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Although large urban areas in cities of the Global South are shaped by individuals, households and small entrepreneurs, these shapings are often dismissed or at best considered as temporary happenings that are tolerated in waiting for the implementation of ‘proper’ large-scale projects. In rapidly urbanizing Vietnam, tensions between the representations of space by the state and capitalist actors and the spatial practices of ordinary citizens are particularly complex in peri-urban areas. This article discusses findings from a study of interstitial practices on a street bordering a gated community and an urbanizing village at Hanoi’s urban periphery. Moving beyond the dualistic analysis based on binary categories of modern versus traditional, formal versus informal, permanent versus temporary, this article highlights emergent practices that emerge in the interstices between these existing categories. It also highlights the role of interstitial practices in filling in the gaps in the state’s development plan and connecting differences. It shows how the urban interstice is about selective seeing and that the construction of the modern Vietnamese city is dependent on interstitial practices. This article draws on interviews with business actors and village residents, and an inventory of the use of spaces along selected sections of the street. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hanoi is the second largest city in Vietnam. The effects of climate change, coupled with rapid, unchecked urbanization and population increase are resulting in a severe rise in incidents of heat stress, which has serious ramifications for community health. In this study, a multivariable linear regression, heat index (HI) methods, and climate change scenarios for Vietnam in 2020 are used as input data to calculate the daily maximum heat index (HImax) for Hanoi during 2024-2028. Findings indicate that HImax at danger level has already occurred and will happen again in the future, with seasonal characteristics mainly distributed in June, July, August. For the years 2024-2028, HImax at the danger level increases in two scenarios compared to 2017-2021. Notably, the number of days with HImax at the extreme danger level, which may be the main cause of heat stroke, has 0.4 days/year occurring during 2017-2021. However, it will also appear in the years 2024-2028 in both RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios from June to August, at 0.6 days/year and 2.6 days/year, respectively. Knowing the daily maximum heat index for the future at specific times is crucial information for acting on the risk of heat stress in Hanoi given the current danger posed by climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with rapid economic development, Vietnam is facing serious environmental problems, including plastic waste pollution in urban areas. This study applied the Press-State - Response (PSR) analysis framework and logistic regression model to evaluate Hanoi residents' awareness of plastic waste as well as factors affecting households' behavior related to participating in plastic waste management. We collected primary information from a survey of 450 households in 3 urban districts of Hanoi. Research results showed that people were well aware of plastic waste and plastic pollution, but it was difficult for them to change their habits because of the popularity and convenience of plastic products. People also initially classified and recognized some types of plastic at a simple level and reused plastic products in daily life. Regression analysis indicated 8 factors affecting people's plastic waste management behavior, of which attitudes and awareness about plastic waste had the strongest impact. The study also discussed and proposed some management implications including raising people's awareness through social media, establishing grassroots environmental funds to attract community financial resources and initiating waste classification programs at community level with state supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the span of three generations, Vietnam's capital Hanoi, has transformed from a modest city grappling with food scarcity during the socialist subsidy era to a sprawling metropolis marked by gated communities and a widening wealth divide. Employing a child‐centric, multi‐generational family methodology, with members of 13 families across three generations, we explore the diverse childhood experiences shaped by these rapid urban transformations. Grandparents shared stories of unrestricted outdoor play despite challenging conditions, while parents noted a lack of academic pressures in their youth. Contemporary children enjoy access to new technology and consumer goods, but face important mobility restrictions due to parental and societal concerns. Our findings reveal that the Vietnamese context engendered distinctive childhood reflections for the two older generations, contrasting with childhoods in non‐socialist contexts during the same periods. Meanwhile, the contemporary Vietnamese state has crafted a 'social evils' discourse that shapes current childhood opportunities in specific ways. By being centered on urban Vietnam—a context vastly different from Global North‐dominated narratives in childhood studies—our study acts as a counterpoint that enriches the field with perspectives from a politically‐socialist state. Focusing on the unique childhood experiences within Hanoi's evolving socio‐spatial landscape, we advocate for more diverse understandings of childhood that respect varied realities across contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of floods