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Countries facing challenges of nutrition security confront a trade-off when dealing with pandemics such as COVID-19. Implementing lockdown measures, widely used worldwide, can help "flatten the curve" (of disease), but such measures may worsen nutrition security.We aim to identify and justify nutrition-sensitive lockdown measures to reduce trade-offs with nutrition security.We propose a conceptual framework which distinguishes eight lockdown measures and six pathways to nutrition security. To demonstrate the relevance of the pathways, we reviewed emerging literature on COVID-19 and nutrition security. We analysed the content of 1,188 newspaper articles on lockdown effects in five African countries - Benin, Ghana, Kenya, Uganda and Zambia.Some lockdown measures, such as closing workplaces and restricting movement, potentially worsen nutrition far more than others - banning events and public gatherings have far lesser impacts on nutrition. This can be seen from the framework, literature, and is supported by the analysis of newspaper reports in the five countries.It is better when possible to test and trace disease than to lockdown. But when lockdowns are needed, then first recourse should be to measures that have few nutritional consequences, such as banning public events. When more drastic measures are necessary, look to mitigate nutritional harm by, for example, exempting farm labour from restrictions on movement, by replacing school meals with take-home rations, and, above all, providing income support to households most affected and most vulnerable.

Gesunder Lebensstil und gesunde Ernahrung sind ein guter Schutz gegenuber nicht ubertragbaren Erkrankungen und ihren Folgen. Dazu zahlen Ubergewicht und metabolisches Syndrom wie auch Krebserkrankungen. Halt man sich an die grundsatzlichen Empfehlungen der Fachgesellschaften (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Ernahrung), so ist eine gesunde Ernahrung nicht mehr und nicht weniger als eine ausgewogene Mischkost. Es ist dem WCRF (World Cancer Research Fund) zu verdanken, dass die kaum mehr uberschaubare Menge an wissenschaftlichen Daten geordnet wurde und so ein Bezug zwischen Ernahrung, einschlieslich der Beurteilung einzelner Lebensmittel, und Krebsrisiko hergestellt werden konnte. Dabei hat sich herausgestellt, dass eine gesicherte Evidenz uber einen solchen Zusammenhang nur bei kolorektalen Tumoren besteht und alles andere nur noch wahrscheinlich oder schwach evident ist. Die Vermeidung von Ubergewicht, regelmasige Bewegung und eine ausgewogene Ernahrung sind die Faktoren, die am wahrscheinlichsten als Krebspravention bezeichnet werden konnen. Die Kenntnis der Pathomechanismen von Ubergewicht und metabolischem Syndrom, die Krebserkrankungen begunstigen, erlaubt es auch abzuschatzen, wo gezielter Handlungsbedarf besteht. Gleiches gilt auch fur die Wirkung von einzelnen Lebensmitteln, wie z. B. Fleisch und Fleischprodukten. Nicht zuletzt muss aber berucksichtigt werden, dass das Risiko auch durch Stoffwechselbesonderheiten und genetische Polymorphismen unterschiedlich ausfallen kann.

ZusammenfassungDie SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie hat zu lang anhaltenden Beschränkungen geführt, die vor allem Kinder in armen Familien besonders betrafen. Nicht nur der psychische Druck, die fehlenden sozialen Kontakte, die immer wieder kommuniziert werden, sondern auch eine unzureichende Ernährung hat Folgen für die Kinder. Letzteres wird aber bisher übersehen, da schwer vorstellbar. Kinder aus armen Verhältnissen sind bereits vor den Schließungen der Schulen und damit auch der Schulmensen in vielen Fällen nicht ausreichend ernährt. Eine gesunde Ernährung, wie sie Kinder vor allem in den Entwicklungsphasen brauchen, kann mit den verfügbaren Mitteln des ALGII nicht finanziert werden. Kommt eine Lockdown-Situation dazu, so wird der finanzielle Rahmen für Lebensmittel noch enger und die ausfallende Schulverpflegung verschärft die Situation einer Mangelernährung bei Kindern aus armen Verhältnissen. In Deutschland sind dies derzeit 21 %, die vorwiegend bei alleinerziehenden Müttern (53 %) leben. Die Folgen sind auch in Deutschland sichtbar, Wachstumsverzögerung und eingeschränkte kognitive Entwicklung. Ursache sind fehlende Mikronährstoffe (Eisen, Zink, Jod, Vitamin D), die für die körperliche und kognitive Entwicklung gebraucht werden. Die Erhöhung des Tagessatzes für Ernährung (4,01 €) auf 5,50 € ist ebenso eine dringend gebotene Maßnahme, wie eine Alternative zur Schulspeisung, wenn die Schulen geschlossen sind.

