phthalo-cyanine—based polymeric photoconductors by synthesis, e.g., with signi-ficant long wavelength sensitivity, can be outlined.1. INTRODUCTIONBridged stacked phthalocyaninato-metal polymers are of particularinterest. On the one, polymeric phthalocyanines with conductivies up

The 12H-dibenzo [d, g] dioxathiocines 2 and 4 are prepared by condensation of the corresponding bis[phenols] 1 and 3 with SOCl2 and SCl2, respectively. X-Ray analysis reveals the presence of the boat-chair (BC) form as the only conformer in the solid state of the cyclic thiodioxy derivative 4a, whereas the sulfinyldioxy compound 2a exists in the asymmetric axial boat (B) form, i. e. with endo (axial) orientation of the exocyclic O-atom. Conformational analysis using 1H-NMR spectroscopy indicates the presence of a boat form for compounds 2, whereas compounds 4 again exist in the boat chair form. A comparison of 1H-NMR and thermodynamic parameters with those of the cyclic sulfinyldioxy compound 5 with an equilibrium between e-BC and a-BC form (i.e. BC form with equatorial and axial orientation of the exocyclic O-atom) is made.

Results of systematic measurements on the diffusion of radionuclides through sandy, marlaceous and clayley sediment rocks from strata overlying the Gorleben salt dome are presented. The tracer nuclides used were U-233, Ra-226, Pb-210, and Ni-63. It is shown that, among other parameters, diffusion coefficients and distribution coefficients could be derived from breakthrough curves. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the diffusion behaviour of nuclides such as Pb and Ni can be enhanced enormously in sediment rocks by complex forming agents (EDTA).

The most versatile fluorination reactions for the preparation of up to kg amounts of fluorinated compounds are presented, i.e. the deoxofluorination of alcohols, oxo compounds and carboxylic acids using SF4, and the conversion of anilines to fluoro aromatics. Furthermore the enantioselective catalytic fluorination of ? -ketoesters is highlighted. The option of outsourcing preparative fluorination is discussed.

Besides the common cyclisation reactions between divalent electrophiles such as Soc12, SC12, etc. and 2,2′-alkylidene-bisphenols 1 with selective attack by the two oxygens yielding dibenzo[d,g][1,3,2]dioxathiocines [1] we observed previously an unusual cyclisation of 1 with S2CI2 with a nucleophilic attack by the ortho- and para-carbon atoms (C(2) and C(4)) of bisphenol 1 [2]. We now report a new type of cyclocondensation reaction of 4,4′,6,6′-tetrasubstituted 2,2′-alkylidene-bisphenols 1 with ClSCOCl affording spiro[1,3-benzoxathiepin-4(5H),1′-cyclohexa[2,4]dien]-2,2′-diones 2 together with the cyclic carbonates 3. The structures of the products were elucidated mainly by l3C-NMR- and 1H-NMR-spectroscopy. The mode of formation of the novel spiro thiocarbonates 2 resp. the known carbonates 3 [3] is discussed.

A syncytial-plaque (SXC) assay for murine leukemia virus is described which utilizes a single cycle of infection, thus allowing quantitation of virus-producing mouse cells in 3 to 4 days. Depending upon the Fv -1 genotype of infected mouse cells, the assay will reflect single or multiple “hitness” after infection by N- or B-tropic MuLV. The test is equally sensitive to the uv-XC plaque assay for tissue culture adapted MuLV, but is less sensitive to in vivo derived MuLV from an AKR/J mouse. Newly isolated AKR MuLV requires a longer latent period than the in vitro adapted Moloney strain of MuLV.

Ecotropic MuLV, which do not normally grow efficiently in XC cells, were found to do so under the influence of specific steroid hormones. The adsorption of virus to the cells was not facilitated by the steroids. The increase in MuLV production by XC cells involves an increased viral progeny output per cell, thereby defining an intracellular restriction by rat cells on ecotropic MuLV growth. Cell lines other than the XC were not similarly stimulated. The steroid-induced increase in MuLV growth is accompanied by enhanced XC cell fusion.

Photoconductivity of organic polymers can be greatly enhanced and extended into the visible region by the addition of small amounts of additives, such as electron acceptors and dyes. These effects can be explained as the result of photoredox processes and as the result of an influence of local fields of donor-acceptor complexes upon the photogeneration of charge carriers.

Quaking mutants and jimpy mutants of mice have known deficiencies of myelination of the central nervous system, as well as lesser involvement of the peripheral nervous system. Both mutants also have altered polyamine synthesis and accumulation, particularly in the hindbrain and spinal column. The ratio of spermidine/spermine, which generally is higher in tissues with high rates of biosynthetic activity, was significantly lower in the mutants as compared to their normal siblings. In quaking mutants, 5 months of age, the spermidine concentration of hindbrain and spinal column was 60% that of controls. In contrast, the decreased spermidine/spermine ratio in jimpy mutants resulted from a marked increase in the spermine concentration in both forebrain and hindbrain. Alterations in the spermidine/spermine ratio could lead to reductions in the biosynthetic potential of the brain during development.