is rapidly increasing globally, causing significant property damage and human losses. Moreover, Vietnam ranks as one of the top five countries most severely affected by climate change, with 1/3 of residents facing flood risks. This study presents a model to identify flood susceptibility using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in the GIS environment for Hanoi, Vietnam. Nine flood-conditioning factors were selected and used as initial data. The AHP analysis was utilized to determine the priority levels of these factors concerning flood susceptibility and to assess the consistency of the obtained results to develop a flood-susceptibility map. The performance of the model was found to be significant based on the AUC value for the obtained receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The flood-susceptibility map has five levels of flood susceptibility: the area with a very high susceptibility to flooding accounts for less than 1% of the map, high- susceptibility areas for nearly 11%, moderate-susceptibility areas for more than 65%, low- susceptibility areas for about 22%, and very low-susceptibility areas for 2%. Most of Hanoi has a moderate level of flood susceptibility, which is expected to increase with urban expansion due to the impacts of urbanization. Our findings will be valuable for future research involving urban planners, and disaster management authorities and will enable them to make informed decisions aimed at reducing the impact of urban flooding and enhancing the resilience of urban communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ambient air quality during COVID-19 lockdowns has been improved in many cities in the world. This study is to assess the changes in persistent organic pollutants in PM2.5 during the COVID-19 lockdown in Hanoi. Individual organic species in PM2.5 ((e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)) were measured in an urban residential area in Hanoi from before the March 10th to April 22nd, 2020, including before the partial lockdown (BL) and the partial lockdown (PL) phases. During the PL phase, the concentration of Σ14PAHs and Σ28PCBs was reduced by 38 and 52% compared with the BL period, respectively. The diagnostic ratio method implied that the sources of PAHs within the PL phase had a less effect on traffic and industrial activities than in the BL phase. The characteristic ratio method indicated that PCBs were mixed by commercial product and combustion process in both the BL and the PL periods, however, the source of PCBs in the BL phase was influenced by municipal waste incineration more than those in the PL phase. The decreasing concentration of Σ20OCPs during the partial lockdown was attributed to the restriction of human activities during the quarantine period. The results suggested that the source of OCPs was probably derived from the usage of pesticides in current and, historical degradation or the transportation of pesticides from the soil to the atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2008, Vietnam's Prime Minister approved the construction of the 'Hanoi Urban Railway System', a major infrastructure project for the country's capital city. The construction of Line 2A, the first line of this 8‐line railway, took ten years to complete, and was finally inaugurated in November 2021. Spanning 13 km across the city centre, Line 2A encountered more than just construction setbacks, with its reputation tarnished by contractor choice, accidents, and public scepticism over safety and accessibility. Sowing further seeds of doubt in the minds of many Hanoi residents is the fact that two‐thirds of the original financing came from preferential loans from Vietnam's large northern neighbour, conditional on the contractor and key materials being sourced from Vietnam's large, northern neighbour. Moreover, the project is informally categorized as part of Vietnam's large northern neighbour's Belt and Road Initiative. Drawing from conceptual literature regarding infrastructural politics and mobility (in)justice, we analyse how Hanoi residents have experienced and negotiated the construction of this Chinese‐Vietnamese infrastructure project. In particular, we consider how the livelihoods of those directly affected by the railway's operations, namely motorbike taxi‐drivers, have been impacted to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With its position as the capital, Hanoi is the political center as well as the second largest economic center of the country. Therefore, the city is always allocated a large budget in construction investment to create material facilities for political tasks and economic and social development. During the implementation of construction projects, a number of difficulties and limitations have appeared. In which, projects are delayed in construction and disbursement, reducing investment efficiency and not meeting the expectations of the government and people. From this fact, the authors have conducted a study to evaluate the causes affecting the time schedule of construction projects in Hanoi. The method F-APH (Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process) was used to analyze data objectively and accurately about the causes affecting the time schedule. From there, these causes are classified into groups of subjective causes (from within the project) and groups of objective causes (from outside the project). The results show that subjective causes, originating from project participants, have a stronger influence than objective causes. A number of specific proposals to the actors involved in construction projects are made to eliminate or limit the impact of the causes of construction progress.