BACKGROUND: Trace elements and vitamins, named together micronutrients (MNs), are essential for human metabolism. Recent research has shown the importance of MNs in common pathologies, with significant deficiencies impacting the outcome. OBJECTIVE: This guideline aims to provide information for daily clinical nutrition practice regarding assessment of MN status, monitoring, and prescription. It proposes a consensus terminology, since many words are used imprecisely, resulting in confusion. This is particularly true for the words "deficiency", "repletion", "complement", and "supplement". METHODS: The expert group attempted to apply the 2015 standard operating procedures (SOP) for ESPEN which focuses on disease. However, this approach could not be applied due to the multiple diseases requiring clinical nutrition resulting in one text for each MN, rather than for diseases. An extensive search of the literature was conducted in the databases Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and CINAHL. The search focused on physiological data, historical evidence (published before PubMed release in 1996), and observational and/or randomized trials. For each MN, the main functions, optimal analytical methods, impact of inflammation, potential toxicity, and provision during enteral or parenteral nutrition were addressed. The SOP wording was applied for strength of recommendations. RESULTS: There was a limited number of interventional trials, preventing meta-analysis and leading to a low level of evidence. The recommendations underwent a consensus process, which resulted in a percentage of agreement (%): strong consensus required of >90% of votes. Altogether the guideline proposes sets of recommendations for 26 MNs, resulting in 170 single recommendations. Critical MNs were identified with deficiencies being present in numerous acute and chronic diseases. Monitoring and management strategies are proposed. CONCLUSION: This guideline should enable addressing suboptimal and deficient status of a bundle of MNs in at-risk diseases. In particular, it offers practical advice on MN provision and monitoring during nutritional support. ispartof: Clinical Nutrition vol:41 issue:6 ispartof: location:England status: Published online

Fish is an excellent source of protein, but can also be a good source of micronutrients. In Zambia fish is the main animal food source for poor women and children, two groups which are likely to suffer from inadequate micronutrient supply (hidden hunger). Although the potential of fish to combat hidden hunger is increasingly recognized and fisheries and aquaculture have been identified as key resources in addressing food and nutrition security issues in Zambia, only limited information on the nutrient composition of consumed fish species and products is available. Thus the objectives of this paper are to give a quantitative description of the nutritional composition of fish and fish products consumed in Zambia, and to estimate their potential to the Recommended Daily Intakes (RDIs) of micronutrients. Therefore approximately forty fish species in various kinds of processing were collected and prepared following local customs. Samples were analysed for macronutrients such as protein and fat. Contents of B-vitamins and minerals were also analysed. Protein content was overall similar, while fat content and fatty acid composition varied considerably. Most fish contained high amounts of niacin and cobalamin, but small fish usually contained the most cobalamin. Small fish contained up to 32 times the amount of calcium than other fish and often contained more iron and zinc, too. Overall small fish species, which are commonly consumed by poor women and children, can be used to combat hidden hunger in Zambia, due to high levels of cobalamin, calcium, iron and zinc.

Background In West Bengal, according to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015-16, undernutrition and anemia are particularly common among scheduled tribe women and children. The purpose of this research is to assess the nutritional status of Adivasi mothers and child feeding patterns, relevant for clinical practice and the design of future preventive actions. These baseline characteristics were obtained in the scope of a feeding trial aimed at improving the hemoglobin concentration of the index child (6–39 months). Methods In February 2015, the baseline survey was conducted in 21 tribal villages. In total, 288 mothers and 307 children were recruited for their hemoglobin levels (HemoCue Hb201+), as well as anthropometric indices height/length, weight and MUAC. By questionnaire-based interview aspects on child feeding practices, childcare, family scheduling, and prenatal care were elucidated. Results The majority of mothers belong to the Santal tribe (93.8%). Nearly half of mothers suffered from underweight including severe forms (BMI Conclusion The maternal nutritional status was poor and showed interrelations with the nutritional status of the index child. Inadequate feeding and caring practices were common. In particular the younger age group ( Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered at the German Clinical Trials Register on the 1st July 2019 (DRKS00017388).