The Vietnamese state is envisioning Hanoi as a prosperous, 'civilised' capital city with fast, 'modern' mobilities and their corresponding infrastructures, including expressways and an elevated railway. Concurrently, slower informal paratransit are increasingly discouraged and marginalised, threatening the livelihoods of hundreds of three-wheeler motorbike delivery drivers. Despite official registration as disabled war veterans, 'real' three-wheeler drivers find themselves in an ever more conscribed environment, while other drivers attempting to maintain livelihoods in this way are deemed 'fake' by officials and further ostracised. Drawing on conceptual debates regarding people as infrastructure and mobility (in)justice, and ethnographic fieldwork with three-wheeler drivers, I detail how drivers (both 'real' and 'fake') must negotiate inconsistent policies, a growing discourse that they are obsolete and hence disposable, and new infrastructures incompatible with their livelihoods. Combined, these elements create specific mobility experiences and frictions to which drivers react with subtle and inventive tactics to maintain their rights to the city's streets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development goals (SDGs) issued by the United Nations (UN) have been recognized as the aims for sustainable development of the global economy and companies around the world. In realizing SDGs, social responsibility accounting (SRA) is gradually proving to be an effective quantification tool to enhance transparency and reliability in the social responsibility reports of companies. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate impact factors on SRA in Vietnamese plastics companies, an environmentally sensitive industry. We used a large-scale survey and collected 160 respondents from plastic manufacturing enterprises in the Hanoi area, Vietnam. It is found that three factors, namely, stakeholder pressure, awareness of business managers, and characteristics of plastic enterprises, have positive impacts on the application of SRA in plastic enterprises. Meanwhile, the environmental cost factor hinders the application of SRA. Thereby, the research makes recommendations for plastic manufacturing enterprises in an emerging country like Vietnam on how to best apply SRA to further the SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1903 and 1952, there was a Jesuit and French university in Shanghai called l'Aurore. This article focuses on its medical faculty, which operated from 1912 to 1952. It shows that, in a precarious political and military context, l'Aurore simultaneously benefited from Jesuit missionary activity and the French quest for imperial influence, without fully identifying with either. The faculty was not an official missionary institution, and most of its hundreds of students were not Christians. However, the Jesuit administration kept a record of baptisms among the students and, based on Catholic principles, encouraged opposition to birth control through courses on 'medical ethics' and a special oath that medical graduates had to take. Nor was the medical faculty an overtly imperial institution. It was part of a concession and the result of an alliance between Jesuit missionaries and anti-clerical diplomats of the French Third Republic. Yet, the faculty was key to a French policy of imperial influence designed to compete with other imperial, religious, and private foreign powers active in medical education in China. During the years of war between China and Japan (1937–1945), the faculty consolidated its influence by increasing student numbers and building new infrastructure, whereas its Chinese staff assumed a more prominent role, reinforcing the importance of Chinese medicine in teaching and research. Doctors trained at l'Aurore who stayed in China remained active in public health until well into the second half of the twentieth century, even after the medical faculty was abolished by the Communist regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consuming organic food is becoming increasingly popular in the world and in Vietnam. This article aims to provide further insight into consumer behaviors by dividing Vietnamese people into market segments based on their attitudes and premium payments for organic products. Using a theory-based approach to social practice combined with a questionnaire, we analyze in detail of the practice of community willingness to pay more for organic food in Hanoi city. A total of 520 local consumers participated in the field study. The study uses Cronbach's Alpha test, Exploratory Factor Analysis and multiple regressions for estimation. Results show that on the importance scale, the following five factors influence consumers' willingness to pay premium for organic products including consumer attitudes, health concerns, environmental concerns, product quality, and personal impacted information. The findings also indicate a significant association between social characteristics and premium payments. From that, the article offers some important suggestions to promote consumption and trade of organic food in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vietnam's embrace of the Leninist-capitalist hybrid known as the socialist market economy has led to a number of food transformations. These include increasing food imports, heavy investment by powerful domestic and foreign actors in food production and retailing, and the scaling up of domestic agriculture, as well as a range of problematic dietary changes. In an urban food scene that is tremendously rich in the number and diversity of its food spaces, the prevalence of eating out has increased dramatically. Related to affordability, convenience, time, consumer culture, and the search for the good life, eating out has become embedded in everyday life in late-socialist Hanoi. Ongoing food transformations are seeing many of these food practices move from the streets to air-conditioned restaurants. Based on eating ethnography, this article analyzes the boom in eating out in contemporary Hanoi. Studying the interplay among social practices, urban foodscapes, and political economy, and focusing on the middle-class good life and the structural conditions underpinning it, the article analyzes the visible and invisible geographies of food. The latter includes the increasing dominance of capitalist actors in late-socialist foodscapes as cheap food is enabled by intensified animal slaughter and the deep structural inequalities produced by Vietnam's compressed capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With Vietnam's countrywide electrification rate approaching 100 percent, electricity has become ever more indispensable and essential to the quality of everyday life. The steady upsurge in household electricity consumption over the past years has been driven by a growing technification of the domestic sphere. Modern households are increasingly equipped with a variety of electric appliances that not only provide convenience and comfort but also serve as markers of social distinction. This essay explores the history of domestic electrification and people's aspirations to live electrically in urban Vietnam, from the colonial era until today. Inspired by recent advances in the anthropology of electricity, it investigates the meanings that people have attributed to electric home appliances through the ages and asks if, how, and why some of these have come to define what it means to live a good life. In the current era, however, living electrically has also come to reflect a global sense of "cruel optimism" in which people become increasingly attached to certain understandings of what constitutes a good life that are unsustainable in the long run, and detrimental to their well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Buddhist outlook on life, the author analyses the relationship between religion and politics and clarifies the Buddhism influence on the political life of Hanoi in two periods: the Ly-Tran dynasties and the present. The shared point of these two periods was that Buddhism flourished, not only attracting the faith and veneration of many people but also being treated by the State as a national religion. However, Buddhism was not recognized in official documents.