ZusammenfassungVegane Ernährung ist im Trend und vor allem bei jungen Frauen sehr beliebt. Abgesehen von der verständlichen ethischen Motivation (Tierwohl) gibt es eine Reihe von gesundheitlichen Aspekten, die als Argument vertreten werden. Dazu gehören z. B. der unbestritten geringere Fettgehalt oder der höhere Gehalt an Ballaststoffen. Aber auch Argumente, wie der Mensch hat seine Entwicklung der vegetarischen Ernährung zu verdanken, werden gerne ins Feld geführt. Nun sollte es jedem Einzelnen selbst überlassen sein, wie er sich ernährt. Was aber, wenn in der Schwangerschaft ein werdender Mensch mitisst? Sieht man sich den Bedarf einer Schwangeren, der bei manchen Mikronährstoffen (Vitamine, Minerale, Spurenelemente) deutlich über dem liegt, was eine Nichtschwangere braucht, an, so wird die vegane Ernährung selbst bei bester Planung problematisch. Dies betrifft vor allem die Versorgung mit Vitamin B12, aber auch Eisen, Jod, Vitamin D, Kalzium und Zink sowie Folsäure. Eine Versorgung, die den gesteigerten Bedarf in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit unterschreitet, kann das körperliche Wachstum und die kognitive Entwicklung des Kindes gefährden. Für Säuglinge, Kinder und Jugendliche müssen bei veganer Kost anhaltend differenzierte und individualisierte Ernährungsstrategien und regelmäßig spezifische Substitutionen sichergestellt werden (in allen Altersgruppen ist eine regelmäßige Vitamin-B12-Substitution notwendig). Wer generell eine vegane Ernährung in der Schwangerschaft, Stillzeit und in weiteren kindlichen Wachstumsphasen empfiehlt, gefährdet damit die Entwicklung des Kindes.

The sago grub (Rhynchophorus bilineatus) [Montrouzier, Coleoptera, Dryophthoridae] is a local delicacy in the Papua Province in Indonesia. In this study, the nutrient content of the edible insect was measured using chromatographic and spectrometric methods. The results showed that it contains 10.39 g protein and 17.17 g oil/ 100 g fresh weight. The sago grub meets the FAO/WHO requirements of 40% essential amino acids and a 0.60 ratio between essential to non-essential amino acids. Its limiting amino acid is methionine + cysteine. The major fatty acids found in the sago grub are palmitic (42%), oleic (45%), and linoleic (3%) acids. Although vitamin E is exclusively produced by photosynthetic organisms, a gram of sago grub oil contains 51 μg vitamin E, which is composed mainly of tocopherols (92%). In contrast with palm oil, the sago grub oil contains δ-tocopherol (0.12 μg/g oil), and a significantly high amount of β-tocopherol (3.85 μg/g oil). It is a source of zinc and magnesium and contains safe levels of heavy metals. Based on these nutritional properties, the Indonesian sago grub can be considered as a good source of nutrients, and its propagation and utilization should be encouraged especially in other areas of Indonesia and maybe in neighboring countries where they are also endemic, and where malnutrition is prevalent. The consumption of edible insects should be considered as a component of dietary diversification – a sustainable way of alleviating the nutritional status of the population.