This study used the contingent valuation method (CVM) to investigate and analyse the current status of household solid waste management and evaluate people’s consensus and willingness to pay (WTP) for household solid waste collection, transportation, and treatment services among urban, rural, and mountainous areas in Hanoi. It also utilised regression analysis to assess factors affecting people’s WTP. The study surveyed a sample size of 405 households. To ensure a basis for comparison among urban, rural, and mountainous areas, the study distributed and conducted an equal number of 135 surveys in each area through random sampling. The research results indicate that the average household solid waste in Hanoi is highest in urban areas at 1.27 kg/ household/day, followed by rural areas at 1.21 kg/household/day, and mountainous areas at 1.067 kg/household/day. However, most household solid waste has not been classified at the source. Regarding WTP for household solid waste collection, transportation, and treatment services, the results show that 85% of urban households agreed to pay higher than the proposed price, with an average WTP of 1,136 VND/kg. In rural households, 47% agreed to pay 778.96 VND/kg, and 11% of mountainous households agreed to pay an average of 673.04 VND/kg. These insights can guide tailored waste management pricing strategies across diverse urban and rural settings.

Nguyen Van An,1,* Le Ha long Hai,2,3,* Vu Huy Luong,4,5 Nguyen Thi Ha Vinh,5,6 Pham Quynh Hoa,7 Le Van Hung,5,7 Nguyen Thai Son,1 Le Thu Hong,1 Dinh Viet Hung,8 Hoang Trung Kien,9 Minh Nhat Le,10,11 Nguyen Hoang Viet,12 Duc Hoang Nguyen,13 Ngai Van Pham,14 Ta Ba Thang,15 Tran Viet Tien,16 Le Huy Hoang17 1Department of Microbiology, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam; 2Department of Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam; 3Department of Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology, Hanoi, Vietnam; 4Department of Laser and Skin Care, National hospital of Dermatology and Venereology, Hanoi, Vietnam; 5Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam; 6Department of General Planning, National hospital of Dermatology and Venereology, Hanoi, Vietnam; 7Department of Microbiology, Mycology and Parasitology, National hospital of Dermatology and Venereology, Hanoi, Vietnam; 8Department of Psychiatry, Military Medical 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam; 9Department of Immunology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam; 10Tay Nguyen Institute of Science Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, VAST, Hanoi, Vietnam; 11Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan; 12Molecular Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Technology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam; 13Cardiovascular Laboratories, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, Indiana, USA; 14Medical Testing Center, Medlatec Group, Hanoi, Vietnam; 15Respiratory Center, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam; 16Department of Infectious diseases, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Medical Military University, Hanoi, Vietnam; 17Department of Bacteriology, National of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Le Huy Hoang, Department of Bacteriology, National of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam, Tel + 84 977 803 986, Email lehuyhoang2010@gmail.comPurpose: Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal bacteria species that can cause various illnesses, from mild skin infections to severe diseases, such as bacteremia. The distribution and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern of S. aureus varies by population, time, geographic location, and hospital wards. In this study, we elucidated the epidemiology and AMR patterns of S. aureus isolated from a general hospital in Vietnam.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Data on all S. aureus infections from 2014 to 2021 were collected from the Microbiology department of Military Hospital 103, Vietnam. Only the first isolation from each kind of specimen from a particular patient was analyzed using the Cochran–Armitage and chi-square tests.Results: A total of 1130 individuals were diagnosed as S. aureus infection. Among them, 1087 strains were tested for AMR features. Most patients with S. aureus infection were in the age group of 41– 65 years (39.82%). S. aureus isolates were predominant in the surgery wards, and pus specimens were the most common source of isolates (50.62%). S. aureus was most resistant to azithromycin (82.28%), erythromycin (82.82%), and clindamycin (82.32%) and least resistant to teicoplanin (0.0%), tigecycline (0.16%), quinupristin-dalfopristin (0.43%), linezolid (0.62%), and vancomycin (2.92%). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus were prevalent, accounting for 73.02% and 60.90% of the total strains respectively, and the strains isolated from the intensive care unit (ICU) had the highest percentage of multidrug resistance (77.78%) among the wards.Conclusion: These findings highlight the urgent need for continuous AMR surveillance and updated treatment guidelines, particularly considering high resistance in MRSA, MDR strains, and ICU isolates. Future research focusing on specific resistant populations and potential intervention strategies is crucial to combat this rising threat.Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, antimicrobial resistance, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, multidrug resistance, Hanoi, Vietnam

Cognizant of the need to refocus breeding efforts toward end‐product quality traits taking into account the preferences of consumers and in consideration of the rapid urbanization in South‐eastern Asia, this study investigated the consumer's preferences for sweetpotato in Hanoi. Using a mixed‐methods research design, the study identified the most preferred and least preferred attributes of both the fresh and boiled product, disaggregated by gender, age, and socioeconomic status. Preferences and associated traits of six popular varieties were determined. Results indicate that while these varieties largely already meet consumers' preferences, consumers have a clear preference for a few varieties for which marginal adjustments are needed to further increase their acceptability among the growing urban population. Our findings indicate the direction of these adjustments and can contribute to inform demand‐led national and international breeding programs and, ultimately, to higher and faster variety uptake and adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose:Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal bacteria species that can cause various illnesses, from mild skin infections to severe diseases, such as bacteremia. The distribution and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern of S. aureus varies by population, time, geographic location, and hospital wards. In this study, we elucidated the epidemiology and AMR patterns of S. aureus isolated from a general hospital in Vietnam.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Data on all S. aureus infections from 2014 to 2021 were collected from the Microbiology department of Military Hospital 103, Vietnam. Only the first isolation from each kind of specimen from a particular patient was analyzed using the Cochran–Armitage and chi-square tests.Results: A total of 1130 individuals were diagnosed as S. aureus infection. Among them, 1087 strains were tested for AMR features. Most patients with S. aureus infection were in the age group of 41– 65 years (39.82%). S. aureus isolates were predominant in the surgery wards, and pus specimens were the most common source of isolates (50.62%). S. aureus was most resistant to azithromycin (82.28%), erythromycin (82.82%), and clindamycin (82.32%) and least resistant to teicoplanin (0.0%), tigecycline (0.16%), quinupristin-dalfopristin (0.43%), linezolid (0.62%), and vancomycin (2.92%). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus were prevalent, accounting for 73.02% and 60.90% of the total strains respectively, and the strains isolated from the intensive care unit (ICU) had the highest percentage of multidrug resistance (77.78%) among the wards.Conclusion: These findings highlight the urgent need for continuous AMR surveillance and updated treatment guidelines, particularly considering high resistance in MRSA, MDR strains, and ICU isolates. Future research focusing on specific resistant populations and potential intervention strategies is crucial to combat this rising threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study is to investigate the material and monetary flows of CDW management and to characterize the distribution of illegally dumped CDW in Hanoi. Construction and demolition waste management has become a source of much concern to the urban authorities and citizens of big cities in Vietnam. It is estimated that 3000 t of CDW were generated per day from construction and demolition activities in Hanoi, but only 45% of the CDW was received at official landfills, while 55% of the CDW was disposed of elsewhere. The consequences of improper waste management are potentially alarming. The study conducted interviews to identify the material and cash flow associated with licensed and unlicensed contractors in CDW classification, transportation, treatment, and disposal, to characterize the distribution of illegally dumped CDW in two districts in Hanoi (urban and suburban districts), and to assess the composition of dumped CDW and environmental assessment of illegally dumped CDW by chemical analyses such as leaching and content tests. The study concluded that illegal dumping was performed mostly by unlicensed private companies. The illegally dumped CDW was mostly composed of mixed materials such as concrete, bricks, stones, and some hazardous materials such as asbestos and gypsum were found. The environmental concern of illegally dumped CDW was mostly dust, blockage of water ways, and inundation of increased suspended solids, whereas the heavy metal leaching concentration of all samples was below the environmental standards in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Vietnamese government has issued several directives of lockdown in Hanoi, the capital city, for a month (1–30 April 2020) to prevent the human-to-human transmission of COVID-19. This action has affected air pollution due to a decline in transportation. Therefore, this study investigates spatial and temporal change in the PM2.5 concentrations during the first 4 months of 2020 in Hanoi metropolitan area. Spatial distribution maps of the PM2.5 concentration in Hanoi were provided for the first time. The average PM2.5 concentrations at the 22 air monitoring stations were strongly correlated with the population. April had a significantly lower level of PM2.5 than the other 3 months. In particular, the concentrations of PM2.5 and NO2 decreased by 12 and 54%, respectively, between March and April, especially at areas for commercial activities. In April, a higher level of PM2.5 was recorded between Tuesday–Thursday, which is a reverse trend with that in March. Furthermore, Monday and Friday did not show rush hour peaks for the PM2.5 levels in April. A decrease in the PM2.5 concentrations was partly influenced by the long-range transport from the outside to Hanoi. This study implies that a reduction in traffic volumes and public activities may possibly improve the air quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the rapid global urbanization, urban design has been shown to contribute largely to promoting the health and well-being of urban citizens. However, studies of urban design are underrepresented in low- and middle-income countries in Asia, where urban forms are traditionally compact and complex with multiple layers. Hanoi, a typical city in low- and middle-income countries, exhibits five unique urban typologies