Sex differences are an important consideration when researching and establishing policies for nutrition and optimal health. For women’s health, there are important physiologic, neurologic, and hormonal distinctions throughout the lifecycle that impact nutritional needs. Distinct from those for men, these nutritional needs must be translated into appropriate nutrition policy that aims to not only avoid overt nutritional deficiency, but also to promote health and minimize risk for chronic disease. Through a series of webinars, scientific experts discussed the advances in the understanding of the unique nutritional needs, challenges and opportunities of the various life stages for women across the life course and identified emerging nutritional interventions that may be beneficial for women. Nevertheless, there is concern that existing nutrition policy intended for women’s health is falling short with examples of programs that are focused more on delivering calories than achieving optimal nutrition. To be locally effective, targeted nutrition needs to offer different proposals for different cultural, socio-economic, and geographic communities, and needs to be applicable at all stages of growth and development. There must be adequate access to nutritious foods, and the information to understand and implement proven nutritional opportunities. Experts provided recommendations for improvement of current entitlement programs that will address accessibility and other social and environmental issues to support women properly throughout the lifecycle.

Undernourishment is a threat to human health. The prevalence of undernourishment remains alarming, especially among children under five years old in many countries, including Indonesia. Nowadays, the handling of undernourishment has shifted to treatment outside the hospital, utilizing local nutrient-rich foods. At the national level, the utilization of local food resources is a part of the promotion of dietary diversification and the bioeconomy. Ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF) refers to supplementary foods aimed at improving the nutrition of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) children under five years old. RUSF biscuit recipes were made using local food resources available in Banten province, Indonesia. To optimize the nutritional profile of the developed RUSF, taro/talas banten were mixed with ground-nut/peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiata) as protein and lipid sources and red rice (Oryza longistaminata) and maize (Zea mays) as carbohydrate sources, and enriched by the local banana Nangka (Musa textilia). Two formulations were selected for the pilot testing, namely the taro-peanut and taro-peanut/mungbean RUSF biscuits, made from taro Banten, cereal, peanut and/or mungbean, and local banana. The RUSF biscuit showed promising results, presenting a high level of acceptance and a macronutrient composition that meets the standards for MAM children. However, the RUSF biscuits should be fortified with micronutrient premix to fulfill the dietary requirement for the MAM children. The results of this study provide further development opportunities.

Early identification of inadequate intake of nutrients from a person's diet is usually crucial to prevent the development of micronutrient malnutrition. However, there is no single dietary assessment tool for Ethiopia that can assess the nutrient intake of a person from the type of food she or he consumed with a given amount. Therefore, the Calculator for Inadequate Micronutrient Intake (CIMI) application was adapted in consideration of food and nutrition contexts in Ethiopia and validated for its suitability to compute nutrient intake and identify nutrient intake inadequacy. For this, a 24-h recall quantitative dietary data of children aged 12-23 months (

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease that usually affects the lungs leading to severe coughing, fever, and chest pains. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effects of consuming sun-exposed mushrooms on the treatment outcomes of TB Methods: Participants were TB patients and categorized into block-1 (32) and block-2 (32) based on their willingness to consume sandwich bread containing sun-exposed oyster mushrooms. Blood and sputum samples were taken at the beginning (Day 0) and end of the study (4th month). Assays of 25-hydroxy (OH) D, cytokines, LL-37, and CRP were performed using Enzyme Linked- Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique, and mycobacterial cultures were performed using Lowenstein Jensen media. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Consumption of the sandwich bread induced a 27.8% increase in the mean serum 25(OH)D level with 35.5% and 32.3% reduction in the proportion of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and insufficiency (VDI), respectively. There were progressive changes in TB score (mean } SD of 2.6 } 1.8; 95% CI of 1.95 to 3.17; p

ZusammenfassungWenn es um gesunde Ernährung und dabei ganz besonders um Vitamine geht, so wird immer wieder darauf hingewiesen: „Wir brauchen keine (zusätzlichen) Vitamine, wir haben genug Obst und Gemüse!“ Beides ist nicht wirklich richtig! Natürlich brauchen wir Vitamine und wir haben durchaus auch genügend Obst und Gemüse. Allerdings sind Obst und Gemüse nicht alleine ausreichend, wenn es um die Versorgung mit Vitaminen geht!