generated through official planning, unregulated development, and historical fluctuations. This study examines the perceived urban design from a sample of 218 participants across five urban typologies in Hanoi using an established scale. The findings suggest that perceived urban design is significantly influenced by urban typologies. Old urban typologies tend to report higher scores of land use mix and access to services but lower scores of walking facilities and street connectivity than modern urban typologies. The study contributes to our understanding of urban design in Hanoi, providing policymakers and urban designers with essential insights for sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the early stages of urban electrification in the French protectorate of Tonkin (in Vietnam's north) from the late 1880s to the late 1920s. It focuses on Hanoi, where in 1895 the French entrepreneurs Hermenier and Planté secured a concession for lighting the streets of the soon-to-be capital of French Indochina. Before long, the city's fast-paced development and the concomitant rise in demand for both public and private lighting necessitated contractual amendments and further capital investment in the upgrading of the power station and grid extensions. In 1902, Hermenier converted the business into a joint stock company named the Société Indochinoise d'Électricité with the aim of enabling further growth and geographical expansion. Contractual arrangements were frequently renegotiated and adjusted to new circumstances. However, electricity supplies kept lagging behind the fast pace of demand growth. During the post-First World War years of colonial economic expansion, power failures and blackouts became a routine occurrence and were a frequent target of press coverage. It was only in the late 1920s that electricity supplies improved and turned Hanoi into a city of lights. Although the majority of Vietnamese residents remained excluded from private electricity access throughout the colonial period, electric power quickly became a fact of everyday life for an emerging Vietnamese urban bourgeoisie and served as a marker of modern sophistication. Plans for an interconnected distribution network in the Tonkin delta subsequently also triggered hopes for an electrified future for the countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies an emergent sociocultural phenomenon involving the construction of Hanoi's old town as a signifier of taste, tradition and identity. Starting with the insights gotten from ethnographic observation and analysis, it then draws on local literary works to provide an account of narratives having been put together around the old Hanoi's superior cuisine, prestigious tradition, and noble identity. In light of the Bourdieusian thesis of taste and social distinction supported by further theoretical developments from the perspective of post-modern culinary consumption, it wraps up by discussing the impacts of these narratives on the commodification of food and foodways in the old town and the construction of contemporary Hanoian identity. The results show that this phenomenon embodies a yearning for sociohistorical belonging, an appeal for identity status enhancement, and an elevation of cultural nationalism in post-reform Hanoi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional architectural thought and practice decrees that buildings should be spatially homogeneous, revealing themselves to their viewers and users as episodic and carefully orchestrated wholes. Giacomo Pala argues that the world is more complex than this, and that the digital has further enhanced its heterogeneous festival of formal, semiotic and spatial jump‐cutting to establish conjunctions from which we can be architecturally inspired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This summary is about a research article that examines the factors that influence the effectiveness of accounting information systems in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Hanoi, Vietnam. The study collected data from surveys distributed to directors, chief accountants, and accounting staff in 350 SMEs. The results indicate that factors such as managerial knowledge, external expert support, organizational characteristics, user participation in the system, and managerial support significantly impact the effectiveness of the accounting information system. The study provides recommendations for improving accounting information systems in SMEs in Vietnam. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines the local self-governance of streets and sidewalks in Hanoi, the capital of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Streets and sidewalks are shared among diverse actors for various activities while being formally managed by the state. Since the passing of the Đổi Mới economic reform program in 1986, which paved the way for the development of a private sector economy, street trade has been flourishing in Hanoi. Private individuals, mostly women, temporarily occupy sidewalks and streets to sell their goods. This form of petty trade caters to urbanites’ everyday demand for fresh products and food. While many Hanoians are actually in favor of street trade, the municipality seeks to undermine and regulate street trade, as it contradicts some state administrators’ vision of a modern and civilized city. Drawing inspiration from Jacobs’ (1961) “sidewalk ballet,” this article particularly examines the social norms governing public space. As they constantly need to negotiate their right to the city, street traders develop tactics to circumvent the municipal sidewalk order. Following the rhythms of regular crackdowns on street trade, the emergence and vanishing of mediation spaces, and urbanites’ tactics, this contribution seeks to understand modes of urban governance over these shared spaces. This study draws on ethnographic data collected during one year of fieldwork, local newspaper analysis, and secondary literature.

Apparel is one of the top priorities in Vietnamese people's spending. Vietnamese families are primarily traditional, so one person usually decides to spend on garments for individuals or family members. However, the development of the economy, the introduction of foreign cultures, and the increasing income and needs of each citizen change Vietnamese people's consumption behavior. Through a survey of 203 households in Hanoi, this study has shown changes in the clothing shopping behavior of Vietnamese consumers. The percentage of people who decide to buy clothes for the family has gradually changed from female to male. When deciding to buy, the decision-maker is more interested in user needs and preferences than other factors such as income, physical characteristics, purpose, living habits, etc. In addition, quantitative research shows five factors that affect purchasing decisions on apparel products, including individual, subjective norm, product characteristics, and advertisement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to discover citizens' evaluation and satisfaction with land registration procedures. Using Hanoi as a case study, interviews were done at the Land Registration Office to clarify the satisfaction with land registration. The results show that the satisfaction rate was 74.6%. Collected data were analyzed through machine learning algorithms to find the factors affecting satisfaction. The results indicate that the number of times citizens go to agencies and waiting time are the most significant factors contributing to citizens' satisfaction. The government should design and unify single points for applications, develop a digital-based cadastral database, enable online payment, and modernize facilities to improve the citizens' satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public gardens in urban areas play an important role in the development of physical and mental health of the people. These spaces are also social spaces, where people meet to interact, exchange, and organize collective activities. They create a unique identity for each residential area in the city, which is a premise for green urban development. In Hanoi, public flower gardens (PFGs) were formed and developed from the French colonial period, mainly those in the historic city centre. Facing the forceful urbanization process and the changing of urban structure, in order to evaluate the role of all public flower gardens in the historic city centre area, we carried out a systematic survey from 2019 to 2022. We surveyed all 30 PFGs in five central districts of Hanoi, and interviewed 229 users at these gardens. We also conducted research on relevant documents regarding the management and planning of green space and water infrastructure in the city. Moreover, we implemented an experimental workshop, combining an urban living lab (ULL) approach and an in situ landscape approach, to develop urban landscape design ideas with community participation. Based on the data from this research, this paper analyzes the potential for the establishment of urban blue-green infrastructure (BGI) from these PFGs and aims to evaluate the role of community participation in landscape design for the city. Data from multiple collection methods provide a multi-faceted understanding of the original characteristics of the PFGs in Hanoi and their importance in urban life. The project results supply experimental lessons from urban landscape design activities through community participation, which opens up the potential for developing sustainable urban spaces based on existing natural structures in the city. The main result proves that active community participation until the end of the research project raises public awareness and ensures the social acceptance of the final design. These lessons allow the improvement of urban landscape design practices and the establishment of BGIs from PFGs in an efficient and sustainable manner for green cities in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient ammonia gas (NH3(g)) was continuously measured for one year, from March 2018 to February 2019, using a passive sampling method in a source-specific monitoring campaign in Hanoi, Vietnam, providing an unprecedented picture of the spatiotemporal characteristics of NH3(g) in this city. The four survey sites (three urban and one rural) were representative of a typical downtown area, a polluted river, a crossroad, and a rural area. Regarding spatial distribution, a distinctly high concentration (79.8 ± 61.2 ppb) was indicated at the polluted river, an important source unheard of in urban areas, followed by the crossroad (38.6 ± 18.8 ppb) and the downtown (36.5 ± 20.0 ppb); the lowest concentration (35.6 ± 36.0 ppb) was observed in the rural area. Seasonal variation was thoroughly discussed, together with meteorological parameters as driving factors. The strong dependence of NH3(g) concentration on the change in temperature and relative humidity at polluted river and rural area due to the strong impact of these meteorological factors on the volatilization of NH3(g) from wastewater and agriculture, respectively, causes the highest concentration in summer at these sites. The NH3(g) intensely emitted from the polluted river in summer was, furthermore, transferred to the surrounding area under the impact of the local wind direction. However, basically, in downtown, the concentration was higher in the cooler seasons than in the warmer seasons, which was found different compared with the conventional results in most of former studies, suggesting the major impact of vehicular emission on the rise of NH3(g) in urban area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. At present, the rate of growth in the development of urbanisation processes in large cities is increasing rapidly every year. At the stage of preliminary design of pile