This paper focuses on the nutritional profiles of four edible insects from Thailand: the Bombay locust, scarab beetle, house cricket, and mulberry silkworm. The insects were ‘high’ in protein ranging from 27 g to 54 g/100 g edible portion in fresh weight basis, however, only the silkworm met the FAO/WHO requirements of 40% essential amino acids and 0.6 ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids. Tryptophan is the limiting amino acid in the locust and cricket, lysine in the scarab beetle, and leucine in the silkworm. The locust is a ‘source’ of iron and is ‘high’ in zinc, while the scarab beetle is a ‘source’ of magnesium and is ‘high’ in iron and zinc. The cricket bought from the street is a ‘source’ of iron and magnesium and is ‘high’ in zinc, while the cricket from the supermarket is a ‘source’ of calcium (the only one among the insect samples) and is ‘high’ in iron, magnesium and zinc. And lastly, the silkworm, regardless of where it was purchased, is a ‘source’ of iron and is ‘high’ in magnesium and zinc. The arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury content of all the insect samples were well below the maximum values and are deemed safe for consumption as either feed material or complete feed. Edible insects can contribute to people's nutrient requirements and should be sustainably utilized. Aside from direct consumption, there is a huge potential for using the insects as raw material and fortificant in food processing.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Old age, obesity and vitamin D deficiency are considered as independent risk factors for severe courses of COVID-19. The aim of the review is to discuss common features of these risk factors and the impact of vitamin D. RECENT FINDINGS: The recently discovered relationship between vitamin D and the infection pathway of the virus via the renin--angiotensin system (RAS) and the adipokines leptin and adiponectin play an important role. The frequency of studies showing a relationship between a low vitamin D status in comorbidities and severe COVID-19 courses makes an impact of vitamin D effects likely. SUMMARY: There is a direct relationship between vitamin D, body fat and age in COVID-19 courses. With age, the ability of the skin to synthesize vitamin D decreases, and leads to vitamin D-deficits. If the skin is insufficiently exposed to sunlight, severe deficits can develop. As vitamin D plays an important role not only in the immune system but also in the RAS, and thus at the point where the virus attacks, a good vitamin D supply is an important basis for reducing the risk of severe COVID-19 processes. Treatment with vitamin D supplements should be based on severity of the vitamin D deficiency.

Highlights • COVID-19 pandemic has been overwhelmingly affecting public health and setting huge economic crises across the world. • Despite the absence of specific drugs, there is a need for alternative nutritional approaches • Micronutrients and bioactive substances can be considered in alternative nutritional approaches as they:○have great potentials to interfere with spike glycoproteins, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptors and transmembrane protease serine 2 at the entry site of SARS-CoV-2;○inhibit proteases such as Papain-Like protease, 3 Chymotrypsin-Like protease and RNA dependent RNA polymerase;○have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiviral properties;○can bolster immune system and help to mitigate clinical features, Objective COVID-19 pandemic has been seriously threatening public health and setting huge economic crises across the world. In absence of specific drugs to COVID-19, there is an urgent need to look for alternative approaches. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to review the roles of micronutrients and bioactive substances as potential alternative approaches in combating COVID-19. Methods This review was based on literature identified using electronic searches in different databases. Results Vitamins (A, B, C, D and E), minerals (selenium and zinc) and bioactive substances from curcumin, echinacea, propolis, garlic, soybean, green tea, and other polyphenols were identified for having potential roles in interfering with spike glycoproteins, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) at the entry site; and inhibiting activities of Papain-Like protease (PLpro), 3 Chymotrypsin-Like protease (3CLpro) and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in the replication cycle of SARS-CoV-2. Having immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiviral properties, such micronutrients and bioactive substances are consequently the promising alterative nutritional approaches to combat COVID-19. Conclusion To put in nutshell, the roles of micronutrients and bioactive substances in COVID-19 are exciting research areas and thus, this review may guide researchers to undertake further studies.

Background and objectives: Malnutrition associated with anemia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among Adivasi children in India. The present trial aimed to test three possible ways of designing improved supplementary meals and to define their role in decreasing rates of anemia, thus increasing hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations as primary health objective: diversified meals only (intervention group 1 (IG 1)), with the addition of locally producible Amaranthus tricolor/Moringa oleifera leaf powders (ALP/MLP) in the ratio 2:1 (IG2) or with an adjusted amount of commercially produced micronutrient powder TopNutri (IG3). Methods: Cluster-randomization of 21 villages resulted in the inclusion of n=293 children aged 6-39 months after baseline assessment. The trial duration was 18 months, beginning in February 2015 (baseline assessment), with application of study meals three times a week at community level. Anthropometric, Hb (HemoCue201+) and morbidity data were collected in a total of four assessment points. At baseline a socio-economic questionnaire was performed. Results: Adjusted for age and Hb concentrations at baseline, time between assessment points, and gender; IG1 showed significant higher Hb concentrations as compared to the control group (CG) throughout the intervention period. The Hb of the remaining intervention groups IG2 or IG3, remained comparable to the CG at all assessment points. The effect on growth indices was less consistent, however most positive tendencies related to nutrition status (stunting, underweight, wasting) and morbidity reduction were attributable to IG3, indicating the beneficial role of a holistic nutrient composition in addressing undernutrition and infectious diseases. Conclusion: This low-dose intervention trial proofed the feeding of diversified diets alone (IG1) to be sufficient to significantly increase Hb concentrations of study children. On the way of achieving diversified diets for Santal children the promotion of kitchen garden programs combined with interactive awareness trainings may be a key measure. Trial registration: the trial was retrospectively registered at the German Clinical Trials Register on the 1 st July 2019 (DRKS00017388). URL: https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00017388

Diet diversification and the exploitation of traditional, micronutrient-rich germplasm of staple crops are generally regarded as sustainable and low-cost approaches to increase the micronutrient intake of resource-poor people. Sun&rsquo, s UV index was collected daily throughout the year. The study assessed the seasonality of provitamin A carotenoids in three plantain cultivars in response to climatic condition. Fruits were harvested at three maturities and freeze-dried before analysis. The results showed that there were high levels of the sun&rsquo, s UV-B radiations throughout the year with the highest occurring from November to May when the area experienced clear skies with minimal cloud cover. These high levels of the sun&rsquo, s UV-B index occurred between 9.00 h GMT and 17.00 h GMT. The study also showed that &alpha, carotene content increased with maturity in &ldquo, Apantu&rdquo, during the rainy seasons ranging from 95 to 172 &mu, g/100 g of dry pulp. Similar trends were observed during the dry season with a range of 28 to 489 &mu, g/100 g. The &alpha, carotene contents were very high in the periods of high sun&rsquo, s UV-B radiations compared to the periods of low sun&rsquo, s UV-B radiations. The &alpha, carotene levels in the giant French plantains showed similar trends. Intermediate French &ldquo, Oniaba&rdquo, and False Horn &ldquo, plantain cultivar showed the highest content of &beta, carotene during the dry season. The high provitamin A carotenoid levels in the cultivars coincided with the high levels of the sun&rsquo, s UV index.

India&rsquo, s Adivasi scheduled tribe population is disproportionately affected by undernutrition and anemia, thereby prevailing in the poorest wealth deciles denominated as socially and economically vulnerable. This study was designed to assess the extent of child undernutrition (conventional and composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) classification), as well as the burden of anemia in children and its independent nutrition specific and sensitive drivers, moreover to reflect the living conditions of Santal Adivasis. The research survey was conducted in 21 Santal villages, Birbhum District, West Bengal, in 2015. An overall 307 children (aged 6&ndash, 39 months) and their mothers (n = 288) were assessed for their hemoglobin (Hb) levels (HemoCue Hb201+) and anthropometric indices such as height/length, weight and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). Moreover, socio-demographic household characteristics were surveyed. The study confirmed Adivasi children lagging behind national average with a high prevalence of undernutrition (height-for-age z-score (HAZ) 51.9%, weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) 49.2%, weight-for-height z-score WHZ 19.0% and CIAF 61.6%) and of moderate and severe anemia (Hb &lt, 10 g/dL, 73.3% altogether). Child&rsquo, s age &lt, 24 months, low WAZ scores, morbidity (any fever, diarrhea or respiratory infection) on the checkup day or during previous week, low maternal Hb level, and lack of dietary diversification were identified as predictors for anemia, thereby warrant targeted interventions to decrease the high anemia rates assessed in the study site.