foundations, an important part is to determine the bearing capacity of the pile. Barrettes are effective foundation structures, also for high-rise buildings on soft soils. In such conditions, long barrettes are designed. At the same time the used normative methods used of calculating the bearing capacity and settlement do not take into account the features of the stress-strain state of the foundation and the interaction with barrettes in the foundations of high-rise buildings with a developed underground part.Materials and methods. The task has been considered on the basis of the results of field testing with piles (static load method) with the calculation by the analytical method according to the strength characteristics of the soil foundation, described in the regulatory documents SP 24.13330.2011 “Pile Foundations”. A new calculation method is proposed, which is set out in Appendix D of the specified set o.rules, taking into account relevant factors, such as the relative position of piles in the ground, their length, pitch, etc.Results. A graph of the dependence of settlement on load was obtained based on the results of full-scale tests of barrettes with a limiting settlement of 40 mm. Analytical results are compared with field testing of a pile in difficult engineering and geological conditions in Hanoi, Vietnam.Conclusions. The conclusions obtained by the analytical method of calculating the bearing capacity of a single barrette in terms of strength characteristics, taking into account unloading on soft soils during the development of a deep pit, are quite close to the results of static field tests. These solutions can be applied to determine the bearing capacity of piles and barrettes on soft soils.

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This article examines the local self-governance of streets and sidewalks in Hanoi, the capital of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Streets and sidewalks are shared among diverse actors for various activities while being formally managed by the state. Since the passing of the Đi Mi economic reform program in 1986, which paved the way for the development of a private sector economy, street trade has been flourishing in Hanoi. Private individuals, mostly women, temporarily occupy sidewalks and streets to sell their goods. This form of petty trade caters to urbanites' everyday demand for fresh products and food. While many Hanoians are actually in favor of street trade, the municipality seeks to undermine and regulate street trade, as it contradicts some state administrators' vision of a modern and civilized city. Drawing inspiration from Jacobs' (1961) "sidewalk ballet," this article particularly examines the social norms governing public space. As they constantly need to negotiate their right to the city, street traders develop tactics to circumvent the municipal sidewalk order. Following the rhythms of regular crackdowns on street trade, the emergence and vanishing of mediation spaces, and urbanites' tactics, this contribution seeks to understand modes of urban governance over these shared spaces. This study draws on ethnographic data collected during one year of fieldwork, local newspaper analysis, and secondary literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

University students are regarded as a readily available market segment for public transport. In Hanoi, as elsewhere, they constitute a large portion of bus passengers. However, one portion has been quitting buses, and the reasons were so far unknown. Nor was it clear whether they planned on retuning. Through a survey of more than 800 students in seven higher education institutions, this study aimed to find the answers to these questions. The study revealed that bus ridership was determined by socio-demographic variables (year of studies, household income, employment status, motorcycle ownership), environmental variables (home-university distance), and psychological variables (convenience, bus staff behaviour, risk of sexual harassment, reliability and health, image and status). A negative disruptor such as the fear of Covid-19 infection had little effect on the decision to continue riding buses. Meanwhile, the prospect of riding 'clean and green' electric buses, which were introduced in a pilot program, was a positive disruptor that may lead a portion of students to return to public transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particulate matter-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) were first systematically studied in downtown (XT), suburban (GL) and rural (DA) sites in winter and summer in Hanoi, Vietnam, from 2019 to 2022. The mean concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs ranged from 0.76 ng m−3 to 50.2 ng m−3 and 6.07 pg m−3 to 1.95 ng m−3, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs in winter were higher than in summer, except for NPAHs in XT. We found the benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)/benzo[ghi]perylene (BgPe) ratio could effectively identify biomass burning in this study, in which a higher [BaP]/[BgPe] value indicates a greater effect of biomass burning on PAHs and NPAHs. The results indicated that atmospheric PAHs and NPAHs were mainly affected by motor vehicles (especially the unique motorcycles in Southeast Asia) in the summer in Hanoi. In winter, all sites were affected by the burning of rice straw to varying degrees, especially DA. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) in Hanoi was first determined through ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption. The results showed that residents in Hanoi faced high health risks, while females experienced higher health risks than males. The ingestion and dermal pathways indicated higher exposure risks than the usually considered inhalation pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]